Individual Emotional Responses Research Articles

The development of medical infographics to raise symptom awareness and promote communication to patients with cancer: A co-creation study.

The study aims to develop medical infographics that have a potential to raise symptom awareness and promote symptom communication between patients diagnosed with cancer and healthcare professionals. This study comprised four phases: 1) development of medical infographics, 2) user testing with healthcare professionals and patients, 3) selection of specific medical infographics, and 4) interviews on these specific medical infographics with patients using the think-aloud method. Design students created 22 medical infographics conveying information about six symptoms and concerns. Patients (n=28) with cancer said that the colourful infographics evoked individual emotional responses and associations, and they facilitated their narratives of experiences with symptoms. Healthcare professionals (n=29) thought the infographics were eye-catching and may promote dialogue on symptoms. The design of medical infographics must target a specific population. When introduced, the use of medical infographics may be influenced by the physical surroundings. Medical infographics can facilitate symptom communication by creating symptom awareness and providing patients with the vocabulary to describe their symptoms and concerns. Medical infographics are engaging visual messages with the potential to help prepare cancer patients to communicate their symptom experiences and reduce the feeling of being alone in experiencing certain symptoms.

Reflexive empathy as social relation: the case for contextualised professional learning

ABSTRACT This article conceptualises studies in professional learning through the novel lens of ‘reflexive empathy’. Reflexive empathy draws on Margaret Archer’s theory of reflexivity, and positions it as an enabler of empathy to support researchers’ approaches to providing contextualised, supportive professional learning for teachers who are involved in research studies. To argue this, we reflect on the results of a funded project, informed by Archerian reflexivity, which focused on improving writing in Australian primary schools. This article argues for the need to resist neoliberal approaches to professional learning by providing agentic, contextualised programs that value teachers’ individual emotional, social, and cognitive responses to their participation in research informed co-designed professional learning.

Tri-model classifiers for EEG based mental task classification: hybrid optimization assisted framework

The commercial adoption of BCI technologies for both clinical and non-clinical applications is drawing scientists to the creation of wearable devices for daily living. Emotions are essential to human existence and have a significant impact on thinking. Emotion is frequently linked to rational decision-making, perception, interpersonal interaction, and even basic human intellect. The requirement for trustworthy and implementable methods for the detection of individual emotional responses is needed with rising attention of the scientific community towards the establishment of some significant emotional connections among people and computers. This work introduces EEG recognition model, where the input signal is pre-processed using band pass filter. Then, the features like discrete wavelet transform (DWT), band power, spectral flatness, and improved Entropy are extracted. Further, for recognition, tri-classifiers like long short term memory (LSTM), improved deep belief network (DBN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) are used. Also to enhance tri-model classifier performance, the weights of LSTM, improved DBN, and RNN are tuned by model named as shark smell updated BES optimization (SSU-BES). Finally, the perfection of SSU-BES is demonstrated over diverse metrics.

Discrete Emotions Response after Purchase Cosmetics of Millennial Consumers: Evaluation of Satisfaction/Normal/Dissatisfaction Attributes Using Text Mining Techniques

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the similarities and differences between each area using wordcloud analysis and semantic network analysis, which are text mining techniques. Further, confirmatory factor analysis will be conducted by crawling for word-of-mouth information on attribute reviews as satisfied, normal, or dissatisfied after purchases that are subjectively given by millennial generations.Methods: The R program version 4.1.2 was used as a big data collection and analysis tool, and text mining analysis was performed through preprocessing and stopword processing on the collected data. Further, using LISREL 8.80 we conducted confirmatory factor analysis on these results.Results: Wordcloud analysis revealed that the terms “skin,” “products,” and “skin” ranked first in the evaluation area of “satisfied,” “normal,” and “dissatisfied,” respectively. Additionally, using confirmatory factor analysis, the correlation between the three latent variables of satisfaction, normal, and dissatisfaction was differentiated.Conclusion: The similarities and differences between the domains obtained through wordcloud and semantic network analyses and derived by classifying individual emotional responses of millennial consumers in social media into satisfied, normal, and dissatisfied domains are considered very meaningful. The keywords derived with high centrality in the semantic network for each domain is then refined and introduced as an observation variable for confirmatory factor analysis in accordance with the purpose of the study; this is helpful in research development for causal analysis in the future.

An Elusive Coexistence; The Individual, The State of Fear, Thomas Hobbes, and Taxation

Fear is a natural, strong and primitive human emotion. It is a universal biochemical response and includes a high individual emotional response. It also alerts us to the presence of danger or threat of harm, whether physical or psychological. In this respect, very briefly, “fear” is power. Fear is a concept that can be produced today and unfortunately it is unlimited. The source of producible and unlimited fear is, in a way, the state. In other words, fear in this context can be called an institutionalized fear. This institutionalized fear has been formed - or is accepted as a model created in this study - has existed in the historical process and is still valid and applied today. The aim of this study is to examine and explain the individual-state relationship in terms of the concept of "fear" in political theory. By using the concept of "fear" in the study, the main problem addressed in the study is to explain how the greatest possible economic welfare with the best possible social protection is interpreted by the state apparatus in the historical process.

Digital Interventions to Enhance Readiness for Psychological Therapy: Scoping Review

BackgroundPsychological therapy is an effective treatment method for mental illness; however, many people with mental illness do not seek treatment or drop out of treatment early. Increasing client uptake and engagement in therapy is key to addressing the escalating global problem of mental illness. Attitudinal barriers, such as a lack of motivation, are a leading cause of low engagement in therapy. Digital interventions to increase motivation and readiness for change hold promise as accessible and scalable solutions; however, little is known about the range of interventions being used and their feasibility as a means to increase engagement with therapy.ObjectiveThis review aimed to define the emerging field of digital interventions to enhance readiness for psychological therapy and detect gaps in the literature.MethodsA literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Scopus, Embase, ACM Guide to Computing Literature, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library from January 1, 2006, to November 30, 2021. The PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) methodology was applied. Publications were included when they concerned a digitally delivered intervention, a specific target of which was enhancing engagement with further psychological treatment, and when this intervention occurred before the target psychological treatment.ResultsA total of 45 publications met the inclusion criteria. The conditions included depression, unspecified general mental health, comorbid anxiety and depression, smoking, eating disorders, suicide, social anxiety, substance use, gambling, and psychosis. Almost half of the interventions (22/48, 46%) were web-based programs; the other formats included screening tools, videos, apps, and websites. The components of the interventions included psychoeducation, symptom assessment and feedback, information on treatment options and referrals, client testimonials, expectation management, and pro-con lists. Regarding feasibility, of the 16 controlled studies, 7 (44%) measuring actual behavior or action showed evidence of intervention effectiveness compared with controls, 7 (44%) found no differences, and 2 (12%) indicated worse behavioral outcomes. In general, the outcomes were mixed and inconclusive owing to variations in trial designs, control types, and outcome measures.ConclusionsDigital interventions to enhance readiness for psychological therapy are broad and varied. Although these easily accessible digital approaches show potential as a means of preparing people for therapy, they are not without risks. The complex nature of stigma, motivation, and individual emotional responses toward engaging in treatment for mental health difficulties suggests that a careful approach is needed when developing and evaluating digital readiness interventions. Further qualitative, naturalistic, and longitudinal research is needed to deepen our knowledge in this area.

Effectiveness, Attractiveness, and Emotional Response to Voice Pitch and Hand Gestures in Public Speaking

Some non-verbal cues, such as voice pitch and gestures, can influence the individual's emotional response to different messages. For this reason, non-verbal communication can be understood as the language of emotion, while the content is the language of ideas. But the research question here is what voice pitch and hand gesture strategies are more effective, attractive, and elicit a stronger emotional response. To answer this question, this study analyzes some pitch and hand gesture strategies in public discourses. In the experiment, 120 participants were exposed to different public presentations with three conditions for voice pitch (few, medium, and many variations) and three for hand gestures (smooth, medium, and strong intensity). Then, they rated the effectiveness and attractiveness levels and self-report arousal and valence while their emotional response was registered. Physiological arousal was measured with electrodermal activity (EDA) and valence with facial expression recognition. Participants perceived the medium pitch variations and the medium intensity of gestures as the most effective and attractive strategies with the highest self-reported arousal and valence. The combination that elicited the strongest autonomic arousal was medium pitch variations-strong gestures. Finally, the most positive emotional valence was for many pitch variations and medium gestures and the happiest for the combination many-strong.

Love in the Time of Covid: Reflections on Retaining Attunement Through a Period of Shared Trauma

ABSTRACT The treatment room for mental health practitioners has transformed drastically since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the complications of moving therapy online further compounded by the stressors of a public health emergency and, in many cases, increasing racist rhetoric and violence toward minority communities. For many LGBTQ+ clients, feelings of anxiety, insecurity, and shame were already exacerbated by a contentious political climate in place well before the pandemic. No one was untouched by the effects of the spread of the virus; individual emotional and behavioral responses vary as we know from trauma research and the clinician’s subjective experience of the pandemic will likely affect their practice in several ways. Though each clinical encounter is uniquely affected, the intersubjective dynamics created by a shared trauma put an onus on the clinician to adapt frequently to stay empathically attuned with a client. This paper will draw on concepts from motivational systems theory to help understand a composite case vignette involving a gay Asian American client with a history of relational trauma and a gay white therapist. Motivational Systems theory will be used to help elucidate how the client may be affected by the current moment, the affected intersubjective, gay-affirmative therapeutic dynamic, and how clinicians can maintain their attunement to clients in a way that allows them to respond effectively.

Individual Variation Exists Within the Psychological Response to Hypoxic Bed Rest: A Retrospective Analysis.

Individual variation is of interest to Space Agency’s, which cannot be explored with astronauts due to anonymity. We retrospectively analysed data collected throughout three projects (LunHab: 10-day male, PlanHab: 21-day male, and FemHab: 10-day female) to elucidate the potentially masked individual variation in the psychological responses to bed rest. The Profile of Mood State (POMS) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) – instruments used to asses psychological state – and Lake Louise Mountain Sickness (LLMS) scores were collected prior to, following and throughout three interventions: 1: normoxic bed rest 2: hypoxic bed rest and 3: hypoxic ambulatory confinement. Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) was calculated from the POMS results, positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) from PANAS. The three instruments were included in a latent class mixed model. TMD, NA, and LLMS were included in a four-class model, with each class representing a specific type of response (Class 1: descending, Class 2: flat, Class 3: somewhat flat, Class 4: ascending). Responses for PA were assigned to only two classes (Classes 1 and 2). 54.55% or 24 participants were included in Class 2 (TMD, NA, and LLMS), where the responses did not change and neither hypoxia or activity level had a significant effect on emotional state. The remaining participants were allotted to Class 1, 3, or 4, where hypoxia was a significant covariate, while activity (bed rest) was significant only for class 3. For PA, 84.09% or 37 participants were assigned to class 2 indicating a significant effect of hypoxia on the participants responses with no effect of physical activity. Class 1 participants (n = 7) were not affected by hypoxia, however, physical activity improved their PA. Participants undergoing confinement, hypoxia and bed rest do not exhibit a uniform emotional response and may be categorised into 2–4 distinct classes. These results indicate significant individual emotional responses, that may be masked and underreported by traditional statistical approaches like means ± SD. The emotional state of our participants is a complex construct likely influenced by past experiences and different coping mechanisms which allowed some to adapt to the experimental environment more readily.

Affrontare l’emergenza tra paura, trauma, regressione

The pandemic represents a stress test for a community and its health services. For NICU for example a there has been a widespread withdrawal towards parental closures, in contrast with the available guidelines and despite the consolidated evidence regarding the health outcomes of their role as caregivers. The different choices of the various working groups can be explained by the different abilities to deal with internal emotional disturbances, to the extent of the solidity of the process of construction and deep interiorization of inclusive care models. The main psychological dynamics revealed and emphasized by the pandemic are analyzed, in particular the defensive detachment from emotionally involving relationships, and how individual emotional responses find resonance in organizational structures, working groups, services and in various institutional levels. Understanding which elements the resilient and non-regressive responses to collective trauma in emergencies rest on, allows us to identify which paths must be activated to re-establish constructive bonds between professionals and with the “caregiver” parents, strengthening group cohesion towards the primary goal of care.

TECHNIQUES FOR IMPLEMENTING FORM AND COLOR IN THE ARTISTIC DESIGN OF ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Abstract. The results of scant attention to questions of artistic cultural decay and esthetic expressiveness are critical condition and often lack of artistic emotional and figurative perception of urban architectural environment and most of public and housing objects in Ukraine. One of the ways of dealing with this problem is implementation of specified means and techniques of artistic design. Many scientists research color and form impact on the urban architectural environment, however the attention is paid to the solution of general theoretical questions often ignoring artistic factor. That's why it is important to systematize information about means of formation of emotional and figurative perception of urban architectural environment accounting artistic factor and determine artistic techniques for form and color implementation to urban architectural environment. The aim and tasks of work are to systematize information about means for emotional and figurative perception of urban architectural environment using artistic factor, determine techniques for implementing main tools of artistic design to architectural and urban environment. Therefore, analysis and systematization of scientific research results, literary and informational sources revealed that such tools as form and color have the most significant influence on the formation of emotional and figurative perception of urban architectural environment within artistic design. As the result of the comparative analysis of existing knowledge six artistic techniques of implementing form and color to architectural and urban environment are presented. Among them are technique of polar contrast utilization, technique of highlighting, technique of rhythm, technique of dynamism or transparency, technique of expressiveness and technique of form and color subjectivity. Above mentioned techniques for implementing form and color to architectural and urban environment are basic for the development of the author's own language of self-realization by architect-artist. Using these techniques both together and separately, their successful combination can create an architectural and urban environment with a unique atmosphere, which is in development and changes constantly, dictates its own rules of perception, elicit an individual emotional response from every visitor.

Beyond cost–benefit analysis: resident emotions, appraisals and support toward tourism performing arts developments

ABSTRACT Abundant literature has examined resident reactions to tourism by their perceptions of perceived impacts, overlooking individual emotional responses that might be elicited by psychological causes toward specific types of tourism. This paper employs cognitive appraisal theory to explore the existence and causes of resident emotional responses to tourism performing arts developments. A survey of 438 residents was conducted in Hangzhou, China. Findings revealed that love and interest were dominant emotions. Appraisals of pleasantness, goal congruence, goal relevance, fairness, certainty and coping potential positively elicited happiness, love and gratefulness yet were negatively related to sadness and anger. Worry was elicited by low coping potential and high certainty of outcomes while anger was positively related to other attributions for tourism impacts. Results also detected that resident positive emotions had much more effects than negative emotions on their supports to TPA. The findings have implications for the way destinations position and promote tourism developments to encourage community engagement and manage resident hostility.

Early life stress and development of the endocannabinoid system: A bidirectional process in programming future coping.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) critically regulates stress responsivity and emotional behavior throughout development. It regulates anxiety-like behaviors in humans and animal models. In addition, it is sensitive to early life stress at the gene expression level in a sex-dependent and region-dependent manner, and these changes are already evident in the adolescent brain. The ECS modulates the neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of stress, and is also capable of being affected by stress exposure itself. Early life stress interferes with the development of corticolimbic circuits, a major location of endocannabinoid receptors, and increases vulnerability to adult psychopathology. Early life stress alters the ontogeny of the ECS, resulting in a sustained deficit in its function, particularly within the hippocampus. Specifically, exposure to early stress results in bidirectional changes in anandamide and 2-AG tissue levels within the amygdala and hippocampus and reduces hippocampal endocannabinoid function at puberty. CB1 receptor densities across all brain regions are downregulated later in life following exposure to early life stress. Manipulations affecting the glucocorticoid and the endocannabinoid systems persistently adjust individual emotional responses and synaptic plasticity. This review aims to show the bidirectional trajectories of endocannabinoid modulation of emotionality in reaction to early life stress.

Anxiety among nursing students during their first human prosection

Dissection and prosection practices using human cadavers are a key component of macroscopic anatomy education in different Health Sciences university degrees. However, first-hand interaction with cadavers can be distressing for students, generating anxiety on a number of levels. This study aims to shed light on the reactions, fears and different states of anxiety experienced by nursing students in to a single anatomy room experience over a five-hour period, and examined reactions pre and post same.A descriptive study of these students was designed in order to understand their feelings and emotions, based on the distribution of anonymous “ad hoc” questionnaires before and after the practices. Also, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires were administered in order to assess their anxiety levels: Trait Anxiety (TA), which measures basal anxiety levels, and State Anxiety (SA), which measures individual emotional responses during a specific event (in this case, the prosection practice). The results of this study indicate that basal anxiety levels, measured as TA, remained stable and unchanged during the practice (p > 0.05). SA or emotional anxiety levels, on the other hand, dropped from 21.3 to 17.8 points (p < 0.05). Before the start of the practical exercise, 17.6% of the students admitted experiencing some kind of anxiety. Afterwards, however, 90.2% of the students said they would recommend these practices. They considered that prosection practices very useful for their education and recommended that they be retained for future courses. However, our study also showed the relevance of using coping mechanisms before the first contact with the dissecting room, especially for those students who did not feel emotionally prepared for it beforehand.

Extending aspirations: Taipei street performers and collaborative possibility

This paper seeks to extend geographical research on aspiration beyond existing scholarship in Britain that focuses on the political discourses of aspiration and individual emotional responses to uncertain neoliberal futures. Drawing on anthropological work on social navigation and aspirational future‐making in cities elsewhere, we examine how aspiring Taipei street performers navigate the streets and wider environments of opportunity and constraint. Our ethnographic work shows that while Taipei street performers navigate individually, they also collaborate in two broad ways. First, in situ via temporary groupings, sustained partnerships and fan communities. Second, relationally by forming a learning/support community and a street art association to increase their terms of recognition with the public and the state. These collaborations challenge the stereotypical individualistic profile of cultural workers in a post‐industrial cultural economy. The collaborative actions of Taipei street performers exceed conventional neoliberal logics of inter‐city competitiveness to include progressive notions of mutual care, volunteerism, and the formation of a collective identity to engage the state. Although Taipei street performers’ socio‐spatial forms of navigation are not cast in overtly political terms, either in drawing from historical antecedents or in contesting neoliberalisation, they are nevertheless significant in wider geographies of the political. We contribute to a growing body of work that looks beyond the inheritance of collective politics in the Keynesian West as the sole form of push back against the ills of neoliberal urbanism, and that is open to the possibility of a variety of other collective formations in other parts of the urban world informing progressive future‐making.

The Psychology of State-Sponsored Disinformation Campaigns and Implications for Public Diplomacy

Summary Policy discourse about disinformation focuses heavily on the technological dimensions of state-sponsored disinformation campaigns. Unfortunately, this myopic focus on technology has led to insufficient attention being paid to the underlying human factors driving the success of state-sponsored disinformation campaigns. Academic research on disinformation strongly suggests that belief in false or misleading information is driven more by individual emotional and cognitive responses — amplified by macro social, political and cultural trends — than specific information technologies. Thus, attention given to countering the distribution and promulgation of disinformation through specific technological platforms, at the expense of understanding the human factors at play, hampers the ability of public diplomacy efforts countering it. This article addresses this lacuna by reviewing the underlying psychology of three common types of state-sponsored disinformation campaigns and identifying lessons for designing effective public diplomacy counter-strategies in the future.

Reef Grief: investigating the relationship between place meanings and place change on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

It is well established that ecosystems bring meaning and well-being to individuals, often articulated through attachment to place. Degradation and threats to places and ecosystems have been shown to lead to loss of well-being. Here, we suggest that the interactions between ecosystem loss and declining well-being may involve both emotional responses associated with grief, and with observable impacts on mental health. We test these ideas on so-called ecological grief by examining individual emotional response to well-documented and publicized ecological degradation: coral bleaching and mortality in the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem. The study focuses both on one off events of coral loss and the prospect of continuing decline on the self-reported well-being of residents living within the ecosystem, visitors, and those whose livelihood is dependent on the marine resource: data from face-to-face surveys of 1870 local residents, 1804 tourists, and telephone surveys of 91 fishers and 94 tourism operators. We hypothesise that the extent to which individuals experience ecological grief is dependent on the meanings or intrinsic values (such as aesthetic, scientific, or biodiversity-based values), and is moderated by their place attachment, place identity, lifestyle dependence, place-based pride, and derived well-being. Results show that around half of residents, tourists and tourist operators surveyed, and almost one quarter of fishers, report significant Reef Grief. Reef Grief is closely and positively associated with place meanings within resident and tourist populations. By contrast respondents who rated high aesthetic value of the coral ecosystem report lower levels of Reef Grief. These findings have significant implications for how individuals and populations experience ecosystem decline and loss within places that are meaningful to them. Given inevitable cumulative future impacts on ecosystems from committed climate change impacts, understanding and managing ecological grief will become increasingly important. This study seeks to lay conceptual and theoretical foundations to identify how ecological grief is manifest and related to meaningful places and the social distribution of such grief across society.

Determinants of motivation to quit in smokers screened for the early detection of lung cancer: a qualitative study

BackgroundThe promotion of smoking cessation within lung cancer screening could lead to benefits for smoking-related disease and improve cost-effectiveness of screening. Little is known about how smokers respond to lung cancer screening and how this impacts smoking behaviour. We aimed to understand how lung cancer screening influences individual motivations about smoking, including in those who have stopped smoking since screening.MethodsThirty one long-term smokers aged 51–74 took part in semi-structured interviews about smoking. They had been screened with the EarlyCDT-Lung Test (13 positive result; 18 negative) as part of the Early Cancer Detection Test Lung Cancer Scotland Study. They were purposively sampled for interview based on their self-reported post-screening smoking behaviour. Eleven participants had stopped smoking since screening. Verbatim interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsTwo key overarching themes were interpretations of screening test results and emotional responses to those interpretations. Participants’ understanding of the risk implied by their test result was often inaccurate, for example a negative result interpreted as an ‘all-clear’ from lung cancer and a positive result as meaning lung cancer would definitely develop. Those interpretations led to emotional responses (fear, shock, worry, relief, indifference) influencing motivations about smoking. Other themes included a wake-up call causing changes in perceived risk of smoking-related disease, a feeling that now is the time to stop smoking and family influences. There was no clear pattern in smoking motivations in those who received positive or negative test results. Of those who had stopped smoking, some cited screening experiences as the sole motivation, some cited screening along with other coinciding factors, and others cited non-screening reasons. Cues to change were experienced at different stages of the screening process. Some participants indicated they underwent screening to try and stop smoking, while others expressed little or no desire to stop.ConclusionsWe observed complex and individualised motivations about smoking following lung cancer screening. To be most effective, smoking cessation support in this context should explore understanding of screening test results and may need to be highly tailored to individual emotional responses to screening.

Conflict and Decision‐Making: Attributional and Emotional Influences

AbstractThere is general consensus among conflict scholars that cognitive conflict's impact within the organization is functional, whereas affective conflict's impact is dysfunctional. Inconsistent findings in the literature suggest that additional factors impact these relationships. In this study, we integrate theories of conflict, affect, and attribution within the domain of decision‐making to gain a greater understanding of how and why organizational conflicts are at times positive, negative, or neutral. Specifically, we posit that the conclusions individuals reach as a result of their attributions, and their subsequent emotions and behavioral responses, play a significant role in determining conflict's effects. We apply theories of team‐level emotional convergence to propose how the individual emotional responses of team members may converge into a collective emotional response at the team level. Finally, we propose that the team‐level emotional responses initiated by the attribution process are significant moderators of the relationship between conflict type and decision outcomes.

The Emotional, Behavioral, and Cognitive Experience of Boundary Turbulence

Key to understanding the process of privacy management is examining how boundary turbulence is individually experienced. Building on the principles of communication privacy management, I considered how the amount of dissemination beyond the dyadic boundary corresponds to the automatic emotional reactions, behavioral responses, and higher-order cognitions reported in response to boundary turbulence. Two hundred sixteen college-aged students described recent privacy breaches and reported their individual emotional, behavioral, and cognitive responses to the betrayal of confidence. Results revealed that the amount of dissemination of private information was positively associated with anger, fear, and sadness. Furthermore, anger incited the use of distributive tactics, and this association was stronger for individuals who ruminated. Congruently, sadness prompted withdrawal behaviors, and this relationship increased as cognitive avoidance increased.