Individual Aspects Research Articles

Sistem Pendidikan di Indonesia pada Masa ke Masa

Education is a fundamental aspect in the formation of human personality which continues to develop over time. In Indonesia, education has gone through a long history, with various efforts made to ensure that every citizen has equal and quality access to develop their potential optimally. This research aims to analyze and examine various theories and research results on the development of the Indonesian education system. The research uses qualitative methods with a literature review type. The results of this research include (1) a historical basis that studies past developments, (2) a philosophical basis that examines basic values, (3) a psychological basis that considers individual psychological aspects, (4) a sociological basis that examines social dynamics, (5) the Tut Wuri Handayani foundation which emphasizes support and encouragement from behind, (6) the science and technology foundation which utilizes developments in science and technology, and (7) the juridical foundation which adheres to the applicable legal framework.

A theoretical analysis of professionalism in health promotion with a focus on the Swiss context.

The pressing global health crises highlight the need for professional health promotion (HP). Debates on the professionalization of HP are still overlaid by questions regarding the conceptualization of HP, yet literature is scarce regarding this point. Therefore, this article aims to (a) provide an overview of the current state of professionalism in HP with a focus on the Swiss context, and (b) identify facilitators, gaps and barriers of professionalism in HP. By investigating these aims, we contribute to specifying the conceptualization of the specialist HP professional profile. To analyse professionalism in HP, we examined individual and institutional aspects of sociological theories on professions. We selected seven aspects as a theoretical foundation for the analysis: (1) specific knowledge base, (2) specific field of action, (3) specific education, (4) professional association, (5) specific competencies, (6) professional identity, and (7) professional practice. Analysing each aspect of professionalism in HP, we see a clear progression within the last decades internationally as well as in Switzerland. The development of a Core Competency Framework - the CompHP - is a milestone in the professionalization of HP. Some major gaps and barriers are identifiable, which should be proactively faced by the specialist HP professionals. To further flourish as HP professionals, a unity regarding contents and levels of education needs to be discussed. Therefore, an investment in professional identity formation of the specialist HP workforce is likely to promote their engagement, competencies and shared values, which are essential promotors of professionalism in HP.

Revealing health and socioeconomic realities among individuals with sickle cell trait through case studies from remote areas of India

There is a widespread misperception that sickle cell trait (SCT) is not a major health issue, since people with SCT do not normally exhibit apparent symptoms like those found with sickle cell disease (SCD). Therefore, SCT individuals are often neglected, as SCT is assumed to be a benign condition. However, in the present study, growing evidence has linked SCT to severe health risks. This study aims to comprehensively examine the clinical and socioeconomic aspects of SCT individuals in Koraput district of Odisha, India. A total of 9 individuals with specific, uncommon comorbidities and social issues were selected for a detailed case study during the SCT screening program, which involved 1132 individuals aged 30 years and above from scheduled tribe (ST) and scheduled caste (SC) categories, unrelated up to the 1st cousin. Physiological measurements such as weight, height, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and haemoglobin levels were recorded. Mental health and quality of life (QOL) were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and WHOQOL-BREF tools. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore socioeconomic factors. Case studies revealed various comorbidities and social issues among SCT individuals. These included priapism, anaemia, hypotension, low blood glucose, decreased BMI, reduced SpO2 levels, retinopathy, paralysis, social barriers affecting marriage prospects, diagnosis stigma and depression, neonatal deaths, clinical negligence, consanguineous marriages leading to offspring with SCD. Additionally, the economic burden associated with healthcare expenditures was evident. The study highlights the need for awareness and comprehensive support systems for individuals with SCT, particularly in marginalized communities.

Relevance of Ramayana in our Daily Lives in the Context of the Present Situation

Rishi Valmiki was the first to forge the grand form of Itihasa and to create a unique prosodic pattern for the epic literary genre of the Ramayana. As time goes on, people experience stress, frustration, mental and physical illnesses, a lack of brotherhood, a lack of religious practice, a lack of love for the natural world and its creatures, and a lack of moral and ethical principles. Objectives: The study aims to determine how applicable the Ramayana is to modern society and how it affects our daily lives. Methods: This study has taken a qualitative approach and is descriptive, drawing on secondary data for its design. Results and Discussion: Several key takeaways from the Ramayana are examined, including how Dharma affects our lives. People acquire skills such as accountability, social duty, authenticity, and other related ones. Findings: The computerised lives of people in the modern era can be drastically changed by the timeless relevance of ancient epics such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Conclusion: In actuality, the Ramayana offers insightful lessons that we can apply to to our day-to-day existence without any complicity. All situations—individual, familial, and broader aspects of social and professional ambiguities—can benefit from these solutions.

영유아 교사의 놀이 중심 학습공동체 연구동향 분석: 2020-2024년을 중심으로

Objectives The main purpose of this research is to provide insights into the current state of teacher learning communities and propose proper directions for future development of these communities by analyzing trends in research that are related to play-based learning communities among early-childhood teachers and conducted after the implementation of revised 2019 Nuri Curriculum. Methods Researchers selected dissertations and academic papers that were written from 2020 to May 2024 by searching with keyword “play-based teacher learning communities in educational and caring institutes for infants and toddlers” on Korean databases such as Korean studies Information Service System (KISS), DBpia and Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), and set 72 dissertations and academic papers in total as the subject of this research. Results This research found a gradual increase in the number of publications on play-based learning communities which consist of early childhood teachers over the years studied. Studies predominantly focused on kindergarten and daycare teachers. The most frequent approach was qualitative research and the most frequent topic was analyzing the experiences and meanings of teachers who participated in play-based learning communities. Analyzing the characteristics of communities in the research revealed that teachers collaborated primarily through horizontal relationships, and the most predominant form of collaboration was problem-sharing and finding resolution. Internal organizations were predominant, most communities were operated by face-to-face meetings. Play-based learning community activities among early childhood educators appeared the most frequently as discussions and implications with the predominant keywords of changes of teachers on individual aspects. Conclusions Implications for future research stated the need for diversifying the subjects of researches in play-based learning communities, extending both qualitative and quantitative researches through the development of diverse evaluation tools, developing-implementing-evaluating the program through the researches on perceptions of teachers in learning communities.

Pandemic-Era Trends in US Automatic Payment Adoption: A 2022 Behavioral Analysis

Introduction: This study analyses the adoption trends of automated payment methods among different racial groups in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. It investigates the correlations among financial literacy, risk attitudes, customer sentiment, and the adoption of automated payment mechanisms for bill settlements. Method: An analysis of responses from a diverse demographic is conducted using logistic regression on data from the 2022 Survey of Consumer Finance. This analysis investigates the trends associated with subjective and objective financial literacy, consumer sentiment as evaluated by economic perceptions, and risk attitudes among several generations, taking into account race as well. Results: Initial results suggest disparities in the degrees to which financial literacy, risk attitudes, and consumer sentiment are connected with adoption rates among various racial groups. The statistical analysis highlights disparities in the adoption of automated payments among different racial and ethnic groups. Discussion: The findings underscore the complex interplay among socio-economic status, behavioral variables, and technology adoption in the period after the pandemic. This methodology aligns with current scholarly works on behavioral finance, which emphasize the need to consider both individual psychological aspects and wider social impacts in the process of making financial decisions. By incorporating racial diversity into the research, the study provides a valuable understanding of how cultural and demographic factors interact with behavioral aspects in the particular setting of financial technology adoption during a time of substantial economic transformation.

Analysis and social work intervention of adolescent premature dating from a social-ecological perspective

By applying social ecological theory and social work concepts and methods to analyze the phenomenon of adolescent early dating, it is found that the causes of adolescent early dating involve changes in physiological and psychological structures, the influence of family atmosphere, school education, peer group effects, and the impact of social environment and traditional culture on three levels. Social work can intervene in the social ecological system of adolescents through professional methods such as case counseling, group work, and community work, carrying out practical work in their individual, family, school, and community aspects, and contributing to the resolution of adolescent early dating issues.

Exploring the Juvenile Justice Act: Legal Framework and Psychosocial Interventions for Children in Conflict with the Law

Understanding and supporting children in conflict with the law (CCL) is vital for their positive transformation. By exploring the factors influencing their behaviour, developmental influences, historical context of juvenile justice and effective interventions, we empower these youths for a brighter future. CCL refers to individuals under 18 alleged or found to have committed an offense. Recognizing their needs and challenges is essential for devising suitable rehabilitation strategies. Identifying risk factors contributing to children's criminal involvement is essential for effective intervention. These factors range from individual and family aspects to wider community and societal influences. Targeting these factors can prevent CCL. Embracing a developmental perspective is crucial for understanding the reasons behind a child's unlawful actions. Positive parenting, quality education, healthy peer interactions and community support play pivotal role in shaping a child's choices. Exploring the history of juvenile justice offers insights into societal responses to young offenders. A shift from punitive measures to rehabilitation reflects an evolving understanding of CCL's unique needs. Understanding definitions from the Juvenile Justice Act is vital for effective work with CCL. Concepts like "best interest of the child" and "observation home" guide interventions and decisions. Implementing psychosocial interventions addressing cognitive, emotional, and social needs proactively rehabilitates CCL. Disciplinary measures, counselling, vocational training, mentorship, and access to education with a positive approach are the key. Integrating these aspects creates a holistic framework to support CCL. This approach fosters personal growth, safer communities, and a just society.

Factors Influencing Satisfaction for Continuance Intention to Use E-Learning Systems in Higher Education: Delphi Technique

E-learning has been widely adopted by universities globally, transforming teaching and learning practices in higher education. While much research has focused on adopting and accepting e-learning, less attention has been paid to students' satisfaction and their continuance intention (CI) to keep using these systems. A literature review reveals low student satisfaction and the intention to continue using e-learning platforms. Despite the extensive studies on continuance intention in e-learning, there is no clear consensus on the factors influencing student satisfaction with continuance intention. This indicates a knowledge gap regarding individual and system aspects contributing to e-learning satisfaction. This study seeks to identify key satisfaction factors affecting continuance intention using a two-round Delphi technique involving ten experts and to develop an initial model of these factors for higher education institutions. This model is expected to help institutions better understand the critical factors driving continuance intention, enabling more informed decisions in evaluating and implementing e-learning projects.

Development of a New Questionnaire to Assess the Social Impact of Non-communicable Diseases

Abstract Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have a considerable impact on an individual’s social life. Life-long medication, fear of death, dietary restrictions, hospital admissions, dependency on caregivers, and strained interpersonal relationships play a role. The available questionnaires measure only individual aspects of social impact. The aim of the study was to develop and validate a comprehensive questionnaire to assess the social impact of NCDs. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients and caregivers seeking care at a tertiary care hospital for diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD), and cancer. Thirty patients each with the above diseases were administered Cousineau Self-Perceived Burden Scale to assess perceived burden among patients, Caregiver Burden Scale to assess caregiver burden, EuroQol-5D-3L to assess the quality of life, and face validated questions of sociodemographic details, cost of healthcare, and stress due to disease. Rasch analysis was performed to identify items that lie within the traditional bounds of mean-square item fit. The Delphi method with 10 subject experts was used to identify the questions that would be included in the final tool. Results: The data consists of 150 observations, with 77 categorical questions subdivided into various domains. From this, a total of 30 questions were extracted by Rasch analysis. The new questionnaire had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.969, 95% confidence interval: 0.96–0.98). The questionnaire was finalized after reaching a consensus among subject experts. Conclusion: The social impact questionnaire developed consisted of 30 questions, has good internal consistency, and can be used to measure the social impact of NCDs.

Particulate emissions from cooking: emission factors, emission dynamics, and mass spectrometric analysis for different cooking methods

Abstract. Since most people, especially in developed countries, spend most of their time indoors, they are heavily exposed to indoor aerosols, which can potentially lead to adverse health effects. A major source of indoor aerosols are cooking activities, which release large quantities of particulate emissions (in terms of both number and mass), often with complex compositions. To investigate the characteristics of cooking emissions and what influences these emissions, we conducted a comprehensive study by cooking 19 dishes with different ingredients and cooking methods. The emissions were monitored in real time with several online instruments that measured both physical and chemical particle properties as well as trace gas concentrations. The same instrumentation was used to study the influence of cooking emissions on the ambient aerosol load at two German Christmas markets. In contrast to previous studies, which often focus on individual aspects or emission variables, this broad and coherent approach allows a comparison of the influence of different parameters (e.g., ingredients, cooking method, cooking temperature, cooking activities) on the emissions. We found an influence of cooking emissions on six variables: number concentration of smaller (particle diameter dp > 5 nm) and larger (dp > 250 nm) particles, particulate matter (PM: PM1, PM2.5, PM10), black carbon (BC), PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and organic aerosol mass concentration. In general, similar emission characteristics were observed for dishes with the same cooking method, mainly due to similar cooking temperature and use of oil. The temporal dynamics in the emissions of the aforementioned variables, as well as the sizes of the emitted particles, were mainly influenced by the cooking temperature and the activities during cooking. Emissions were quantified using emission factors, with the highest values for grilled dishes, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower for oil-based cooking (baking, stir-frying, deep-frying), and the lowest for boiled dishes. For the identification of cooking emissions with the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and more generally for the identification of new AMS markers for individual organic aerosol types, we propose a new plot type that takes into account the mass spectral variability for individual aerosol types. Combining our results and those of previous studies for the quantification of cooking-related organic aerosols with the AMS, we recommend the use of relative ionization efficiency values higher than the default value for organics (RIEOrg = 1.4): 2.17 ± 0.48 for rapeseed-oil-based cooking and 5.16 ± 0.77 for soybean-oil-based cooking.

Subjective well-being indices in assessing happiness in Russia

Due to the multidimensionality and dynamism of today’s social life, there emerges the need to modify the principles of measuring the effectiveness of socio-economic policy. The article empirically tests and analyzes subjective metrics focused on “failures” in the socio-economic development which are impossible to identify through objective indicators only. These metrics are the subjective well-being indices for the Russian population in terms of gender and age, residence (by federal districts), level of education, marital status, presence of children, subjective health assessments, job and pay satisfaction. The methodological framework resides in Edward Diener’s subjective well-being theory. The method of index numbers and methods of descriptive statistics, including the multivariate frequency distribution of two attributes, are applied. The evidence base is comprised of panel data of The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) for 2013–2022. According to the research results, the minimum and maximum values of the life satisfaction index were observed in 2016 and 2022, respectively. The affective index of happiness was found to reach higher values compared to the cognitive assessment of it. The findings show that gender, age, region of residence, level of education, as well as satisfaction with health, job, wage and financial status affect the values and dynamics of happiness indices in Russia. A well-being measurement approach covering both objective and sub jective assessments of people’s life and its individual aspects allows identifying gaps in the system of socio-economic support for the population.

Suicide attempt survivors’ recovery-related agency in the relational context of services: a qualitative analysis

BackgroundSuicidal persons’ contacts with services present a key opportunity for suicide prevention. However, interventions by services are not always effective. A deeper understanding of suicidal service users’ agency and its implications may facilitate the provision of meaningful responses to help-seeking during suicidal crises. This abductive study explores the recovery-related agency of suicide attempt survivors and the perceived role of interactions with services in facilitating or hindering it.MethodsFourteen Finnish suicide attempt survivors were interviewed in-depth on their experiences of interacting with services during a recent suicidal episode. An operationalization of recovery-related agency as the expressed ability to take (mental or physical) action in a direction perceived as aiding recovery from suicidality (i.e., the coupling of recovery-related intentionality and power) was used to explore transcribed interviews through directed content analysis. Data were further categorized based on whether the service context was perceived as helpful or unhelpful to recovery efforts.ResultsAll participants expressed both agency and non-agency in relation to their recovery process. The relational context provided by services was presented as highly relevant for the achievement and sustainability of recovery-related agency as well as for participants’ experience of safety in instances when agency was lacking. The results are presented as a typology of recovery-related agency in its perceived relational context, with the categories of sustained agency, strained agency, contained non-agency and uncontained non-agency.ConclusionsThe concept of agency helped capture important aspects of suicidal individuals’ recovery-related efforts and the role of services in facilitating or hindering them. The findings illuminate the value of viewing suicidal service users as agents of their own recovery process as well as the potential costs of ignoring this perspective in service delivery and design.

The Design Impact of Wood Processing Industry Sector on the Socio-Psychological Well-Being of Individuals of a Country

The paper focuses on the impact of design in the wood processing industry as an important factor of digitalization and the socio-psychological well-being of individuals. The main focus in our paper is the importance of design in the enterprises of the woodworking industry as a main factor for improving and increasing the socio-psychological well-being of individuals in Kosovo. We have provided the data from the Ministry of Industry, Entrepreneurship and Trade, Industry Department, of the Republic of Kosovo related to the number of enterprises operating in the sector of the wood processing industry, with the main focus on the furniture sub-sector from 2017-2020 (Industry, 2020). In addition, our paper is also based on the primary data, provided by the Ministry of Industry, Entrepreneurship and Trade, Industry Department, of the Republic of Kosovo, related to the current mastery skills on design computer programs of employees of the furniture sub-sector, as well as the level of importance of these skills in the furniture sub-sector of Kosovo. Based on the primary data, we also have analyzed the impact of Covid-19 on the socio-psychological aspects of individuals in the furniture sub-sector. In the focus of the primary analysis, we`ve took into survey 62 firms of the wood industry in Kosovo including all types of businesses: the micro-businesses, small and medium enterprises in collaboration with the Ministry of Industry, Entrepreneurship and Trade, Industry Department, and in collaboration with the Investment and Enterprise Support Agency in Kosovo (KIESA) (Industry, 2020). In addition, through comparative statistical analysis expressed in percentage (%) we’ve analyzed the increase and the decrease of the number of enterprises and employees of the wood industry sub-sector of Kosovo from 2017-2020 (Industry, 2020). Definitely we based on some suggestions that should be taken through the government policies with aim for the development of the wood processing industry and the digitization of the furniture sub-sector, with aim to promote a socio-psychological well-being of individuals. Received: 6 August 2024 / Accepted: 31 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

Metode Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Perspektif Al-Quran dan Hadist

Methodology is a crucial component in determining the success or failure of an education. This allows learning material to be taught effectively and efficiently to students. To achieve this, teachers should use a multi-strategy and multi-sector approach, including motivational and pedagogical approaches. This research uses qualitative methods, such as library research, to explore Islamic education methods. The methodology must take into account the individual or social aspects of the students and teachers themselves. The three components of Islamic education include knowledge, skills, and knowledge. Understanding methodology is critical to determining educational effectiveness. In the world of Islamic religious education, the process and goals of education should be in accordance with the Koran and Hadith as the main sources of Islamic teachings. In these two sources of law there must be a strong foundation regarding educational methods, as implemented by the Prophet Muhammad in preaching and educating Muslims. The results show that there are five educational methods in the Koran and Hadith.

The Complexities of Regulating Traders’ Activity: The Case of Small Traders in Ouagadougou's Rood Woko Market (Burkina Faso)

This paper analyses the complexity of regulating the activities of small traders at the Grand Marché in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Markets in Africa are places where small-scale trading takes place par excellence, and the traders who work there are generally considered to be self-employed. The plurality of regulations governing commercial activity observed there seems to be particularly conducive to such an analysis. We examine these complexities within the theoretical framework of “social regulation” as well as that of “normative pluralism,” which encompasses both official and practical norms. We show that the work of traders is regulated both by norms issued by the Régie Autonome de Gestion des Équipements Marchands (Independent Management Board for Commercial Facilities) – an official structure – and by traders’ own practical norms, which have both collective and individual aspects to them. The complexities of the relationship between these official and practical norms lie in the fact that sometimes they are not always articulated and may both co-exist and contradict each other.

Social interaction in an inclusive educational space in the context of studying the existential foundations of being a person with disabilities

Introduction. Considering the existential foundations of the existence of a person with disabilities in an inclusive educational space is conceptually, practically, and methodologically significant for philosophical and socio-cultural aspects of studying the specifics of inclusive reality. In line with modern philosophical trends, searching for and forming a correct conceptual and categorical apparatus is crucial; such an apparatus will be the theoretical basis for adequate presentation and interpretation of issues arising in the study of an inclusive society. Using the concept of social interaction, the work aims to consider how individual existential aspects of a person with disabilities are formed and implemented in an inclusive educational space. Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the work is scientific sources concerning the everyday issues of people with disabilities, associated with a systematic approach to the functional features and mechanisms of the inclusive educational space. Correct and adequate presentation of priority tasks and transformation directions for an inclusive society, based on existential and phenomenological approaches, actualizes the use of symbolic interactionism, phenomenological reduction, and the praxemic method. Research results. An integral study of the life activity of people in different social groups and strata, complexes of motives for behavioral activity, and psycho-emotional reflection of radical transformations in the inclusive society are priorities of theoretical understanding of an inclusive educational space. Social interaction in the educational space is associated with the fact that a cognitive individual with disabilities reconstructs other subjects with disabilities as completely conscious objects from the point of view of intersubjectivity and using one’s own experience of understanding and interpreting the origins and essence of one’s own individual existence. Conclusion. Considering the existential foundations of an individual with disabilities primarily concerns their construction in relation to individual experience and with an emphasis on the complex of associations and experiences of sensory representations and the system of mental images. Substantial characteristics of individual experience allow constructing multi-level models that reflect the complexity of intentions and existential experiences of a person with disabilities and the features of their own interval trajectory of involvement in the inclusive educational space.

Social Aspects of Problematic Smartphone Use: Development and Validation of the PSSNUS and Mental Health Implications for Spanish Youth.

Addressing the complex pattern of digital behaviors and interactions among youth, this research introduces a novel comprehensive scale, the Problematic Smartphone and Social Network Use Scale (PSSNUS), meticulously developed and validated across five studies. Using a mixed-methods approach across five stages, including focus groups (Study 1; n = 31), cognitive interviews (Study 2; n = 16), exploratory factor analysis (Study 3; n = 316), and expert panel (Study 4; n = 4), this procedure reduced 58 initial items to an 18-item scale. Subsequently, a confirmatory factor analysis and further analyses (Study 5; n = 355) examined the factorial structure's replicability, reliability, and validity of the scale. The PSSNUS manifested as a reliable (ω ranging 0.70-0.89) instrument, comprising a structure with five key factors (x2 = 173.994, df = 125, p = 0.002, CFI = 0.994, CFI = 0.993, SRMR = 0.039, and RMSEA = 0.027) that capture both individual and social aspects of this construct: Psychological dependence (PD), Online interaction preference (OIP), Digital recognition desire (DRD), Social networks control seeking (SNCS), and Productivity loss (PL). Minor gender differences in both the DRD factor and in the overall score were found, with females scoring higher. The PSSNUS showed convergent and divergent validity through significant but modest correlations with daily smartphone usage hours, procrastination, emotional intelligence and mental health symptomatology (anxiety, depression and stress). This measure further exhibited incremental validity, controlling for other possible predictors, regarding anxiety, depression, and stress (6.5, 11.5 and 7.5% of additional variance explained), highlighting the DRD dimension's unique predictive power. Emerging as a solid instrument, the PSSNUS broadens the concept of problematic smartphone use among young Spaniards to include social functioning aspects, serving as an interesting tool for those aiming to explore further the adverse influence of digital media on youth.

Clinicians' Preferences for Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators in Multiple Sclerosis Based on Clinical Management Considerations: A Choice Experiment.

Four sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators are currently available in the USA for treating relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). These S1PR modulators have similar efficacy. Clinicians may therefore consider other factors, such as clinical management considerations, when distinguishing among treatments. This study estimated which S1PR modulator clinicians would choose on the basis of a treatment's clinical management and quantified how individual aspects of clinical management might drive this choice. A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was conducted on the basis of clinical management preferences elicited in a discrete choice experiment (DCE) and real-world clinical management profiles of the S1PR modulators currently available to treat relapsing forms of MS (fingolimod, ozanimod, ponesimod, siponimod). The DCE was completed by neurologists in the USA experienced in treating MS and included eight clinical management attributes: first-dose observations, genotyping, liver function tests, eye exams, drug-drug interactions, interactions with antidepressants, interactions with foods high in tyramine, and immune system recovery time. Attribute levels were selected on the basis of S1PR modulator product labels. In the MCDA, partial MCDA scores were created for each attribute and summed to produce an overall MCDA score for each S1PR modulator. The DCE was completed by 200 neurologists. The overall MCDA score was highest for ponesimod (4.78 points), followed by siponimod (4.10 points), fingolimod (3.61 points), and ozanimod (2.38 points). Having fewer drug-drug interactions contributed most to the overall scores (up to 1.56 points), followed by having no first-dose observations (0.95 points), the shortest immune system recovery time (0.94 points), and not interacting with foods high in tyramine (0.86 points). When considering clinical management convenience, the average US-based neurologist treating MS is likely to choose ponesimod over siponimod, fingolimod, or ozanimod. The strongest driver of preferences was the number of drug-drug interactions. This information can help inform recommendations for the treatment of MS and facilitate shared decision-making between clinicians and patients.

Motivasi dan Tantangan Tamatan Perawat Dalam Mencapai Kelulusan NCLEX-RN di California

Introduction: Significant factors in influencing students' ability to pass the competency test include academic, cognitive, and individual aspects. Several factors that influence the success of the competency test from the perspective of student preparation in learning include motivation, reading ability, record management, time management, and critical thinking skills. Objective: This study aims to analyze the motivation and challenges of nurse graduates from Universitas Advent Indonesia in achieving graduation on the NCLEX-RN exam in California. Method: This study is a qualitative study with a phenomenological study that collects research data through in-depth interviews consisting of six UNAI alumni participants in California. Results: the results of the study in the form of research themes, namely: preparing for and requirements for the NCLEX exam, factors causing failure to pass the NCLEX exam, and motivation to take and pass the NCLEX exam. Conclusion: Nurses’ motivations in achieving NCLEX RN graduation in California are to improve finances, flexible working hours, make family happy, and be involved in complex patient care. Nurses’ challenges in achieving NCLEX RN graduation in California are meeting the administrative requirements for registering for the NCLEX RN exam, managing study time, understanding the material and the purpose of the exam questions, and adapting to the CAT exam system