Indiscriminate Use Research Articles

AS COMPLICAÇÕES FUTURAS DO USO INDISCRIMINADO DO LEVONORGESTREL

Introduction: The indiscriminate use of levonorgestrel, an emergency contraceptive, can entail significant risks. Although it is effective in preventing pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse. Objective: To highlight the risks of frequent use and the side effects of emergency contraception. Methodology: This is a descriptive research, the method used aims to systematically summarize the results achieved in studies on a specific subject or issue. Through a bibliographic survey, based on the consultation and analysis of digital sources: Google Academy, Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação, Brazilian Journal of Development and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO). Justification: The emergency contraceptive “levonorgestrel” can result in unplanned pregnancy, as well as does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), where guidance from a health professional is crucial to select the most appropriate contraceptive method and ensure effective and safe family planning.

Can eDNA Present in Aquatic Environments of Rural Areas Help Identify Species Diversity in the Order Anura?

Paddy fields are classified as wetland environments, and they comprise freshwater ecosystems. They are ecologically important habitats and breeding grounds for many aquatic insects, amphibians, and reptiles. However, paddy field ecosystems are constantly threatened by climate change and the indiscriminate use of pesticides. The metabarcode analysis of eDNA (environmental DNA) method is highly effective at accumulating information on many organisms that inhabit paddy field ecosystems. It can indirectly identify the existence of taxa that are no longer found in the target ecosystem due to behavioral characteristics, such as those exhibited by amphibians. In the metabarcoding results of this study, genes of five species of frogs were found, but it was impossible to confirm all of the frogs’ taxa, morphological pictures, and croak sounds. On the other hand, some frog taxa were only found in the metabarcoding analysis. The eDNA of the frogs found only in the metabarcoding analysis is estimated to have been introduced from nearby areas inhabited by frogs rather than the target region. Due to the powerful analytical resolution of eDNA metabarcoding, this eDNA-based paddy field search is expected to help investigate the biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.

A review of environmental and health effects of synthetic cosmetics

The use of cosmetic products is expanding globally, and with it, so is the range of chemical substances employed in their production. As a result, there is also a higher risk of intoxication, allergic reactions, prolonged chemical exposure, adverse effects, and indiscriminate use. Cosmetic products can contain more than 10,000 ingredients. Most users of synthetic cosmetics are unaware of the harmful effects if they even are. However, it is linked to many diseases like cancer, congenital disabilities, reproductive impairments, developmental systems, contact dermatitis, hair loss, lung damage, old age, skin diseases and reactions, allergies, and harm to human nails. Many beauty products also create a high demand for natural oils, leading to extensive and intensive cultivation, harming natural habitats through deforestation, and contaminating soil and water through pesticides and fertilizers. The adverse effects of hazardous substances in synthetic cosmetics extend beyond human health and influence ecosystems, air quality, and oceans. Thus, this review aims to assess the environmental and health impacts of cosmetics using published scientific articles. The study used a systematic review based on Scopus, Science Direct, Web databases, Scholar Google, and PubMed. The results of this review showed that the formulation of cosmetics until the disposal of their containers could adversely affect environmental and human health.

Exploring plausible uses of artificial intelligence in sports

Artificial intelligence (AI) is fast gaining popularity in almost every field. This study explores the uses of AI in the field of sports, which has significantly evolved in technological aspects over the past two decades. Available data and expert opinions were analyzed. The analysis shows that AI has a wide variety of applications in sports, which—when implemented—can improve the field; at the same time, the data makes clear that indiscriminate use may cost the sports industry its stability and glory.

Antimicrobial Resistance: What Lies Beneath This Complex Phenomenon?

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has evolved from a mere concern into a significant global threat, with profound implications for public health, healthcare systems, and the global economy. Since the introduction of antibiotics between 1945 and 1963, their widespread and often indiscriminate use in human medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry has led to the emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant genes. Bacteria have developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade the effects of antibiotics, including drug uptake limitation, drug degradation, target modification, efflux pumps, biofilm formation, and outer membrane vesicles production. As a result, AMR now poses a threat comparable to climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, and projections suggest that death rates will be up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050, along with a staggering economic cost exceeding $100 trillion. Addressing AMR requires a multifaceted approach, including the development of new antibiotics, alternative therapies, and a significant shift in antibiotic usage and regulation. Enhancing global surveillance systems, increasing public awareness, and prioritizing investments in research, diagnostics, and vaccines are critical steps. By recognizing the gravity of the AMR threat and committing to collaborative action, its impact can be mitigated, and global health can be protected for future generations.

Saponin Molecules from Quinoa Residues: Exploring Their Surfactant, Emulsifying, and Detergent Properties

The indiscriminate use of synthetic surfactants, despite their desirable properties, poses significant environmental risks to ecosystems. This study explores saponins extracted from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) residues as a sustainable alternative. Saponin extract (SE) with 42% purity, obtained through hydrodynamic cavitation and membrane technology, was analyzed to determine its techno-functional properties. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 1.2 g/L, reducing the surface tension (ST) from 72.0 mN/m to 50.0 mN/m. The effects of temperature (30–90 °C), pH (2–12), and salinity (10,000–150,000 ppm NaCl) on ST and the emulsification index (EI) were assessed using a Box–Behnken design. Optimized conditions yielded an ST of 49.02 mN/m and an EI of 63%. Given these characteristics, SE was evaluated as a detergent across diverse swatches. This study showcases the attributes of quinoa-derived saponins, highlighting their potential for eco-friendly detergent applications.

Unraveling the intriguing potential of protein-rich microbial biostimulants for horticultural crops

Nutritional security and minimizing the impact of farming practices on the environment are major challenges in modern farming systems. Currently, the horticulture sector is growing fast and moving towards sustainability and profitability. Indiscriminate and improper use of chemical inputs to ensure high yields of horticultural products could lead to significant contamination of soil and water bodies. Under these circumstances, farmers must optimize their input management to reduce pollution and preserve the economic margin by following sustainable production practices. The use of precision horticulture techniques is more sustainable than conventional to intensive farming methods. Among the various eco-friendly inputs, plant biostimulants are highly effective and can enhance plant growth and production as well as mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stressors. Protein Hydrolysates (PHs) are a significant class of plant biostimulants based on amino acid and peptide mixtures. Because of their beneficial effects on crop performance, PHs has drawn increased amounts of attention recently. Compared with other biostimulants microbial biostimulants are more prevalent in crop production. A new approach is the formulation of a mixture of plant growth-promoting microorganisms/microbe-derived metabolites and protein hydrolysates as single biostimulants, to nourish the soil, plants and microbes. This review presents a thorough summary of recent research on the postulated modes of action of PHs and microbial biostimulants in horticultural crops. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of protein hydrolysates and microbial biostimulants and the potential of the protein-rich microbial biostimulants to make horticulture more profitable and to safeguard the environment.

Prevalence of and potential risk factors for multiple resistance to acaricides in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks: A survey in the state of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Ixodida, Ixodidae) is responsible for significant economic losses in bovine production in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Control of this tick predominantly involves the use of chemical acaricides; however, their indiscriminate use has led to the selection of resistant populations. A survey on tick populations was conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil, to assess the prevalence of multiple resistance to acaricides in cattle farms. Additionally, questionnaires were administered to identify potential risk factors associated with multiple resistance to acaricides. In total, 176 farms with a bovine population of ≥40 cattle were randomly assigned for tick sampling. The resistance to six acaricidal compounds was investigated by bioassays. A larval packet test was performed for amitraz, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fipronil and ivermectin. Fluazuron was screened using an adult immersion test. Multiple resistance to acaricides (i.e., resistance to three or more compounds) was detected in 173 samples, representing 98% of the total samples. Among these samples, 125 (71%) showed resistance to all six compounds tested. Additionally, we classified the resistance intensity into four levels (I to IV) based on the quartile distribution of the bioassay data. Ten samples (6%) showed high and very high levels (III and IV) of resistance to all six compounds tested. Three variables were significantly associated with multiple resistance to the six acaricides tested: (i) use of injectable acaricides to control ticks, (ii) application of more than five acaricide treatments per year, and (iii) farms with larger herds (≥232 animals). These results regarding widespread resistance and the emergence of multiple resistance to acaricides ticks are alarming and highlight the significant challenge of tick control in southern Brazil.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Bromelin Propolis Spray

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics over the last 60 years has led to the development of resistant strains, leading an urgent need for new treatments, new molecules or combinations of products, safety and effective. In this regard, propolis has been used in traditional medicine due its therapeutic effects, such as antibacterial, antifungal and antiseptic, tested in vitro, in vivo and clinically. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of a commercial oral flavoring product against bacterial strains of clinical interest from the upper respiratory tract. Bacteria sensitivity against Bromelin Propolis Sprayâ (BPS) was evaluated using macrodilution in broth and no turbid tubes plated on TSA to confirm the results. Tested bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BPS showed antimicrobial activity for all tested strains and the MBC was 2.5mg/mL. Moreover, the antioxidant activity was determined by the ability to scavenge the stable radical DPPH. 0.007% of BPS showed the maximum antioxidant effect, of 6.63mM, which demonstrate its high antioxidant effect. Therefore, these results indicate that the commercial product BPS at 0.7% can be a potential candidate as adjuvant in antibiotic therapy for upper respiratory tract disorders, due possible antimicrobial effect and its high antioxidant potential.

Fever of Unknown Origin in Children

Fever is a common symptom in children and fever of unknown origin (FUO) is not uncommon in paediatric age group. The FUO remains a challenging clinical problem and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. These undifferentiated prolonged fevers need step-wise approach for diagnosis. Details and proper history taking, thorough serial physical examination, critical analysis of sign-symptoms diary and investigation reports are crucial to get a clue that led to the diagnosis. Though in some aspect more concerned with developing countries data, this article is based on reviewing of published papers from both developed and developing countries. Worldwide infection remains the most common cause of FUO in children, followed by collagen vascular diseases, neoplasm, miscellaneous diseases and undiagnosed illnesses. Indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and other medications may mask the real diagnosis. Awareness of primary-level healthcare providers about the cause and logical management approach of pediatric FUO is important for better outcome. Journal of Monno Medical College December, 2023; 9 (2):78-84

ORIENTAÇÃO FARMACÊUTICA E OS RISCOS DA SEMAGLUTIDA: NAVEGANDO COM SEGURANÇA NA PERDA DE PESO

The overall objective is to understand the adverse effects and dangers associated with the inappropriate use of these medications, as well as the importance of professional guidance for safe weight loss. The methodology adopted was an integrative literature review, with searches in the LILACS and SCIELO databases, between 2019 and 2024, using terms such as “use”, “medication” and “weight loss”. Inclusion criteria were articles relevant to the topic, published in Portuguese and available in full. Editorials, reports and bulletins were excluded. In development, the study addresses obesity as a multifactorial condition, commonly associated with an energy imbalance. It discusses the use of semaglutide, a medication used off-label for weight loss, highlighting its mechanisms of action, efficacy and side effects. It is concluded that, despite the benefits in weight reduction, the indiscriminate use of semaglutide without medical guidance can lead to serious complications. Pharmacists play an essential role in guiding patients on the safe use of these medications, promoting an integrated and safe approach to weight loss. The study emphasizes the importance of responsible and informed practices for managing obesity, preventing risks to physical and mental health.

USO CRÔNICO DE BENZODIAZEPÍNICOS POR IDOSOS E A DIFICULDADE DE DESMAME NA UNIDADE BÁSICA DE SAÚDE: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA

INTRODUCTION: The use of benzodiazepine drugs is extremely useful in modern medicine, especially considering the broad application of these medications. However, due to the rapid action of these drugs, indiscriminate use could be obser Benzodiazepines; Deprescribing; Tapering; Elderly; Primary careved, particularly among the elderlypopulation. OBJECTIVE: To present the challenges related to the process of deprescribing benzodiazepines in the elderly at a primary healthcare unit in the city of Anápolis-GO, during the period from March 2023 to July 2024. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: While the relative and temporary benefits of benzodiazepineswere noticed, the difficulties associated with their adverse effects and the challenging deprescribing process became evident. CONCLUSION: It is clear that the difficulty is widespread, and the best strategy is to exercise more caution when managing comorbidities in the elderly.

USO CRÔNICO DE BENZODIAZEPÍNICOS POR IDOSOS E A DIFICULDADE DE DESMAME NA UNIDADE BÁSICA DE SAÚDE: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA

INTRODUCTION: The use of benzodiazepine drugs is extremely useful in modern medicine, especially considering the broad application of these medications. However, due to the rapid action of these drugs, indiscriminate use could be obser Benzodiazepines; Deprescribing; Tapering; Elderly; Primary careved, particularly among the elderlypopulation. OBJECTIVE: To present the challenges related to the process of deprescribing benzodiazepines in the elderly at a primary healthcare unit in the city of Anápolis-GO, during the period from March 2023 to July 2024. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: While the relative and temporary benefits of benzodiazepineswere noticed, the difficulties associated with their adverse effects and the challenging deprescribing process became evident. CONCLUSION: It is clear that the difficulty is widespread, and the best strategy is to exercise more caution when managing comorbidities in the elderly.

The artificial intelligence revolution...in unethical publishing: Will AI worsen our dysfunctional publishing system?

Scholarly publishing has been shaped by the pressure of a liquid economy to become an exercise in branding more than a vehicle for the advancement of science. The current revolution in artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to make matters worse. The new generation of large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in text generation and are already being used to write papers, grants, peer review reports, code for analyses, and even perform literature reviews. Although these models can be used in positive ways, the metrics and pressures of academia, along with our dysfunctional publishing system, stimulate their indiscriminate and uncritical use to speed up research outputs. Thus, LLMs are likely to amplify the worst incentives of academia, greatly increasing the volume of scientific literature while diluting its quality. At present, no effective solutions are evident to overcome this grim scenario, and nothing short of a cultural revolution within academia will be needed to realign the practice of science with its traditional ideal of a rigorous search for truth.

Profile of antimicrobial use and potential use of the defined daily dose in neonatology

One of the measures for monitoring microbial resistance is the calculation of the defined daily dose of antimicrobial agents. For this calculation, the weight of an adult of 70 kg is used as a standard, so that application in neonatology is not possible. The aim of this study is to describe the use profile and calculate the defined daily dose (DDD) of antimicrobials in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a public hospital in the interior of Bahia, Brazil. From March 2020 to December 2021, the medical records of 712 newborns admitted to a NICU between September 2018 and June 2020 were analyzed. A total of 410 newborns diagnosed with neonatal sepsis were included. The most used antimicrobials per patient were gentamicin (408/410; 99.5%), ampicillin (407; 99.3%), amikacin (29; 7.1%) and oxacillin (21; 5.1%), with a mean (SD) treatment duration of 9.8 (3.9) days. The most commonly used combination of antimicrobials was ampicillin with gentamicin, which was used in 406 patients (99.0%). The values for neonatal DDDs were on average 26 times lower than those for adult DDDs. The neonatal DDDs were similar to those observed in other studies. Ampicilin and cefepime were the antimicrobials for which the greatest differences were observed in neonatal DDDs compared with adult DDDs, which differed mainly between maintenance doses, reflecting the lack of international standards in neonatology. Standardization of DDDs as a surveillance measure has the potential to clarify the pattern of antimicrobial use in neonatal patients worldwide and, in particular, to prevent indiscriminate use and bacterial resistance.

Dynamic alterations and ecological implications of rice rhizosphere bacterial communities induced by an insect-transmitted reovirus across space and time

BackgroundCereal diseases caused by insect-transmitted viruses are challenging to forecast and control because of their intermittent outbreak patterns, which are usually attributed to increased population densities of vector insects due to cereal crop rotations and indiscriminate use of pesticides, and lack of resistance in commercial varieties. Root microbiomes are known to significantly affect plant health, but there are significant knowledge gaps concerning epidemics of cereal virus diseases at the microbiome-wide scale under a variety of environmental and biological factors.ResultsHere, we characterize the diversity and composition of rice (Oryza sativa) root-associated bacterial communities after infection by an insect-transmitted reovirus, rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV, genus Fijivirus, family Spinareoviridae), by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplified fragments from 1240 samples collected at a consecutive 3-year field experiment. The disease incidences gradually decreased from 2017 to 2019 in both Langfang (LF) and Kaifeng (KF). BRSDV infection significantly impacted the bacterial community in the rice rhizosphere, but this effect was highly susceptible to both the rice-intrinsic and external conditions. A greater correlation between the bacterial community in the rice rhizosphere and those in the root endosphere was found after virus infection, implying a potential relationship between the rice-intrinsic conditions and the rhizosphere bacterial community. The discrepant metabolites in rhizosphere soil were strongly and significantly correlated with the variation of rhizosphere bacterial communities. Glycerophosphates, amino acids, steroid esters, and triterpenoids were the metabolites most closely associated with the bacterial communities, and they mainly linked to the taxa of Proteobacteria, especially Rhodocyclaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Xanthomonadales. In addition, the greenhouse pot experiments demonstrated that bulk soil microbiota significantly influenced the rhizosphere and endosphere communities and also regulated the RBSDV-mediated variation of rhizosphere bacterial communities.ConclusionsOverall, this study reveals unprecedented spatiotemporal dynamics in rhizosphere bacterial communities triggered by RBSDV infection with potential implications for disease intermittent outbreaks. The finding has promising implications for future studies exploring virus-mediated plant-microbiome interactions.2AL1xEb7k2nunVBmbuNCsVVideo

A-241 Verification and Validation Study for a Host Response Assay Based on TRAIL, IP-10, and CRP: Application to Pediatric Emergency Department

Abstract Background Acute febrile illnesses (AFIs) represent a significant disease burden globally; however, the lack of reliable, rapid point-of-care testing makes diagnosis difficult. A simple tool for distinguishing bacterial versus non-bacterial infections would radically improve patient management and reduce indiscriminate antibiotic use. MeMed BV® (MMBV) is a blood test to reliably differentiate between viral and bacterial infections. Three host proteins (TRAIL, IP-10, and CRP) are measured quantitatively and a combinational score (0-100) is computed that indicates the likelihood of bacterial infection (or co-infection) versus viral infection (BV Score). MMBV time to result is 15 min on the MeMed Key® analyzer that conducts chemiluminescence-based immunoassays to measure protein concentrations and calculates the test score, using 100 µL of serum. Methods The verification study design was a comparison of known results to on-site testing for contrived samples. The validation study design was a prospective, single-center, observational, blinded diagnostic accuracy study conducted between 8/3/22 to 5/30/23. The population was pediatric patients with suspected serious infections presenting to Geisinger’s quaternary care Pediatric Emergency Dept. in Danville, PA. The comparator was a clinical chart review and adjudication of over 60 clinical and laboratory variables related to systemic infections. The data review team consisted of one pediatric emergency department physician, one pediatric infectious disease physician, and one microbiology laboratory director. If clinical decisions differed among the three, the team adjudicated with a full chart review including knowledge of the eventual outcome, which served as the final reference standard result. The study aims were to assess the analytical and clinical accuracy of MMBV testing and to assess the test’s potential impact to further inform the provider’s decision to admit or discharge the patient. Results Of 60 contrived samples there was three failed tests (5% failure rate) and 2 discordant results. Analytical accuracy was 55/57 (96.5%) for 28 bacterial, 26 viral, and 1 equivocal control. Of 50 pediatric patients recruited, 8 were excluded because they were trauma patients. Among 42 patients tested, 22/42 (52.4%) were interpreted as bacterial or co-infection, 16/42 (38.1%) as viral or non-infectious, and 4/42 (9.5%) as equivocal. For 37/38 (97.3%) of patients with bacterial/viral MMBV results, the result was concordant with expert adjudication. Of the 42 patients for which potential utility was assessed, all results were in alignment with the clinical decisions made for admission or discharge. Conclusions MMBV performed accurately in pediatric ED patients with symptoms of severe infection, both clinically and analytically. A larger sample size will be tested to assess the utility in ED admission and discharge decisions and antimicrobial stewardship. The prevalence of viral and bacterial or coinfection cases within the sample population is representative of the pediatric population samples.

Bacillus Sp. as Potential Probiotics for Use in Tilapia Fish Farming Aquaculture – A Review

Abstract Aquaculture is a crucial and rapidly expanding industry in global food production. Fisheries are also an essential socio-economic activity, providing abundant resources and remarkable prospects. However, due to the deteriorating ecological environment, aquatic animals are often exposed to traumatic conditions and are susceptible to bacterial infections that pose significant challenges for aquaculture production. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the past has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and sudden outbreaks of infectious diseases, resulting in serious economic losses. Moreover, the use of expensive chemotherapeutic drugs and antibiotics has negative impacts on aquatic environments. Therefore, it is increasingly important to adopt alternative natural agents, such as probiotics and their metabolites, to enhance healthy fish production. Probiotics are microorganisms that have numerous beneficial effects on their hosts. They are environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and cost-effective. This review specifically focuses on the use of Bacillus sp. as probiotics to promote healthy tilapia production in the aquatic sector, while also examining their interactions with the immune system and gut micro-biota. The information presented in this review can guide future research and promote effective and healthy tilapia culture production.

Understanding the Evolution and Transmission Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Comprehensive Review.

Antibiotic resistance poses a formidable challenge to global public health, necessitating comprehensive understanding and strategic interventions. This review explores the evolution and transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes, with a focus on Bangladesh. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, compounded by substandard formulations and clinical misdiagnosis, fuels the emergence and spread of resistance in the country. Studies reveal high resistance rates among common pathogens, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions and rational antibiotic use. Molecular assessments uncover a diverse array of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental reservoirs, highlighting the complex interplay between human activities and resistance dissemination. Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, particularly plasmid-mediated conjugation, facilitate the exchange of resistance determinants among bacterial populations, driving the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains. The review discusses clinical implications, emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental and clinical settings in resistance dynamics. Furthermore, bioinformatic and experimental evidence elucidates novel mechanisms of resistance gene transfer, underscoring the dynamic nature of resistance evolution. In conclusion, combating antibiotic resistance requires a multifaceted approach, integrating surveillance, stewardship, and innovative research to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and safeguard public health.

Micro-plastics in soil environment: A review

Environmental scientists and other stakeholders have paid serious attention to soil pollution by microplastics in the last ten years. In soils, the microplastic particles act as a vector for the toxic persistent organic pollutants and potentially toxic metals that are easily sorbed by plants and enter the food chain. Microplastics are emerging as persistent terrestrial pollutants due to mismanagement and indiscriminate use. Microplastic contaminants affect the physicochemical characteristics of the soil as well as the feeding patterns of the soil biota. Sewage sludge, bio waste compost additions, plastic mulching, wastewater irrigation, landfill leachate, and air deposition are the causes of microplastics in soils. The amount of microplastics particles per kilogram of soil ranged from zero to thirteen thousand pieces. There are 523 times as many microplastic particles in the soil as there are in the ocean. Plant growth and seed germination are slowed down by the microplastic in the soil. Microplastics also affect the soil's enzymatic activities. The environmental sources of microplastic include plastic pellets, city dust, abrasion of road markings, tires, synthetic textiles, personal care products, and cosmetics. Human consumption through food can have a variety of harmful effects, including cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. The current study describes the origins, distribution, and effects of microplastics on plants, soil biota, and human health in the soil environment. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 38(1): 1-19, 2024