Individual Dietary Diversity Score Research Articles

Association between dietary diversity and complications during pregnancy in a South-West District of Bangladesh

Introduction: Poor dietary diversity is one of the key factors that increases the rate of complications during pregnancy. Pregnancy complications significantly increase the risk of maternal mortality. The aim of this study was to explore the associated factors between dietary diversity and complications during pregnancy. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 randomly selected pregnant women. Individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) was used to assess dietary diversity based on Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). IDDS was derived from 24-hour recalls from nine food groups. Results: Most of the pregnant women (48.9%) included in this study were in their second trimester; 19.3% and 31.8% were in first trimester and third trimester, respectively. About 83.8% of respondents included in this study experienced pregnancy complications. According to IDDS, most participants (77.1%) consumed a medium-diversified diet. Only 4.4% and 18.4% of pregnant women had low and highly diversified dietary intakes, respectively. Mean IDDS was 5.62±0.93, which indicated medium diversity of dietary intake. Dietary diversity had a statistically significant correlation with age (p=0.003), monthly income (p=0.003), education level (p=0.001), and respondent’s employment (p=0.004). The study exposed that pregnancy complications had a negative correlation with food diversity (r=-0.223), marriage age (r=-0.066), and education level (r=-0.163). Conclusion: The study concluded that pregnancy complications can be alleviated by improving dietary diversity practices during pregnancy.

Enhancing child dietary diversity through cooking demonstration and nutritional education in rural Lao PDR

BackgroundEfforts to prevent malnutrition in children under five are crucial for both short-term and long-term impact, especially in resource-constrained low- and middle-income countries, where ensuring minimal food diversity remains an urgent challenge. Our organization implemented initiatives to improve dietary diversity among children under five in rural areas of Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR).MethodsWe carried out educational and awareness programs directed at caregivers of children aged 6–59 months. These programs were delivered by healthcare professionals and trained community volunteers in specific areas of Xaybouathong District, Khammouane Province. To evaluate the impact of our interventions, we conducted surveys both at the beginning and end of the project. We designated the Individual Dietary Diversity Score IDDS as the objective variable, serving as an indicator of child dietary diversity. Using sociodemographic and economic indicators as explanatory variables, we assessed the impact of the intervention through multivariate analysis with a generalized linear model as well as a bivariate analysis.ResultsThe comparison between 210 children at baseline and 205 children at endline revealed a significant increase in IDDS among children aged 6–23 months (from 3.36 to 4.22) and children aged 24–59 months (from 3.29 to 3.83). Multivariate analysis indicated a significant association between the intervention effect (baseline vs. endline) and the village of residence. Furthermore, significant improvements were observed in each food group that constitute IDDS, including vegetables and fruits, eggs, and legumes and nuts.ConclusionsEven in resource-limited settings, such as rural areas of Lao PDR, it is possible to improve child dietary diversity through educational approaches that encourage the utilization of locally available foods.

Dietary Diversity in Adolescents at State Junior High School 4 Depok, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta: A Descriptive Study

<p><strong>Adolescents require balanced nutrition for their future growth and development. Adolescence is a time when there is a high risk of weight gain, especially in eating habits. A diverse diet for adolescents makes it easier to fulfill their need for various nutrients. This study aims to describe the dietary diversity of adolescents in state junior high school 4 Depok, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. This research was quantitative, using an analytic observational approach and a cross-sectional design. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 41 respondents. IDDS (Individual Dietary Diversity Scores) was used to measure dietary diversity based on nine food groups such as starch; green vegetables; vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; other fruits and vegetables; organ meats; fish, meat, and other processed meats products; legumes, nuts, and seeds; and dairy products. The majority of the adolescents, i.e. 21 individuals (51.2%), had a medium dietary diversity, while the remaining 20 individuals (48.8%) had a low dietary diversity. The adolescents consumed mainly starch (staple foods), other fruits and vegetables; eggs; fish, meat, and processed products; and dairy products. Adolescents from state junior high school 4 Depok Sleman Yogyakarta were mainly classified as having medium dietary diversity.</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: adolescents, dietary diversity, school age</strong><strong></strong></p>

Has COVID-19 influenced household food security in the Timorese population?

Food scarcity as an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused famine around the world. The solution of the COVID-19 problem, will involve the minor elements of the community, such as overcoming household food security. This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess whether composite index of household food security, nutrient intake, nutritional status, individual and household dietary diversity score with food and agricultural organization measuring household and individual dietary diversity score among the Timorese family with toddlers’ population during pandemic period, using interviews and direct measurements of respondents, involving 1444 participants. Areas prone to food insecurity had a lower average index score than food-insecure areas. There was a strong correlation between the index score and the level of nutritional adequacy of children under five in: energy, protein, fat, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. In addition, the index scores also had a strong positive correlation with the dietary diversity of children under five years old, as seen from the individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) score with r value 0.231 (p value 0.000). There was a strong positive correlation between the index score and the nutritional status of children under five according to body weight for age (BW/A), height for age (H/A), and body weight for height (BW/H). In general, the index developed from this study described the status of household food security. In addition, the total index score could be a fairly strong predictor of nutrient intake and nutritional status in children under five years old.

Food and health practices of elderly people in two communes: Antsirabe I and Andranomanelatra – Vakinankaratra Region (Madagascar)

The elderly population represents a group at risk of nutritional problems. Therefore, it is essential that their diet be healthy and correct to maintain a good state of health. A descriptive retrospective study of food and health practices of people aged 60 and over was carried out in the urban commune of Antsirabe I and the rural commune of Andranomanelatra in the Vakinankaratra Region in Madagascar. The results showed that seniors eat at least three times a day (morning, noon, evening). Rice was the staple food, and dried tilapia was the most consumed source of protein in rural areas (87.5%). In the two areas studied, the protein intake was insufficient in 91.7% of people, and the lipid intake was insufficient in all individuals surveyed. The majority had a medium individual dietary diversity score (68.8% in rural areas and 78.6% in urban areas). The elderly people interviewed were concerned about their health quality. However, hygiene practices regarding the treatment of drinking water and hand washing before each meal were not satisfactory. The evaluation of the nutritional status showed that 37.5% of people were underweight (BMI < 18.5) in rural areas, against 17.9% in urban areas. The factors associated with nutritional status were the level of education, the housing comfort index, the estimated monthly income, food expenditure, the individual dietary diversity score, and the average energy intake.

Household food insecurity and children dietary diversity during the COVID-19 outbreak

The COVID-19 pandemic raises the likelihood of food insecurity and affects the nutritional status of children. This study aims to examine the relationship between household food poverty and children's dietary diversity. The cross-sectional study has done at Lhokseumawe City and North Aceh District. A sample of 289 children aged 12–59 months participated in this study. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) was used to measure household food insecurity. Meanwhile, the Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) was done to assess children's dietary diversity. The Chi-square was employed to analyze the association between household food insecurity and children's dietary diversity. The prevalence of household food insecurity was 8,3%, consisting of 5,5% moderate food insecurity and 2,8% severe food insecurity. Most children had diverse food consumption (88,6%). However, 11,4% of children had low dietary diversity. Household food insecurity was significantly correlated with children's dietary diversity (p= 0,002). Conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic indirectly impacts household food insecurity, which can worsen the condition of food consumption for toddlers, especially regarding diversity in food consumption. A strategy is required to assist food-insecure households to maintain and increase children's dietary diversity.

Feeding habits, nutritional status of pregnant women, and low birth weight in the health district of Garoua I, North Cameroon: A cross-sectional study

Low birth weight is a public health problem in developing countries, and this can be linked to food practices and nutritional status of women before and during the pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of food practices and nutritional status of pregnant women on birth weight in the health district of Garoua 1 located in the North-Cameroon. For this purpose, 55 women in the third trimester of pregnancy, attending antenatal care in three health centres of the district were recruited. A questionnaire was administered to them to collect information on sociodemographic and economic characteristics, and antenatal care. This information included age, marital status, matrimonial regime, level of education, number of antenatal clinical visits attended, and profession. The twenty-four-hour dietary recall was used to determine Individual Dietary Diversity Score and Food Consumption Frequency. Body Mass Index and Total Weight Gain were calculated. The results obtained showed that most of pregnant women of Garoua 1 were under-educated, with more than a quarter who had never gone to school, without any source of income, and were housewives. These conditions favour poor food practices as shown by the results which indicated that 25.4% of interviewed women consumed less than three meals per day, and 67.3% had a poor Individual Dietary Diversity Score, indicating that they did not consume more than two food groups per day. Individual Dietary Diversity Score and Food Consumption Frequency of the women significantly influenced (p<0.05) the birth weight of the babies. It is the same for Body Mass Index and Total Weight Gain which had a significant influence (p<0.05) on the birth weight. Indeed, a low Body Mass Index at the beginning of the pregnancy, and insufficient Total Weight Gain during pregnancy increased by 3.35 and 7.12 times, respectively the risk of having an infant with a low birth weight. Nutrition education campaigns to women of childbearing age are recommended to alleviate the problem, and to improve overall living conditions in the community. Key words: Pregnant women, Food practices, Nutritional status, Low Birth Weight, Garoua

Household Dietary Diversity among Households with and without Children with Disabilities in Three Low-Income Communities in Lusaka, Zambia.

The purpose of this manuscript is to describe household dietary diversity (HDDS) in Lusaka, Zambia between households with and without a child with a disability living in the same communities. Cross-sectional data were collected in three low-income compounds in September 2021. Participants included households with a child with a disability enrolled in Kusamala+, a community-based program, (n = 444) and a convenience sample of adults living in the same area without a child with a disability (n = 1027). The HDDS tool asked about food groups consumed in the past 24 h by people in the household. The responses were summed (yes = 1, no = 0), range 0-12. Individual dietary diversity scores (IDDSs) were calculated for children (0-8 items). Analysis included descriptive statistics and linear regression. Mean HDDS for the households with a child with a disability was 4.8 (SD 2.1) vs. 6.1 (SD = 2.2) among households without a child with a disability (p < 0.001). The individual score for children (IDDS) for households with children with disabilities was 2.6 (SD = 1.4) vs. 3.7 (SD = 1.6) for households without a child with a disability. Households with a child with a disability had a significantly lower HDDS and IDDS in unadjusted and adjusted models (p < 0.001). National policy must assure the most vulnerable populations, and often hidden, receive focused financial and food support.

Food insecurity and its determinants among adults in North and South India

BackgroundFood insecurity is a major public health problem worldwide. In India, there are limited food insecurity assessment studies using a conventionally accepted method like the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), developed by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). This study aims to measure food insecurity using the FIES and explore its determinants and association with body mass index (BMI) among Indian adults. MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, we used FIES to measure food security in a sample of 9005 adults residing in North and South India. Using questionnaires, socio-demographic factors, dietary intake and food security data were collected. The dietary diversity scores (FAO-IDDS) and food insecurity scores (FAO-FIES) were calculated. Body size was measured and BMI was calculated. ResultsThe mean age of the study participants was 52.4 years (± 11.7); half were women and half resided in rural areas. Around 10% of the participants reported having experienced (mild or moderate or severe) food insecurity between October 2018 and February 2019. Dietary diversity (measured by FAO’s Individual Dietary Diversity Scores, IDDS) was low and half of the participants consumed ≤ 3 food groups/day. The mean BMI was 24.7 kg/m2. In the multivariate analysis, a lower IDDS and BMI were associated with a higher FIES. The place of residence, gender and wealth index were important determinants of FIES, with those residing in South India, women and those belonging to the poorest wealth index reporting higher food insecurity.ConclusionFood security is understudied in India. Our study adds important evidence to the literature. Despite having marginal food insecurity, high prevalence of low diet quality, especially among women, is disconcerting. Similar studies at the national level are warranted to determine the food insecurity situation comprehensively in India and plan appropriate policy actions to address it effectively, to attain the key Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

PS-P09-7: ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY DIVERSITY AMONG ADULT HYPERTENSIVES

Introduction: In contrast to developed countries, dietary quality is a growing challenge in developing countries. Several techniques of measuring food consumption using basic tools such as the 24-hour diet recall have been presented in recent years. This individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) proposed by FAO is a basic measure for evaluating diet quality, defined as the number of food groups represented in the diet across time. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the individual dietary variety score of hypertensives who visited the hospital's out-patient department. Materials and Techniques: Data on the dietary intake of 200 hypertension patients was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. In addition, anthropometric measurements were taken. The 14 food groups specified by the FAO were used to create IDDS classification tertiles. Results: Individual IDDS averaged 6 ± 1.83 food groups in the past 24hrs by hypertension patients. In our study, 8% of hypertension individuals had a high IDDS. Cereals, white tubers, other vegetables, legumes, oils and fats, and oils and fats were the most commonly consumed dietary groups by our people, at the expense of leafy vegetables, vitamin A fruits, other fruits and fish, nuts and seeds. In terms of anthropometric variables, waist circumference had a significant (p0.05) influence on food diversification in hypertensives, although BMI had no effect. Conclusion: When analysed on an individual DDS, the majority of patients do not meet the average based on 14 food groups. As a result, the average number of food categories ingested by the participants over the reference period is deemed inadequate. In contrast to cereals, oils, and fats, fruits and vegetables were the least consumed food groups. Given the importance of dietary diversity to nutrition and health, these findings suggest that efforts should be mobilised to ensure that people have better access to nutrition information. Despite the fact that this study needs to be expanded up to a multi-centric study and comparisons with other nations are needed to harmonise the technique, our findings demonstrate that using a basic tool can be beneficial when used at a community level. IDDS can be proposed as a ready to use tools across all healthcare sectors to promote dietary diversity.

Consumption Pattern Score in Cancer Survivor with Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting and Non-Cancer at Shelter Houses

Background: One of the most common effects of chemotherapy in cancer survivors is nausea and vomiting. This can affect the diversity of food consumed. Family support and assistance need to be done to increase food intake with one food provision.Objectives: This study aimed to find out the difference in the consumption pattern score among cancer survivors and non-cancers in shelter houses.Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study with a retrospective approach. The criteria of the case subject were undergoing chemotherapy, while the control subject criteria were included in one food supply. The total subject was 66 cancer survivors, with 33 subjects each. This research was conducted from August 2021 until October 2021 at Shelter Houses. The data included the subjects characteristic data, vomit nausea degree data using the Rhodes Index nausea vomiting and retching (RINVR), family support data, food intake data using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) questionnaires. Data collection is done by interviews in person and online. The data collected was analyzed using Chi-Square and bivariate test using Mann Whitney test.Results: The majority of cancer subjects were aged 40-59 years whereas non-cancer subjects were 20-39 years old. The subjects have special characteristics which are in low financial ability. Consumption of starchy foods (p&lt;0.001) and green vegetables (p&lt;0.006) in these two group subjects had significant differences. In addition, the consumption pattern score between cancer and non-cancer subjects made significant differences (p&lt;0.001).Conclusion: Average consumption pattern scores showed cancer subjects were lower compared to non-cancer subjects. Thus, consumption patterns in cancer subjects did not variaty compared to non-cancer subjects. It is necessary to conduct further research by analyzing the diversity of food of each subject using a 1x24 hour for 3 days, food access questionnaire and food security.

Exploring the Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity of Children Aged 6–59 Months in Some Rural and Slum Areas of Bangladesh amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Effect Regression Analysis

ABSTRACTBackgroundDietary diversity (DD) is a key component of diet quality, and malnutrition due to poor diet quality leads to child morbidity and mortality. However, in Bangladesh, there is a lack of information on childhood DD (for children aged 6–59 mo) amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the minimum DD and its associated factors among children aged 6–59 mo during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in 6 districts of Bangladesh. A total of 1190 respondents were included using cluster random sampling. The Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) for children was used to assess the children's DD. Factors associated with DD of children were identified using a multilevel binary logistics regression model.ResultsAbout 70% of the children aged 6–59 mo had minimum DD during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Children who belonged to slum areas [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.45; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.83], family income 12,000–15,000 Bangladeshi taka (BDT) (AOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.06, 3.05) and >15,000 BDT (AOR: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.47, 4.57), mothers aged 26–30 y (AOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.62) and >30 y (AOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.85), respondents who had 2 children <5 y old (AOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.66), and children aged 12–23 mo (AOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.14, 3.20) were significantly associated with DD among children aged 6–59 mo.ConclusionsThe findings of this study highlight the need for food and nutrition-related intervention, particularly targeting mothers of younger age and with >2 children <5 y old, mothers from slum regions, and fathers who were unemployed, to improve children's DD practices.

A Poultry Value Chain Intervention Promoting Diversified Diets Has Limited Impact on Maternal and Child Diet Adequacy during the Lean Season in a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundSoutenir l'Exploitation Familiale pour Lancer l’Élevage des Volailles et Valoriser l’Économie Rurale (SELEVER) is a nutrition- and gender-sensitive poultry value chain project designed and implemented by international nongovernmental organization Tanager, which consists of poultry market facilitation and behavior change activities aiming at increasing poultry production and improving diets without free inputs transfer. ObjectivesThe study aimed at assessing the impact of SELEVER on diets of women and children during the lean season. MethodsWithin a cluster randomized controlled trial, 45 communes were assigned to 1 of 3 arms, including 1) SELEVER interventions, 2) SELEVER with an intensive hygiene and sanitation component (SELEVER + WASH), and 3) a control group without intervention. Two rounds of survey were conducted 2 y apart during the lean season. Primary dietary outcomes were the probability of adequacy (PA) of iron, zinc, and vitamin A intakes; mean PA of 11 micronutrients and individual dietary diversity score collected through quantitative 24-h recall in longitudinal samples of women and index children (2–4 y old) in 1054 households; and minimum acceptable diet in the repeated cross-sectional sample of their younger sibling aged 6–23 mo. Impacts were assessed by intention-to-treat ANCOVA. ResultsRelative to control, SELEVER interventions (groups 1 + 2) increased the PA of iron intakes in women by 1.8 percentage points (pp) (P = 0.030). We found no further impact on primary outcomes, although egg consumption increased in index children (+0.73 pp, P = 0.010; +0.69 kcal/d, P = 0.036). Across the 3 groups, we observed negative effects of SELEVER on the PA of zinc intakes in women relative to SELEVER + WASH (–4.1 pp, P = 0.038) and on a variety of secondary dietary outcomes relative to both other groups. The study was registered on the ISCRCTN registry (ISRCTN16686478). ConclusionsInformation-only-based value chain interventions may not have meaningful positive effects on diets of women and children in the lean season in settings with largely inadequate diets. We found suggestive evidence that synergies between intervention components may have introduced heterogeneity in effects on diet.

Enhance Nutritive Value through Dietary Diversity in the Rural Area of Uttar Pradesh

Malnutrition, including undernutrition, micronutrient defi ciency, and overnutrition, remains one of the biggest challenges to global development. Many types of approaches were suggested to achieve a balanced diet; like food fortifi cation, biofortifi cation, and dietary diversifi cation. Dietary diversifi cation is a more practical approach to full fi ll the daily needs of nutrients at the community level. The main objective of the study was to encourage diversifi cation in the diet through Local nutritional solutions to improve the nutritive value of the diet. The 491 individuals were included in the study from 128 randomly selected rural HHs from Kannauj and Banda district of Uttar Pradesh state. A total number of sixteen nutrients were evaluated as dependent variables and one independent (Individual Dietary Diversity Score) variable. To improvement in the dietary diversity score, an intervention schedule was prepared with the help of booklets, posters, videos, charts, and personal counseling. A signifi cant diff erence between controlled and intervention groups was found for 11 nutrients out of 16 nutrients. All 11 signifi cantly improved nutrients belonged to the micronutrients category. The Individual Dietary Diversity Score of controlled groups was 4.31 and the same score of the intervention group was 5.28, with a signifi cant diff erence (p-values &lt;0.001). The intake of phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances, with NAR 1.82, 2.14, and 2.42, respectively. Five nutrients (calcium, vitamin-A, potassium, ribofl avin, vitamin-C) consumed less than 75 per cent of the prescribed amount in the control group, and the same in the intervention group was three (calcium, vitamin-A, potassium).

Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake and Dietary Diversity of Landfill Waste Pickers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the nutritional status, dietary intake and dietary diversity of waste pickers in South Africa, a socioeconomically vulnerable group who makes a significant contribution to planetary health through salvaging recyclable material from dumpsites. Participants were weighed and measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Dietary intake was recorded using a standardised multipass 24 h recall. Individual dietary diversity scores were derived from the dietary recall data. Data were collected from nine purposefully selected landfill sites located in six rural towns and three cities in four of the nine provinces in South Africa, providing nutritional status information on 386 participants and dietary intake on 358 participants after data cleaning and coding. The mean BMI of the study sample was 23.22 kg/m2. Underweight was more prevalent among males (22.52%) whilst 56.1% of the females were overweight or obese. The average individual dietary diversity score was 2.46, with 50% scoring 2 or less. Dietary intake patterns were characterised as monotonous, starch-based and lacking vegetables and fruits. The nutritional status, dietary intake and dietary diversity of waste pickers reflect their precarious economic status, highlighting the need for health, social and economic policies to improve access and affordability of nutritious food.

Correlation between Individual Dietary Diversity Score and Nutrients Adequacy Ratio in the Rural Community

Dietary diversity indicators can serve as a proxy for diet quality and some have shown an association with nutrient adequacy at the individual level; it is positively correlated with indicators of micronutrients adequacy in several types of study. The main objective of the study is to examine the nutrient adequacy ratio and its relationship with the individual dietary diversity score in the rural area of Uttar Pradesh, India. The relationship between individual dietary diversity score and nutrient adequacy was assessed with and without the minimum quantity food groups intake restriction. Data was collected through the 24 hours dietary recall schedule and dietary diversity questionnaire by applying of 24 hours recall method in the randomly selected 491 individuals. Individual dietary diversity score measured by the nine food groups system, suggested by Food and Agriculture Organization, US. An analysis of the relationship with sixteen nutrients was assessed through the MS excel data analysis functions. Iron and niacin intake had a positive and moderate correlation with individual dietary diversity scores and a weak positive correlation with calcium, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin-A, potassium, zinc, protein, vitamin-C, folates were found with no minimum quantity intake of the food groups. A negative correlation between sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake; there was no correlation noted with fat and energy. After fixing the minimum intake quantity of the food groups, the relationship between the dietary diversity score and the nutritional accuracy was strengthened; the association of iron and niacin with IDDS (Individual Dietary Diversity Score) was shown to be strong after applying minimum 15 grams intake quantity of the food groups.

Psycho-Social Stimulation and Food Diversity of Children Detected Stunting

Background: Stunting is a growth failure in children under five due to chronic malnutrition so that children are too short for their age. According to WHO, stunting becomes a public health problem if the prevalence is 20% or more. The prevalence of stunting under five in Indonesia in 2018 was more than 20% so that it became a public health problem and needed to be addressed immediately. Food diversity describes the quality of food for toddlers. Providing a variety of foods will increase the risk of malnutrition, stunting, and disease disorders. Stunting not only has an impact on physical growth but also psychosocial development. This study aimed to analyze whether psychosocial stimulation and food diversity were associated with stunting. Subjects and Method: This research is an observational analytic with a case control approach. The study population was all toddlers aged 24-59 months in Bangkok Village, Gurah, Kediri, East Java, Indonesia, in August 2020. Using the fixed disease sampling technique, a sample of 25 stunting toddlers aged 24-59 months as the case group and 25 non-stunted toddlers as the control group. The dependent variable is the incidence of stunting, while the independent variables are psychosocial stimulation and food diversity. The stunting measurement was carried out based on the TB/U measurement. Measurement of psychosocial stimulation using the HOME (The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Revisited) questionnaire and diversity using the IDDS (Individual Dietary Diversity Score) questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed by Chi Square and Fisher's Exact Test. Results: The incidence of stunting was associated with psychosocial (p= o.o31) and food diversity (OR= 12.67; CI 95%= 3.31 to 48.50; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Psychosocial stimulation and food diversity are associated with stunting. Not consuming a variety of foods increases the incidence of stunting 12 times. Keywords: stunting, psychosocial stimulation, food diversity. Correspondence: Dian Rahmawati. Academy of Midwivery Dharma Husada. Jl. Penanggungan 41A, Kediri 64114, East Java. Email: lintangkayana31@gmail.com . Mobile: +6285645076003. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2021), 06(05): 560-568 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.05.06

Physical Activity, Food Consumption, and Breakfast among Normal and Overweight Elementary School Children in Bogor during Covid-19 Pandemic

The objective of this study was to analyze differences in physical activity, quality of food consumption and breakfast between elementary school children with normal and overweight nutritional status in Bogor City of Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. This was a cross sectional study carried out from September 2020 to January 2021 in nine elementary schools in Bogor City. This research was conducted when school from home had been running for about six months. Survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire filled by the subject's parents via google form and Microsoft word and then interviewing via whatsapp. Physical activity measured using the Physical Activity Level (PAL) method and food consumption quality using the Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS). Breakfast quality based on the intake and contribution of energy and protein at breakfast. Result showed that 70% of male and 30% of female subjects were classified as overweight. There was a significant difference in the PAL value between subjects with normal weight and overweight (2.02 vs 1.63, p 0.05). However, IDDS scores of students with normal nutritional status was higher (7.08 and 8.60) compared to (6.80 and 6.78) in overweight students during the weekday and weekend respectively. In contrast, the energy and protein intake consumed during breakfast for overweight students was higher (617 kcal/day and 21 g/day) than students with normal nutritional status (477 kcal/day and 18.2 g/day) (p<0.05). This study has shown the importance to educate parents of overweight subjects to increase their children's physical activity as the students with normal nutrition status do as well as to provide breakfast with a more diverse menu

Correlation between individual dietary diversity score and nutrients adequacy ratio in the rural community

Dietary diversity indicators can serve as a proxy for diet quality. The main objective of this study is to examine the nutrient adequacy ratio and its relationship with the individual dietary diversity score in the rural community. The relationship between individual dietary diversity score and nutrients adequacy was assessed with and without the minimum quantity food groups intake restriction. Data was collected through the 24 hours dietary recall schedule and dietary diversity questionnaire by applying 24 hours recall method in randomly selected 491 individuals from the rural areas of Uttar Pradesh state of India. Individual dietary diversity score was measured using the nine food groups system, suggested by Food and agriculture organization, US. An analysis of the relationship with sixteen nutrients was assessed through the Microsoft excel data analysis functions. It was found that iron and niacin intake had moderate-positive co-relation with individual dietary diversity scores, and a weak positive correlation with calcium, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin-A, potassium, zinc, protein, vitamin-C, folates were found with no minimum quantity intake of the food groups. A negative correlation between sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake was noted; and there was no correlation noted with fat and energy

Performance of individual dietary diversity score to identify malnutrition among patients living with HIV in Ethiopia

There is a lack of uniformity in developing and validating indicators of nutritional status among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). Experiences from low and middle-income countries are scant, and differences in methodological and analytical approaches affect the comparability and generalizability of findings. Therefore, this study investigated the performance of individual diversity score (IDDS) as a proxy indicator of nutritional status among PLHIV. We conducted a facility-based cross-sectional study among 423 PLHIV who were under Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) at clinics in Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia. We collected data on sociodemographic, dietary, clinical, and anthropometric measures. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-Hour dietary recall. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated to assess the nutritional status of study subjects. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the ability of the IDDS and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) to detect poor nutritional status. Furthermore, sensitivity, specificity, Predictive Values (PPs), and Likelihood Ratios (LRs) were calculated at different cut-off points. IDDS showed good reliability with Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.76. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of IDDS was 78.5 (95%CI 73.9–83.4). At the IDDS cut-off of 4, the sensitivity and specificity of IDDS to indicate nutritional status were 88.0% (95%CI 81.0–93.0) and 71.0% (95%CI 66.0–76.0), respectively. The AUC of MDD-W was 74.1%, and at the cut-off of 4 the sensitivity and specificity of MDD-W to indicate undernutrition were 73.0% and 72.0%, respectively. Both IDDS and MDD-W have good accuracy as a proxy indicator for measuring the nutritional status of PLHIV. In the prevention of undernutrition among PLHIV especially in a resource-limited setting, IDDS and MDD-W can be used to assess nutritional status.