Indirect Speech Acts Research Articles

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACT IN OPRAH WINFREY’S MOTIVATIONAL SPEECH “LIFE ADVICE WILL CHANGE YOUR FUTURE”

This research was designed in descriptive qualitative research. The aims of the research were to find out direct and indirect speech act and the contextual meaning in Oprah Winfrey’s Motivational Speech “Life Advice Will Change Your Future”. In collecting the data, the researcher used content Analysis technique. The researcher used Miles and Huberman theory in analyzing the data. In doing the research, the theory of Finegan is used. Finegan stated that there were two types of speech act, direct and indirect speech act and it can be in the form of representatives, commissives, directives, declarations, expressives and verdictives. The result shows that there were found 30 expression of direct speech act and 26 expression of indirect speech act. Therefore, speech act can be found in many discourses and daily life conversation. The researcher expected that this research will be useful for teacher, students, and the next researcher who are going to do related research.

Speech Act Analysis of Harry and Meghan’s Interview with Oprah Winfrey on CBS Morning News Show

This article is aimed at finding out types of illocutionary acts found in one of the most shocking viral interviews in the world, that is the interview with the royal family of former member, Harry and Meghan Markle interviewed by Oprah Winfrey, with amount of viewership of 4.79 million viewers when it first shows on air. This research is framed within mixed-method approach where the results of the study are in the form of an overview of what is said (illocutionary acts) by the three main subjects, namely Harry, Meghan, and Oprah and the percentage of each type of illocutionary acts. Data analysis was conducted through the analysis of interview videos along with the transcripts, simple statistical analysis and is supported by literature study. The results of the current study show that from 319 data of 644 sentences indicated as illocutionary acts. From those findings, it can be categorized that there are five types of illocutionary acts were found in an interview, they are 63% assertive, 27% directives, 0,6% commissive, 7,3% expressive, and 0,3% declarative. In other words, assertive is found to be the dominant type of illocutionary acts. In addition, of the 319 data, 295 data are categorized as direct speech act and 24 data are indicated as indirect speech act. In short, illocutionary acts of assertive type and direct speech acts are found to be more dominant in Harry and Meghan interview with Oprah Winfrey.

Using Indirect Speech Acts and Their Impacts on Creating a Conducive Workplace Environment

Communication at the workplace requires meaningful understanding because it affects the work relationship as well as the work atmosphere. Hence, expressions used to generate such conditions are supposed to embody a conducive environment. This research aimed to determine the types of indirect speech acts and their language functions. This study used a qualitative research with a descriptive design to depict the phenomenon. The subjects were three employees at PT. Bosowa Berlian Motor Makassar, who were chosen purposively considering their availability and their readiness during the data collection. The data were collected by using observation with audio recordings and the researchers themselves as the non-participant observers. The results of this study showed that there were five types of indirect speech acts and there were certain language functions practiced by the employees, they are: emphasizing and instructing (assertive type), telling a condition and commanding what to do (directive type), directing and checking for the appropriate work (commissive type), complaining and giving subtle offense (expressive type), and responding, telling information and encouraging (declarative type). All types and their functions revealed and occurred to meet the need of creating a conducive environment in the workplace. The five types represent the traits of being assertive, directive, trusted, expressive, and declarative along with their use of language functions. These traits bear positive and good atmosphere in the workplace. Thus, with the conducive working environment, the employees can undertake their tasks well and focus on reaching the target in the workplace.

Interpreting Quranic Rhetorical Questions As Indirect Speech Acts: Part-I

This study presents a qualitative analysis of a set of rhetorical questions in the Holy Quran. The data set consists of 33 rhetorical questions that start with exactly same syntactic phrase. Considering rhetorical questions as indirect speech acts, the illocutionary force of each question in the data set has been explored and it has been shown that they perform a variety of illocutionary acts depending on their context, addressee and content. About their interconnection in engendering readers’ emotional involvement that heightens their psychological impact and argumentative effect, it was also found that the set shared several similarities. Minor differences were also visible.

Criminalisation as a Speech-Act: Saying Through Criminalising

The act of criminalising conduct has been understood by many theorists as a form of communication. This paper proposes a model, based on speech-act theory, for understanding how that act of communication works. In particular, it focuses on analysing how and where wrongfulness can appear in this speech-act, if one were to argue, as many theorists do, that part of what is being communicated through criminalisation is the wrongfulness of the target conduct. I argue that the act of criminalisation is best understood as an indirect speech-act, which both asserts and declares normative facts, the utterance of which makes it the case that a conduct is now criminalised. Within this speech-act, wrongfulness can appear as an implicit assertion of the wrongness of the conduct, which has to be inferred by hearers from the context of utterance. The paper then briefly discusses the upshots of this model, mainly that it allows a clearer picture of how criminalisation conveys meanings, as well as leaving open the question as to whether it makes sense to think that the wrongfulness being conveyed is specifically of a moral kind.

Enlightenment of Indirect Speech Acts Theory on College English Listening Teaching

Enlightenment of Indirect Speech Acts Theory on College English Listening Teaching

Research on the Translation of Indirect Expressive Speech Acts Identified in the Novel It Ends With Us

<p class="Abstract">This study aims to find all indirect expressive speech acts in the <em>It End With Us</em> novel, classify them, examine if they underwent a shift in the translation, and assessed the quality of the translation. This is a descriptive qualitative research and used purposive sampling technique. The data were later analyzed using content analysis method and were verified in Focus Group Discussion. It was discovered that this novel contained 33 indirect expressive speech acts with the following classification: boasting (10), deploring (8), complimenting (5), lamenting (5), forgiving (2), condoling (1), thanking (1), and apologizing (1). No data underwent a shift in indirectness. It can be concluded that the difficulty of translating indirect expressive speech acts is affected by several factors such as the cultural disparity between the source and target language, finding the equivalent words in the target language, and the minimum understanding on the context of the work. Additionally, the score for accuracy and acceptability is 2,81 and 2,55, while the final score of the Translation Quality Assessment is 2,68, indicating that despite the translation being imperfect, the translator has overall successfully translated the indirect expressive speech acts into the target language.</p>

Indirect Speech Acts, written by Nicolas Ruytenbeek

Indirect Speech Acts, written by Nicolas Ruytenbeek

Analysis of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts Performed by the Main Character in the Movie Doctor Strange in The Multiverse Madness

This study aimed to describe the types of direct and indirect speech acts, as well as the dominant types used in the Doctor Strange movie. The focus is on analyzing the direct and indirect speech act utterances performed by the main character of “Doctor Strange in The Multiverse Madness movie”. The data was examined using the method of descriptive qualitative analysis which was also presented in informal and formal ways. The researcher used some techniques for collecting the data as follows. First, download the “Doctor Strange in The Multiverse Madness Movie”, and the movie script. Second, watching the movie twice or more, and reading the script. Third, taking note of classifying based on the types. The findings show that there are 29 types of direct speech act found in the movie, as follow. 6 data of declarative sentences, 14 data of interrogative sentences, and 9 data of imperative sentences. Meanwhile for indirect speech acts found there are 5 data interrogative, 4 data declarative, and 4 data for imperative. As a result, the most dominant used in this study was interrogative sentences as a type of direct speech act. 

DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACT IN EXPRESSION OF MAGICAL POWER ON THE WALLS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

This study aims to describe the form of directive speech act, mode, and function in expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school at Karesidenan Surakarta. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The data are in the form of words, expressions, and sentences contained expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school at Karesidenan Surakarta. Analyzing data of the research uses referential equivalent, pragmatic, translational, and distribution methods of reading markup techniques. Collecting data uses the documentation method. The results show that first, the expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school at Karesidenan Surakarta indicate two forms of speech acts, namely direct speech act and indirect speech act. Second, the sentence mode used is the imperative mode, the obligative mode, and the declarative-imperative mode. Third, the existing speech act function consists of imperative mode (order, appeal, prohibiting, and invitation/exclamation), obligative mode functions to require, and declarative-imperative mode functions to assert, remind, advise, propose/offer/suggest, governing, and threatening. The novelty of this research found that the expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school generally uses an indirect strategy. The strategy is expressed through a declarative sentence but has an imperative mode with the aim of smoothing the command to the reader. It is intended that the reader follows the command in the expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school.

Direct and Indirect Speech Acts of Apologizing in “Venom Let There Be Carnage” Movie

The objective of this research is to identify direct and indirect apologizing speech acts in the utterances of the characters in the movie "Venom let there be carnage". The data source for this study was taken from a movie entitled "Venom let there be carnage" in which many apologizing speech acts are found in it. The method used is a qualitative method. The theory used to identify apologizing speech acts was put forward by Searle & Vanderveken (1985) while to identify the direct and indirect used by the characters in the film using the theory put forward by Yule (1996). The results of this research found 14 types of apologizing speech acts consisting of 12 direct uses and 2 indirect uses.

An Analysis of Indirect Speech Acts

An Analysis of Indirect Speech Acts

Analisis Tindak Tutur Langsung dan Tidak Langsung Percakapan Shabira Alula dan Ayahnya di Sosial Media Tiktok

This study aims to describe the Forms of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts of Conversations by Shabira Alula and Her Father on Tiktok Social Media. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques use observation techniques by watching video conversations and listening. The researcher started collecting data since Shabira was 3 years old, from 30 June 2021 to 30 June 2022. The results of this study are that there are 107 data in the form of direct speech and 5 data in indirect speech. Direct speech is divided into three types, namely interrogative, imperative, and declarative. There are 107 interrogative utterances (question words). imperative utterances (command sentences) amount to 24 data. declarative speech (sentence news) amounted to 16 data. Imperative speech is divided into several parts, namely the utterance of asking is 6 sentences, while the indirect speech act contains 2 fragments of conversation.

Direct and Indirect Speech Acts in Court Speeches

Speech acts theory is not about words, phrases or sentences which are mainly used as units of interaction between people, but basically about actions that are achieved through such utterances. 'Speech acts theory' belongs to the realm of Pragmatics. In this study, selected stretches of discourse of two court speeches are highlighted. These trailers emerge in a formal setting in the presence of an authority who makes judgments on disputes and claims. They are analyzed based on Searle's view of illocutionary act to find out types of direct and indirect speech acts that are employed by interlocutors in court trials. The study shows that there is little difference between the uses of the two acts depending on the speaker's role. Directives, declaratives and other acts are used by those who are in authority while assertives are employed by those who are to answer questions given by the former.

Direct and Indirect Speech Acts on Boris Bokir and Pache Justeen Podcasts

This study intends to describe direct speech acts and indirect speechacts on the Boris Bokir and Pachee Justeen Podcasts. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach. The research data were in the form of sentence excerpts originating from utterances made by Boris Bokir and Pache Justeen. The data then collected by using the note-taking technique First, the researcher listened to video recordings of Boris Bokir and Pache Justeen's podcats, then listened and took notes simultaneously. Furthermore, the acquisition of research data obtained that the speech act groups used by Boris Bokir and Pache Justeen contain direct and indirect speech acts. The direct and indirect speech acts consist of three modes, declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, and imperative sentences.The utterances made by Boris Bokir and Pache Justeen on podcats have a purpose that is in line with the function of the speech.

The Philosophy Behind the Conversation: Implicatures and the Indirect Speech Acts

The Philosophy Behind the Conversation: Implicatures and the Indirect Speech Acts

On proper presupposition

AbstractThis paper investigates the norm of presupposition, as one pervasive type of indirect speech act. It argues against the view that sees presuppositions as an indirect counterpart of the direct speech act of assertion and proposes instead that they are much more similar to the direct speech act of assumption. More concretely, it suggests that the norm that governs presuppositions is not an epistemic or doxastic attitude such as knowledge, justified belief, or mere belief; it's a practical attitude, most plausibly the attitude of rational acceptance. This view has important ramifications well beyond debates in philosophy of language and linguistics. It affects not only our view of which speech act sequences are fine and which are off; it bears on whether presuppositions can function as testimony, whether they can be lies, and whether they are ontologically committal, thus addressing central topics in epistemology, ethics, and metaphysics.

Analysis of Indirect Speech Acts in Toni Morrison’s ‘Beloved’

Speech act theory is a subfield of pragmatics that is concerned with the ways in which words are used not only to present information but also to carry out actions. The Nobel prize winner African American writer Toni Morrison has dealt with the subjects of violence, sacrifice, slavery, identity crisis, racial discrimination and many more throughout all her novels. Present study aims at examining the effects of indirect speech acts in her most celebrated novel ‘Beloved’ which depicts horrible situation of slavery in USA. It seeks to explore the dialogues in above mentioned novel to see how they have been used. The paper adopts Indirect speech act theory developed by J. R. Searle for the analysis. Only some of the highly marked speech acts will be used for the same. Indirect speech acts enable an interlocutor to convey beyond the boundaries of the words used. Searle’s proposition is, in an indirect speech act, the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of relaying on their mutually shared information, both linguistic and non- linguistic, together with the general powers of rationality and inferences on the part of the hearer. The study concludes that speech act theory is the most appropriate instrument to bring out to the fore the hidden meaning and the crucial aspects of the novel, and thereby, will increase the understanding and appreciation of her novels.

A Pragmatic Study of Indirect Warning in Boris Johnson's Speeches on COVID 19

This study investigates how the prime minster of the United Kingdom employs language to express indirect warning in his speeches in order to warn his citizens to avoid corona virus infections , It aims to detect the act of warning embedded in his rhetoric through linguistic manipulation, and its impact on the audience so, the study aims the following Therefore, it hypothesizes the following:
 1-The speech act of warning is constructed by the declarative sentences more than the other forms in Johnson's speeches.
 2- Felicity Conditions are perfectly applied on the selected speeches.
 3-Indirect warning is more currently occurred than direct one.
 4-The hint strategy is more frequently occurred in the selected data than the conditional one as an indirect warning strategy.
 Speech Act Theory deals with the meaning of language use which is stated in terms of how the speaker manipulates the utterance to make the hearers infer the intended meaning. So, the data analysis will be dealt pragmatically. Therefore ,the study will try to answer the following questions:
 1-Indirect warning has certain basic strategies to deal with. So, the study will concentrate on these strategies.
 2-Does indirect Speech Act be more frequently used than direct one?
 3-which strategy is more frequently used in expressing the indirect warning?
 The study arrives at these conclusions: (1) All the hypotheses have been approved, (2) He never uses the questioning strategy as indirect one in the whole speeches, (3) He employs the indirect speech act of warning more than the direct one in order to force the audience to infer his intended meanings when he delivers his speeches, and (4) The speech act of warning in Johnson's speeches is used to direct people either to do beneficial action or avoid doing bad actions.

From deontic modality to conditionality

AbstractWhile epistemic modality has been suggested to be a modal source of conditionality, deontic modality has been generally overlooked. Using data from Classical Chinese and the Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change, this study demonstrates that the deontic modalbitends to invite inferences of conditionality in contexts where it is used teleologically and performatively as an indirect speech act of advice. That is, conditionality can emerge out of an interaction of teleological and performative meanings. Furthermore, three conditions are identified as where teleological, performative and conditional meanings enable the inferencing of the deontic modalbias a conditional protasis connective. The absence of one or more of these conditions is shown to be less likely to invite inferences of conditionality.