Individual Departures Research Articles

From a spark to a sweeping fire: An integrative conceptual review of group turnover and a theoretical exploration of its development.

The phenomenon of group turnover has generated substantial yet disconnected scholarly interests. Despite valuable insights gained from the collective turnover literature as well as parallel research concerning related or coordinated quitting, a holistic understanding of the unique group turnover phenomenon is needed, both to synthesize existing research across multiple domains and disciplines and to kindle new inquiries regarding its dynamic nature and developmental process. To this end, we begin by conducting an integrative review of research relating to group turnover, reinterpreting it by identifying its common pathways as a function of varying triggers, temporal patterns, and departure destinations. We then leverage the groups literature to explicate group turnover's self-reinforcing and dynamic nature and propose a three-dimensional Interdependence, Temporality, and Emergence (ITE) framework that accounts for its developmental process. Using this framework, we develop an illustrative set of propositions regarding how ITE-related group properties affect the extent to which individual departures might escalate into group turnover of a larger scale and faster speed. Our emphasis on groups as a unique unit of reference thus provides an important conceptual refinement and extension for understanding collective turnover-shifting from a static focus on aggregate exit (rates) to a dynamic focus on the often-coordinated, temporally evolving nature of multiple group member quit events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Corporate Hierarchy and Organizational Learning: Member Turnover, Code Change, and Innovation in the Multiunit Firm

This study examines how recombinant innovation is affected by member turnover and organizational learning within a corporate hierarchy. Prior work has overlooked the role of organizational structure in organizational learning, focusing instead on the knowledge provided by individual new hires or on the disruption caused by individual departures. We address this gap by applying March’s [March JG (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ. Sci. 2(1):71–87.] mutual learning model to a corporate hierarchy. In doing so, we theorize how the contributions of corporate staff to socializing new employees and to learning from the organizational code may differ from those of the organization’s subunit members. Empirically, we examine the learning effects of aggregate corporate and subunit arrivals and departures on novel recombinant innovation by subunits. Using 24 years of Motorola company directories, we construct membership turnover measures for corporate and subunit employees and exploit patent data to capture recombinant innovation. Our results suggest that, whereas the influx of new ideas through arrivals may be critical, breaking the pattern of inertial behavior through departures is more important for recombinant innovation. Corporate departures matter most for recombinant innovation, a result that reflects not only corporate staff’s slower individual learning from the organizational code but also its ability to update that code more quickly. In supplementary analyses, we find different effects for technical and nontechnical staff and internal and external arrivals, as well as demonstrate the mutual learning mechanism using internal corporate documents to capture code change. Our study has strong implications for theories of organizational learning, strategic human capital, organization design, and innovation. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1618 .

Itinerant merchants: between networks of migrants and survival strategy (16th–20th)

ABSTRACT In dictionaries as well as in literature, the pedlar is an ambiguous figure. Urban sources testify to the desire of the urban authorities and sedentary merchants to exclude them. A few bankruptcy files do, however, make it possible to document failures as well as to provide information on the tours and the credit necessary to exercise the trade. However, to overcome the purely urban viewpoint, one must leave the town behind and concentrate instead upon the home villages and its notarial archives in order to link individual departures to the social framework to which they belonged and to understand the organisation of these networks of migrants. However, the municipal archives on poverty, on markets, as well as the archives of the police, justice and guilds allow us to enter into certain economic practices of the most destitute. In the first part, the essay describes the organisation of migrant networks and their evolution between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. In the second part, it analyses urban peddling, which is the economic resource of the poorest people, particularly women, and the battles waged against them by the elites and established merchants in order to keep them off the streets.

Patronage effects of off-peak service improvements in regional public transport

The purpose of this study is to look into patronage effects of extended supply outside peak hours on regional public transport services. Previous studies have shown that the service frequency is an attribute of great importance for regional passengers, but little is known about the details regarding peak and off-peak frequencies or service hours. The present study addresses this knowledge gap, departing from the hypothesis that additional off-peak supply means more flexibility for the passengers in terms of departure time options, and possibly also a sense of security for passengers who are uncertain about the time of their (return) trips. Essentially, the added off-peak departures may attract more passengers even if they normally do not or only occasionally use the off-peak services. The patronage effects are explored through four case studies from the region of Scania in southern Sweden. The cases include regional rail and bus services where substantial improvements have been made outside peak hours, resulting in at least hourly all-day services. The results of the study provide new insights into the fundamental planning policy trade-off between maximum frequency and span of public transport services in urban peripheries and rural areas. Importantly, the results suggest that improved time coverage may lead to substantial patronage growth, and this growth is evident also during peak hours, despite unaltered peak hour frequencies. Hence, off-peak departures cannot be assessed only through patronage levels in isolated time periods, let alone on the individual departures.

Should I stay or should I go? Individual movement decisions during group departures in red-fronted lemurs.

Collective movements are essential for maintaining group cohesion. However, group members can have different optimal departure times, depending on individual, social and contextual factors whose relative importance remains poorly known. We, therefore, studied collective departures in four groups of red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons) in Kirindy Forest, Madagascar, to investigate the influence of an individual's age, sex, their affiliative relationships and their proximity to other group members at the time of departure on their individual departure decision. We recorded behavioural and spatial data on individual departures during 167 group movements and conducted group scans (181–279 per group) to assess affiliative relationships. All factors influenced individual departures. Both affiliation and proximity determined a mimetic joining process in which dyads with stronger affiliative bonds departed in closer succession, and individuals followed the initiator and predecessors more quickly when they were in closer proximity at departure. While the influence of affiliation is common, the effect of inter-individual distance has rarely been considered in groups with heterogeneous social relationships. Although local rules influenced joining, the overall movement pattern was mainly determined by individual traits: juveniles took protected central positions, while females made up the van and males brought up the rear. Individual needs, expressed in the departure order, to an extent overruled the effect of affiliation. These results highlight the importance of considering individual, social and contextual factors collectively in the study of collective movements.

Izmena putnika na međumesnim linijama

Functioning of lines of the intercity public passenger transports based on the harmonization of transport requirements and organization within the individual departures, defined in space and time. An important feature of this harmonization is the change of passengers. Change of passengers as a significant impact on the economic factors of the functioning of the line, so its quantification is important. So far, in the literature in this field for the quantification of passenger changes and the definition of an appropriate coefficient, the approach that has been used does not produce accurate results. The paper presents a new procedure for defining the passenger change coefficient, and the results were verified on concrete examples.

Perceptual color spacing derived from maximum likelihood multidimensional scaling.

The canonical application of multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods has been to color dissimilarities, visualizing these as distances in a low-dimensional space. Some questions remain: How well can the locations of stimuli in color space be recovered when data are sparse, and how well can systematic individual variations in perceptual scaling be distinguished from stochastic noise? We collected triadic comparisons for saturated and desaturated sets of Natural Color System samples, each set forming an approximate hue circle. Maximum likelihood MDS was used to reconstruct the configuration of stimuli more accurately than the standard "vote-count" approach. Individual departures from the consensus response pattern were minor, but repeated across stimulus sets, and identifiable as variations in the salience of color-space axes. No gender differences could be discerned, contrary to earlier results.

A Theory of Dual Job Search and Sex‐Based Occupational Clustering

This paper theorizes and provides evidence for the segregation of men into clustered occupations and women into dispersed occupations in advance of marriage and in anticipation of future colocation problems. Using the Decennial Census, and controlling for occupational characteristics, I find evidence of this general pattern of segregation, and also find that the minority of the highly educated men and women who depart from this equilibrium experience delayed marriage, higher divorce, and lower earnings. Results are consistent with the theory that marriage and mobility expectations foment a self‐fulfilling pattern of occupational segregation with individual departures deterred by earnings and marriage penalties.

Revisiting the learning curve (once again).

The vast majority of published work in the field of associative learning seeks to test the adequacy of various theoretical accounts of the learning process using average data. Of course, averaging hides important information, but individual departures from the average are usually designated “error” and largely ignored. However, from the perspective of an individual differences approach, this error is the data of interest; and when associative models are applied to individual learning curves the error is substantial. To some extent individual differences can be reasonably understood in terms of parametric variations of the underlying model. Unfortunately, in many cases, the data cannot be accomodated in this way and the applicability of the underlying model can be called into question. Indeed several authors have proposed alternatives to associative models because of the poor fits between data and associative model. In the current paper a novel associative approach to the analysis of individual learning curves is presented. The Memory Environment Cue Array Model (MECAM) is described and applied to two human predictive learning datasets. The MECAM is predicated on the assumption that participants do not parse the trial sequences to which they are exposed into independent episodes as is often assumed when learning curves are modeled. Instead, the MECAM assumes that learning and responding on a trial may also be influenced by the events of the previous trial. Incorporating non-local information the MECAM produced better approximations to individual learning curves than did the Rescorla–Wagner Model (RWM) suggesting that further exploration of the approach is warranted.

A Theory of Dual Job Search and Sex-Based Occupational Clustering

I present a theory of couples’ job search whereby women sort into lower-paying geographically-dispersed occupations due to expectations of future spouses’ geographically-clustered occupations and (thereby) inability to relocate for work. Results confirm men segregate into geographically-clustered occupations, and that these occupations involve more-frequent early career relocations for both sexes. I also find that the minority of the men and women who depart from this equilibrium experience delayed marriage, higher divorce, and lower earnings. Results corroborate the theory’s implication that marriage and mobility expectations foment a self-fulfilling pattern of occupational segregation with individual departures deterred by earnings and marriage penalties.

Computer Simulation and Emergent Reliability in Science

While the popular image of scientists portrays them as objective, dispassionate observers of nature, actual scientists rarely are. It is not really known to what extent these individual departures from the scientific ideal effects the reliability of the scientific community. This paper suggests a number of concrete projects which help to determine this relationship.

Effects of Newcomer Practicing on Cross-level Learning Distortions

This article fuses variance generation and suppression arguments with the micro-underpinnings of collective learning to bring the socio-emotional context of learning to the foreground. We take a practice-based perspective on cross-level learning distortions to explore non-recursive trade-offs between variance generation and variance suppression as newcomers adapt to established groups and as groups react to newcomers. Our typology first disaggregates the effects of sociality and emotionality to describe four patterns of context-contingent individual practicing: experimenting, emulating, bracketing and impersonating. We then explain why groups operating in distinct contexts may systematically ignore or discount two specific types of individual departures from collective norms: outliers (infrequent, significant deviations) and clusters (frequent, incremental changes). Our theoretical predictions add value to managers by unpacking the contextual contingencies that systematically pattern individual and collective learning and by suggesting specific interventions for preventing or alleviating learning disorders.

Validation and Discovery in Markov Models of Genetics Data

Markov models provide a natural framework for modeling cellular and molecular level changes over time. Kalbfleisch and Lawless propose using a Chi-squared statistic for assessing the appropriateness of assuming a first-order, homogeneous Markov process. While this statistic provides a global test of the Markov assumption, it does not permit identification of individual departures. We consider two approaches for discovering specific departures from the Markov assumption. First, we propose a diagnostic that tests whether the number of observed transitions out of a given state at a given time point is different than expected. Second, we construct statistics based on the number of observations in each state at each time point. In both cases, we construct multiple correlated statistics and testing is achieved through simulations. These approaches are applied to HIV genetics sequences measured over time.

A market-level pricing model for airlines

Airline Revenue Management has typically focused on an optimisation problem choose inventory control settings to maximise revenues. Airline pricing is more difficult because the actions of competitors must be incorporated into the pricing decision leading to a game theoretic formulation. To support this game theoretic view, this paper develops a market-level pricing model that provides insight as to whether an airline should or should not match the new fare of a competitor to maximise revenue. The model also shows that matching competitors' prices preserves market share. The application of consumer choice models to individual flight departures is also discussed.

How many birds does it take to put a flock to flight?

Flights from foraging flocks of sanderlings,Calidris albawere observed at Redcar, northeast England, in order to investigate how individual decisions to fly related to the behaviour of other flock members. Flights of sanderlings tended to be either of all birds in the flock on the ground, or of single birds or groups representing only a small proportion of the foraging flock. The latter accounted for the majority of movement events but after weighting by flock size the former accounted for the majority of bird movements. As flock size increased, the number of birds that flew without the whole flock taking flight increased. Thus, as flock size increased, it took more individual departures before the whole flock took flight. When flocks were disturbed by people or dogs, they were more cohesive, with more departures being of whole flocks.

A Long Run for a Short Jump: Understanding Clinical Guidelines

Clinical guidelines for application of medical technologies are being advanced as consensus recommendations by consumer groups, professional societies, and health care managers. Although different groups' guidelines for use of a given technology may vary--or even conflict--depending on the methods by which they were formulated, their proponents' interests, and the subjective values attached to potential outcomes, they make it possible to quantify somewhat and predict, on a population basis, clinical gains relative to costs. Clinical guidelines can introduce into patient-physician decision making systematic consideration of a given technology's demonstrated efficacy and its likely advantages compared with its personal and its societal costs. Provided there is flexibility to allow for individual departures from consensus recommendations and for development of new technologies, applying clinical guidelines in health care can serve both individual patients and society and help to balance their respective needs for informed decision making and for resource allocation.

Bayesian assessment of assumptions of regression analysis

Many statistical procedures are based on the models which specify the conditions under which the data are generated. Many applications of linear regression, for example, assume that:(i) the observations are independent; (ii) the errors in the observations are identically distributed; (iii) each error has a normal distribution with mean zero and unknown variance σ2> 0. Previous works have examined individual departures from these assumptions. Here we examine composite departures. It is assumed that the error distribution in a linear model is power-exponential and that the observations are generated via a first order autoregressive model with the possibility of spurious observations. The consequences are illustrated via an example.

GEOSTROPHIC AND GRADIENT DEPARTURES IN JET STREAMS

Abstract Wind measurements made by aircraft of Project Jet Stream during forty-eight flights are compared with geostrophic and gradient winds (computed on upper-air charts) in order to determine geostrophic and gradient departures. Due to random errors in radiosonde data and to a lesser extent in the aircraft winds, individual departures are not reliable. Therefore, the jet stream area, as represented on a vertical cross-section perpendicular to the wind flow, is arbitrarily divided into nine sectors. Average departures are computed for each sector and for certain combinations of sectors. In cyclonic jet streams (i.e., in the vicinity of upper troughs), these calculations gave the following results: observed wind speeds were, on the average, 27.5 kn (or 18.4 per cent) less than geostrophic speeds but were in excellent agreement with gradient speeds. Although the average gradient departure was approximately zero, these departures tended to be negative (observed winds less than gradient winds) on the south ...

Diastrophic Behavior around the Bighorn Basin

A striking feature of the mountain belt around the Bighorn Basin is the reversal of the direction of overthrusting and the asymmetry of folding in transverse segments of the ranges. Not only do these segments of alternating southwest and northeast thrusting characterize the ranges, but the asymmetry of each continues in minor anticlines well into or completely across the adjoining basins. Five such transverse strips are described. Deformation was that of the Laramide foreland in which the pre-Cambrian rocks and structures, relatively thinly covered, were a more important determining factor than in the geosynclinal folding farther west. The greatest crustal shortening was northeast-southwest. In the basement complex there were two types of yielding: (1) horizontal shearing along two sets of near-vertical fractures, each at about 45° to the shortening, breaking the foreland in places into blocklike units; and (2) vertical movements giving ranges and basins with various individual departures from the general Rocky Mountain alignment. In the adjustment to space requirements under horizontal compression, transverse strips of the ranges and basins moved differently. The minor folds have a regional northwest-southeast trend more or less regardless of the trends of the main ranges and basins which were outlined earlier. This minor folding was relatively shallow; near the surface easiest relief was upward, and the folds were aligned normal to the greatest shortening. Although the basement deformation did not greatly influence the trend of these lesser folds, it did determine the direction of their asymmetry.