Individual Cross Research Articles

Roller Position Design in the Roll Bending Process of a Non-Uniform Curvature Profile

By anchoring the lower rollers and dynamically adjusting the upper roller’s downfeed of a pyramid roll bender, one can achieve the precise bending of a workpiece into a desired planar form characterized by variable curvature. To ensure the seamless processing of individual cross sections without impinging upon adjacent areas, critical roller spacings are identified through theoretical mechanics analyses. The reaction force exerted on the top roller is calculated by integrating the desired curvature into the elastoplastic constitutive equation and subsequently deriving a dynamic adjustment of the downfeed from quasi-static finite element simulations. This preliminary downfeed protocol undergoes refinement to mitigate discrepancies between the targeted and the actual curvatures. Numerical instances demonstrate that the application of roller configurations, as outlined herein, yields a product profile that closely mirrors the intended curve. This congruence can be further improved with an additional iteration; however, subsequent iterations are seen to yield negligible improvements, indicating a rapid convergence of this algorithm.

Progress in electron energy modeling for plasma flows and discharges

A novel formulation of the electron energy relaxation terms is presented here, which is applicable to plasma flows and discharges wherein the electron temperature could be higher or lower than the gas temperature. It is demonstrated that the electron energy losses due to inelastic collisions can be expressed as a function of only two species-dependent parameters: the reduced electric field and the reduced electron mobility. This formulation is advantageous over previous ones, being simpler to implement and more accurate when experimental data of the reduced electric field and reduced mobility are available. Curve fits to empirical data of these two properties are outlined here for all important air molecular species. The approach accounts for all inelastic electron energy relaxation processes without needing individual cross sections or rates, reducing potential errors associated with independently handling each process. Several test cases are presented to validate the proposed electron energy source terms including reentry plasma flows for which the electron temperature is less than the gas temperature, as well as discharges in which the electron temperature reaches values in excess of 30 eV. In all cases, the agreement with experimental data is observed to be very good to excellent, significantly surpassing prior electron energy models for plasma flows.

Fast neutron leakage spectra of the EUCLID experiment

Special nuclear material in sub-critical and critical configurations measured in integral experiments are important for validation and adjustment of nuclear data. Many different evaluations of nuclear data exist, and these different evaluations can provide different values for individual cross sections that vary due to the uncertainties in differential experiments or lack of such data. For integral experiments, differences in these individual cross sections can have compensating errors, which lead to the same answer. One example of this is the Jezebel critical assembly, where keff of the system is correctly computed by both ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3, despite having substantially different underlying evaluated values for specific reactions (such as elastic and inelastic cross sections).To reduce compensating errors in nuclear data, the Experiments Underpinned by Computational Learning for Improvements in Nuclear Data (EUCLID) project has utilized machine learning to design a set of sub-critical and critical experiments. These experiments include slab- and cube-like configurations of 239Pu in the form of the ZPPR plates. Six different responses were measured on a total of thirteen different configurations. One of these responses, the neutron leakage spectrum, was measured using an EJ301D detector. The results of the neutron leakage spectra show good agreement (within 1–2 σ) with the expected spectrum from simulations and will be used in the subsequent nuclear data adjustment done by the EUCLID team.

Evaluation of downy mildew resistance in spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an economically important leafy vegetable grown in the United States and world-wide. The downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora effusa (Pfs), is a major biotic constraint impacting spinach production and quality. The use of resistant cultivars is an economical and environmentally-friendly management option especially in organic production systems. As new races of the pathogen continue to appear, there is a need to continue to select for resistance to the emerging races. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a set of spinach hybrids and F2 breeding populations for resistance to Pfs race 5 to develop a better understanding of the genetics of downy mildew resistance. Also, we screened 39 commercial spinach cultivars for resistance to a recently identified race, Pfs race 19. The genetics of resistance to Pfs 5 was determined by greenhouse inoculations of F1 progeny (individual crosses between near isogenic lines, NIL3 or NIL1 and susceptible genotype, Viroflay) and F2 population progeny (cross between Califlay and susceptible Viroflay). Two hybrids were examined for resistance to Pfs 5. The results indicated that resistance conferred at the RPF1 or the RPF3 loci in a heterozygous (Rr) condition to Pfs 5 was completely dominant. Also, Chi-square analysis of the segregation pattern in the F2 population showed that resistance to Pfs race 5 was conferred by a single dominant gene. A total of 22 out of 39 spinach commercial cultivars were resistant to the newly reported Pfs race 19 and could be used in breeding programs to develop new cultivars with resistance to Pfs 19.

Genetic relatedness can alter the strength of plant-soil interactions.

Intraspecific variation may play a key role in shaping the relationships between plants and their interactions with soil microbial communities. The soil microbes of individual plants can generate intraspecific variation in the responsiveness of the plant offspring, yet have been much less studied. To address this need, we explored how the relatedness of seedlings from established clones of Solidago altissima altered the plant-soil interactions of the seedlings. Seedlings of known parentage were generated from a series of 24 clones grown in a common garden. Seedlings from these crosses were inoculated with soils from maternal, paternal, or unrelated clones and their performance compared to sterilized control inocula. We found that soil inocula influenced by S. altissima clones had an overall negative effect on seedling biomass. Furthermore, seedlings inoculated with maternal or paternal soils tended to experience larger negative effects than seedlings inoculated with unrelated soils. However, there was much variation among individual crosses, with not all responding to relatedness. Our data argue that genetic relatedness to the plant from which the soil microbial inoculum was obtained may cause differential impacts on establishing seedlings, encouraging the regeneration of non-kin adjacent to established clones. Such intraspecific variation represents a potentially important source of heterogeneity in plant-soil microbe interactions with implications for maintaining population genetic diversity.

Analysis of neural networks for routine classification of sixteen ultrasound upper abdominal cross sections.

Abdominal ultrasound screening requires the capture of multiple standardized plane views as per clinical guidelines. Currently, the extent of adherence to such guidelines is dependent entirely on the skills of the sonographer. The use of neural network classification has the potential to better standardize captured plane views and streamline plane capture reducing the time burden on operators by combatting operator variability. A dataset consisting of 16 routine upper abdominal ultrasound scans from 64 patients was used to test the classification accuracy of 9 neural networks. These networks were tested on both a small, idealised subset of 800 samples as well as full video sweeps of the region of interest using stratified sampling and transfer learning. The highest validation accuracy attained by both GoogLeNet and InceptionV3 is 83.9% using transfer learning and the large sample set of 26,294 images. A top-2 accuracy of 95.1% was achieved using InceptionV3. Alexnet attained the highest accuracy of 79.5% (top-2 of 91.5%) for the smaller sample set of 800 images. The neural networks evaluated during this study were also successfully able to identify problematic individual cross sections such as between kidneys, with right and left kidney being accurately identified 78.6% and 89.7%, respectively. Dataset size proved a more important factor in determining accuracy than network selection with more complex neural networks providing higher accuracy as dataset size increases and simpler linear neural networks providing better results where the dataset is small.

Heterosis and combining ability in intraspecific (G. hirsutum L.) and interspecific (G. hirsutum L. × G. barbadense L.) cotton hybrids

The inheritance of most important economic characters, heterosis and combining ability were studied in six interspecific (G. hirsutum L. × G. barbadnese L.) and three intraspecific hybrid combinations. There were found different types of inheritance of productivity, boll weight and lint percentage and fiber length in the individual crosses. The genetic variance for productivity and fiber length was mainly non-additive, while for lint percentage it was additive. Although non-additive genetic variance prevailed for productivity and fiber length, only individual crosses showed positive heterosis, outperforming the better parent. Of the female forms, the cultivar Helius was identified as a very good general combiner for productivity. From the male forms the cultivar Ashkabat emerged as a very good general combiner for productivity, boll weight and lint percentage. The cultivars Mytra (female), Karshinski-2 and C-6037 (male) were determined as very good general combiners for fiber length. All these cultivars, with the exception of C-6037, had low SCA variances, their high GCA was mainly due to additive gene effects, and they were very suitable for synthetic selection. The cross Helius × Ashkabat was found to be most valuable for the selection of productivity because of the highest mean performance and the highest level of heterosis with high SCA effects. All intraspecific hybrids were found to be most promising for improving lint percentage. The interspecific cross combinations Mytra × C-6037, Helius × C-6037 and Mytra × Karshinski-2, having the longest fibers, the first two with high SCA effects were most valuable for fiber length improvement.

The concept of a non-self-propelled individual ferry

Within the framework of the general concept of the development of water transport and coastal infrastructure, a justification is given for the need to operate individual ferry crossings on small and main rivers of Russia. A cartographic study of transport links through rivers and their catastrophic shortage in comparison with demand has been carried out. A completely new concept of a ferry crossing for one car has been proposed. The driving mechanism of the ferry movement from the driving pair of wheels of the car with different variants of propellers and control systems has been developed. The overall and displacement parameters of the vessel are determined according to the requirements of small-size shipbuilding. In the Compass-3D package, a three-dimensional model of the ferry, all working units of the mechanism and control was created, and the mass-centering characteristics were calculated. A comparative assessment of the mechanical parameters of the presented propellers was carried out: the screw-steering column and the paddle wheels. Mechanisms with manual and automated control modes are described and compared.

Assessing the Combining Ability and Gene Action Parameters of Double Crosses Hybrids of Gynoecious Cucumber in Protected Cultivation

The experiment was carried out in the unheated greenhouses of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar in the fall season 2021. Enter six Inbred lines (C-A-1026, C-P-1027, C-L-1031, C-S-1029, C-K-1030 and C-M-1028) in a half-cross cross-crossing to produce fifteen individual crosses, which were introduced into another program to elicit 45 paired crosses in the spring period of 2022, then the paired crosses were planted (45 paired crosses, fifteen individual crosses, and the six Inbred lines) included in their composition, and compared (Kanz) to study the arithmetic averages, hybrid vigor, the General Specific Combining Ability and some other genetic parameters, in the autumn season 2022 in plastic houses and with three replications, according to the design of randomized complete sectors (RCBD). The mean squares showed highly significant variations and differences in most of the studied traits, as the paired hybrid (2×4) (5×6) was distinguished by the largest leaf area of 144.46 dm2 plant-1, while the paired hybrid (2×6) (3×4) was distinguished by the highest percentage. Contract reached 74% compared to other marital crosses. The results showed a superior genetic action, especially in the type (dominant × dominant), which was responsible for the transfer of genetic traits from parents to individual crosses and to their paired crosses, which obtained the largest part of the yield and its components, which indicates the possibility of improvement in crossbreeding).

Time-Varying Fractal Analysis of Exchange Rates

The foreign exchange (forex) market is a dynamic and complex financial arena where the exchange rates of various currency pairs fluctuate continuously. Among these currency pairs, EUR/TRY and USD/TRY hold significant economic relevance due to their roles in international trade and finance. In this study, we analyze the multifractality of hourly EUR/TRY and USD/TRY exchange rate data for the whole period, as well as its time-varying individual and cross correlations, spanning from May 31, 2018, to March 21, 2022. We employ multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-DCCA) and multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) methodologies. The aim of studying multifractality in exchange rates is to comprehend and model the complex and intricate nature of price movements and dynamics of the EUR/TRY and USD/TRY exchange rates. In the analysis of the whole period, multifractality is detected in individual exchange rates and cross correlations. In the rolling window analysis, we demonstrated how multifractality and cross correlation multifractality change over time. Additionally, contributions of the sources of the multifractality are investigated in a time-varying framework. Multifractal nature of these exchange rates indicate that they exhibit complex and scale-dependent behaviors, which go beyond the traditional linear models. The existence of multifractality in EUR/TRY and USD/TRY exchange rates has significant implications for financial modeling, risk management, and trading strategies. It implies that standard linear models may not capture the full complexity of these markets, necessitating the development of more sophisticated models that account for multifractal properties.

139 Genomic-Based Genetic Parameters of Behavioral Ethogram Traits in Lactating Sows Under Heat Stress Conditions and Their Relationship with Direct Indicators of Heat Tolerance

Abstract Increased global temperatures pose challenges to livestock agriculture. Domestic swine are particularly sensitive to hotter environments due to their inability to sweat, litter bearing nature, difficulty in expressing natural cooling behaviors, and intense genetic selection for production traits. Since animal welfare is central to livestock production as a matter vital to efficiency as much as ethics, developing novel traits that may be genetically related to heat tolerance may assist in improving and sustaining animal welfare. The objective of this study was to develop novel traits of behavior using an ethogram designed for efficiency in production settings, estimate the variance components, and correlate these traits with indicators of heat tolerance and maternal ability. This study considered 1,312 individual Landrace-Large White cross production sows between 6 and 19 days of lactation. Animals were housed in farrowing crates in a commercial setting in southern North Carolina in June and July of 2021, an environment susceptible to potential heat stress. These sows were subjected to a standardized procedure involving a person removing hair from both hips using an electric clipper while an observer was positioned in front of the sow to record behaviors. Scores were later applied to the variations in behavior both for changes in positions and types of vocalizations displayed by the animals during handling. Genotypes were obtained from hair follicles and captured by a 50K porcine SNP panel. Variance components for novel behavior traits were obtained using the BLUPF90+ programs and genomic relationship matrix to estimate genetic correlations of behavior with several indicators of heat tolerance and maternal ability. Heritabilities for behavior traits ranged from 0.131 for vocalization score to 0.072 for shaving time, while heritabilities for heat tolerance and maternal ability ranged from 0.15 to 0.03 for vaginal temperature and respiration efficiency, respectively. The maternal ability traits were based on the single current litter and had the lowest heritabilities ranging from 0.101 to 0.04 for number born alive and number of mummies, respectively. High and positive genetic correlations indicate a potential for coupled selection for both fewer mummified piglets and a greater number of liveborn using the behavior trait of vocalization score. These correlations between favorable maternal traits and behavior traits suggest the potential that one or more complex biological pathways exist that share relevancy between these traits. However, genetic correlations between the behavior traits and heat tolerance indicators were low to negligible, most with a magnitude falling below 0.10, revealing the need for other traits to be used as selection parameters for heat tolerance. Further studies may be able to capture additional environmental effects to improve models of behavior and create indirect measures more obtainable than direct measures of heat tolerance.

Detection, localisation and quantification of stiffness loss in a bridge using indirect drive-by measurements

Drive-by health monitoring uses the measurements gathered on a vehicle while traversing a bridge to assess its condition. To date, drive-by monitoring has been mostly proposed as a pre-screening tool to detect damage under favourable conditions of low vehicle speeds and low road roughness. A major shortcoming is the potential degradation of the road profile, which is often indistinguishable from bridge damage. In this paper, the influence of vehicle dynamics, speed and road roughness is removed by applying cross-entropy optimisation to the response of individual crossings of the vehicle at different speeds. The proposed model-based algorithm locates and quantifies damage while remaining unaffected by changes in the road profile. In addition to providing the distribution of bending stiffness in the underlying bridge, the algorithm isolates the bridge deflections accurately making the reconstruction of the actual road profile on the bridge possible. The latter can be a useful feature for ensuring traffic safety as well as preventing a major dynamic amplification of the bridge response. The algorithm is successfully tested for a quarter-car driving on a 15 m simply supported beam bridge model at highway speeds of 30 m/s over a class ‘B’ road with a roughness coefficient of 64 × 10−6 m3/cycle.

High resolution analysis of plankton distributions at the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf-break front

The Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) is a highly productive ecosystem, supporting several economically important commercial fisheries. Chlorophyll enhancement at the MAB shelf-break front has been observed only intermittently, despite several studies suggesting persistent upwelling at the front. High resolution cross-frontal transects were conducted during three two-week cruises in April 2018, May 2019, and July 2019. Mesoplankton distributions at the front were measured with a Video Plankton Recorder equipped with hydrographic and bio-optical sensors. Zooplankton were also sampled with a Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environment Sensing System. Each of the three cruises had distinctly different frontal characteristics, with lower variability in frontal position in April 2018 and higher variability in May and July 2019, primarily due to frontal eddies and a Gulf Stream warm core ring, respectively. Eulerian means of all transect crossings within each cruise did not show mean frontal chlorophyll enhancement in April 2018 or July 2019, despite individual crossings showing chlorophyll enhancement in April 2018. Transformation of the April 2018 data into a cross-frontal coordinate system revealed a weak enhancement of chlorophyll and copepods at the front. Mean frontal chlorophyll enhancement was observed in May and was associated with enhancement in the periphery of a frontal eddy rather than the front itself. None of the planktonic categories observed were enhanced at the front in the cross-shelf mean distribution, though diatom chains and copepods were more abundant inshore of the front, particularly in May and July 2019, as well as within the center of a frontal eddy in May. The high variability of the MAB frontal region obscured the impact of ephemeral frontal enhancement in mean observations of April 2018, while frontal eddies contributed to chlorophyll enhancement in mean observations of May 2019. The influence of both argues for the necessity for 3-D models rather than idealized 2-D models to explain frontal behavior and its effects on biological responses.

Mammal use of underpasses to cross Route 606 in Guacimal, Costa Rica

Roads severely affect the health of ecosystems across the globe by fragmenting and diminishing habitats, reducing population connectivity, and increasing animal mortality. Wildlife underpasses allow for increased road permeability–the ability for animals to safely cross the road. Despite growing success in other regions, little is known about underpass usage in Central America. In this study, I monitored two dry circular culverts and two unfenced tunnels with barbed wire partially blocking their entrances on Route 606 in Guacimal, Costa Rica, from 14 November to 6 December 2021 using 15 camera traps to assess which species used them to cross. Twelve species used the culverts and tunnels for a total of 108 individual crossings. The tunnels were used, in descending order, by agouti (Dasyprocta punctata), common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), dog (Canis familiaris), nine-banded armadillo (Dasyous novemcinctus), cat (Felis catus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides), northern tamandua (Tamandua mexicana), and coati (Nasua narica). The circular tunnel, Tunnel 1, was used more frequently and by a greater diversity of species than observed in the square tunnel, Tunnel 2. The two smaller culverts were used by common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), cat (Felis catus), rat opossum (Micoureus alstoni), and Watson’s climbing rat (Tylomus watsoni). Culvert 2 was used more frequently; however, Culvert 1 was used by a greater diversity of species. This study highlights wildlife underpasses as a critical strategy for biological conservation in Costa Rica through improved road safety and habitat connectivity.

Study of Combining Ability Analysis in Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)

The study aimed to show the best effect of the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for parents and their hybrids of the studied traits. The study included two main successive seasons. In the first season, cherry tomato pure lines were selected that were introduced from the Tomato Genetics Resource Center (TGRC) at University of California, Davis in USA, 5 pure lines were selected which were the most genetically Distant which are (LA4451, LA4753, LA3334, LA1221 and LA4689) and its code (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) respectively and entered into Full Diallel crossing program to produce individual crosses. The second season included an experiment to compare genotypes (5 parents + 20 cross-hybrids. and its reciprocal hybrids) according to RCBD design with three replications. The results were as follows: parents 1 showed a general significant ability to combine in the desired direction in terms of fruit set percentage and fruit weight, while the superiority of parent 4 in terms of plant yield and total yield. The parent 5 was superior in the number of flowers in the inflorescence, the number of total flowers of the plant and the number of fruits, whereas the hybrid (5×1) showed superiority in the number of flowers in the inflorescence 35.667, number of total flowers 259.66, the percentage of the set 15.69 and the number of fruits 86.83. (1×4) appeared significant effect of (SCA) were shown significant and desirable in the traits average fruit weight 1.47, plant yield 0.55 and total yield 0.69.

ROAD SURFACE MODELLING AND CHARACTERIZATION FROM TERRESTRIAL LIDAR DATA

Abstract. The general purpose of the paper is the study of surveying and data processing methodologies that are efficient to obtain more detailed metric data on road infrastructures than can be derived from classical surveying techniques. The inspection and monitoring of the condition of an infrastructure are two essential steps to increase the users' safety and to properly manage the available resources and are a preparatory step to the subsequent steps of deciding on the interventions to be put in place. Analysis of the state of degradation, if conducted with traditional methodologies, can be risky and sometimes inefficient. The Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS) technique, based on LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology, is also widely used today as an alternative to traditional techniques since it allows obtaining dense and accurate point clouds of the road surface. The purpose of our work is to provide a workflow for the processing of MLS data aimed at producing some useful indicators to describe the functional and structural characteristics of the pavement, with the goal of optimizing the decision-making processes of the Managing Authority. Specifically, the data flow was studied, and several processing algorithms were implemented to identify and quantify surface defects and road roughness. The result of the entire process is the creation of an Atlas in QGIS to create graphical tables related to each individual cross profile and that can be used to identify all those sections that need emergency actions and therefore characterized by a high priority of intervention.

Possibilities for the Development of International Rail Passenger Transport Between Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the Post-Covid Period

Abstract The contribution is focused on the analysis of the current state and development of traffic service in international rail passenger transport between Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The current situation in the post-covid period is analysed in more detail from several points of view. The frequency of passengers at individual border crossings in the monitored period is also briefly analysed. Part of the analysis of the work is a proposal for ways to improve the current traffic service at individual border crossings in international rail transport.

Photoionization of C60 at high energies

Calculations of the photoionization cross section of C60 including all valence and core subshells have been carried out for photon energies up to 1 keV using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) within the framework of a fully molecular model. The high-energy valence subshell cross sections behave rather differently than the results from model potentials where the cross section falls far too rapidly with energy. This unphysical behavior of the model calculations is traced to smearing out of the carbon nuclei in the model potentials which makes it difficult for momentum to be conserved at the higher energies. Comparison with 60 times carbon atomic cross section sheds light on similarities and differences. The high energy behavior of individual valence cross sections reflects the amount of C 2s/2p mixing in the molecular orbitals.

National Identities and Images of the Other in a Canadian–American Borderlands Region: Value Difference or Borderlands Convergence?

This article explores differences in national identities and orientations toward “the other” among Canadian and American students who attend geographically proximate universities in the southern Ontario/Upstate New York borderlands region. Drawing on descriptions of Canada–US cultural differences regarding national identities and views of “the other” from the work of Seymour Martin Lipset (and his critics) among Canadians and Americans at large, the authors uncover some evidence that is generally (although not universally) supportive of his characterizations. We then narrow our focus to compare the orientations of respondents who were raised in the bi-national borderlands region. Although the magnitude of difference between the views of the full sample and those of this geographically restricted group are generally not large, a multivariate test comparing scores on an additive index of cross-border affinity does show up robust evidence of increased affinity sentiments among those raised in these geographically proximate areas. Interestingly, however, the authors did not find that these heightened cross-border affinities are related to the frequency with which the individual crosses the border or to the existence of cross-border kinship networks.

Models Of Good School Governance

School administration should focus on improving oriented performance in terms of policies and procedures that will be implemented in schools. the principle of good school governance that mediates various interests to reach a broad consensus about what is in the best interest of the school community regarding policies and procedures. The purpose of this research is focused on efforts to produce a picture of the potential, implementation and analysis of the implementation of consensus-oriented vocational education so as to produce quality graduates. The results of this study are: 1) analysis of the implementation of good school governance in vocational schools; 2) analysis of supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation of good school governance in vocational schools; and 3) good school governance model design in vocational schools. This research is a qualitative research with a naturalistic phenomenological approach, with a case study research design. The subjects in this study were school principals, teachers, DU/DI parties, stakeholders and the community. The research object is an analysis of the good school governance model at SMK Negeri 4 Lhokseumawe. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through individual case and cross case analysis. The data analysis technique used is data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The importance of this research is to be able to produce a recommendation that is more objective and applicable so that it is useful as a significant input in the framework of overcoming the problem of unemployment for vocational high school graduates in Lhokseumawe City. The contribution of this research is to produce a recommendation model for the implementation of consensus-based vocational schools as a key factor in the success of good school governance. Good school governance is a management model that is appropriate to be applied in the management of Vocational High Schools. Good school governance as a management model that provides greater autonomy to schools and encourages participatory decision-making that directly involves all school members (teachers, students, principals, education staff, parents of students) even the business and industrial world, as well as society as a whole wider.