Indirect Path Research Articles

Social support and vicarious posttraumatic growth among psychological hotline counselors during COVID-19: the role of resilience and cognitive reappraisal

ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious threat to people's lives and mental health. As a key worker providing psychological assistance services, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social support and vicarious posttraumatic growth of psychological hotline counselors during COVID-19 and its mechanism. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 241 psychological hotline counselors. Path analysis was conducted through structural equation modeling. Results The direct path from social support to vicarious posttraumatic growth of psychological hotline counselors was not significant, but the indirect path between them was significant. Social support can influence vicarious posttraumatic growth of psychological hotline counselors through the mediating effects of resilience and cognitive reappraisal as well as the chain mediating effects of these two factors. Conclusions Social support does not directly stimulate vicarious posttraumatic growth in psychological hotline counselors, but social support can influence counselors' vicarious posttraumatic growth through the role of resilience, cognitive reappraisal, and the chain-mediated effects of psychological resilience and cognitive reappraisal. This encourages hotline counselors to be intentional about applying resources to balance the effects of trauma work on them as they face their clinical work.

6 Examining Relationships Between Perceived Discrimination, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cognition

Objective:Discrimination on the basis of race, gender identity, and age, among others, has been associated with negative cognitive outcomes. However, the mechanisms by which perceived discrimination impacts cognition are not yet well understood. Discrimination can lead to chronic stress, which disrupts glucocorticoid pathways and induces susceptibility to metabolic dysregulation. On the basis of this prior work, and the known associations between metabolic syndrome and cognition, the current study examined the hypothesis that metabolic syndrome mediates the relationship between discrimination and cognition.Participants and Methods:1,063 adults (Mean age = 54.92 years, SD = 11.68) who participated in the Midlife in the United States project were included. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the acceptability of a bifactor model of metabolic syndrome using four subfactors (insulin resistance, adiposity, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure). The mediating effect of the metabolic syndrome latent factor on the association between discrimination and cognition was tested using PROCESS (Hayes, 2013). Exploratory analyses were conducted to examine which cognitive domains and which metabolic syndrome subfactors were driving these relationships. Mediation analyses adjusted for age, race, sex, and education.Results:The three most frequently reported reasons for discrimination were gender (n = 209), age (n = 174), and race (n = 129). The CFA of metabolic symptoms was deemed acceptable based on previously outlined goodness of fit criteria (CFI = 0.986, TLI = 0.976, RMSEA = 0.040, SRMR = 0.034). Results of the mediation analysis indicated a significant indirect effect of major events discrimination on the total cognition composite through the general metabolic syndrome factor (B = -0.0029, 95% CI [-0.0016, -0.0066]). Further examination revealed that this relationship was driven through an indirect path of metabolic syndrome on the relationship between discrimination and executive functioning (B = -0.0024, 95% CI -0.0059, -0.0001]). We examined which subfactors were driving these relationships and found that there were significant indirect effects of major events discrimination on total cognition through the insulin resistance (B = -0.0028, 95% CI -0.0065, -0.0003]) and dyslipidemia factors (B = -0.0026, 95% CI -0.0064, -0.0002]).Conclusions:Our findings provide evidence that metabolic syndrome can help explain differences in cognitive functioning based on experiences of discrimination, even after adjusting for relevant demographic factors. Results from this study suggest that understanding the impact of perceived discrimination on metabolic syndrome and developing lifestyle interventions that can improve metabolic syndrome may be helpful in reducing stress-related cognitive disparities.

장애인활동지원사의 소명의식과 서비스 질의 관계에서감성지능의 매개효과

The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effect of emotional intelligence in therelationship between perceiving a calling and service quality of personal assistants for peoplewith disabilities. The subjects of this study were personal assistants for people with disabilitiesbelonging to four disability activity support organizations in K-city, Gyeongsangnam-do, and atotal of 308 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. The results of this study are asfollows. First, there was a significant positive correlation between all variables among perceivinga calling, emotional intelligence, and service quality of personal assistants for people withdisabilities. Second, the partial mediating effect of emotional intelligence was confirmed in therelationship between perceiving a calling and service quality of personal assistants for peoplewith disabilities. That is, both the direct path from perceiving a calling to service quality andthe indirect path from perceiving a calling to service quality through emotional intelligence weresignificant. These results suggest that it is necessary to increase perceiving a calling andemotional intelligence in order to improve the service quality of personal assistants for peoplewith disabilities.

Social media use and performance of small businesses: a customer-centric perspective

PurposeSocial media is widely regarded as a strategic resource to improve firm performance. However, there are mixed findings on how businesses can use social media for better performance. This study aims to propose and test a mechanism through which social media can influence firm performance.Design/methodology/approachA survey approach was used to collect data from 262 small businesses in South Africa. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess the hypothesised relationships.FindingsThe findings support the significant role of social media in fostering firm performance. It is observed that the use of social media influences firm performance through three key customer-centric constructs: the strength of customer–firm relationships, customer orientation and customer co-creation. Additionally, the relationship between the strength of customer–firm relationships and firm performance is moderated by customer co-creation.Originality/valueThe study provides new insights into the mechanism through which social media fosters firm performance. Due to a lack of universality in establishing the direct effect of social media use on firm performance, providing evidence of an indirect path becomes vital for advancing knowledge on social media use in business. As such, this study contributes to the literature on social media and entrepreneurship by demonstrating a novel mechanism through which social media influences firm performance.

Roots of Sexual Abuse: A Pathway Model for Adolescents Who Offend.

Theoretical models implicate insecure attachment, peer isolation, hostile masculinity, and the use of sex for coping in sexual perpetration against children. This study builds on previous research and tests the direct and indirect effects of attachment, interpersonal and sexual control problems, and masculine adequacy to explain sex offending against children in adolescents. Structural equation modeling was used to conduct a path analysis using 464 adolescent males. A significant path model was fitted that identified three paths between anxious attachment, social isolation, sexual dyscontrol, masculine adequacy, and offending against a child. The model partially confirms previous research on adolescents who commit sexual abuse. The best fitting model indicates a direct path from anxious attachment to sexual offending against a child, but also indicates two indirect paths, where anxious attachment and committing child sexual abuse was partially mediated by social isolation and masculine adequacy, which, in turn, were negatively associated with each other, and a path including sexual dyscontrol, which was positively associated with both social isolation and masculine adequacy. The results suggest that commission of child sexual abuse by adolescent males is related to individual proclivities, social experiences, and attitudes toward sexuality and masculinity.

Structural Equation Modeling in Explaining the Effect of Brain Behavioral System on the Psychological Vulnerability of Female Patients with Diabetes: The Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Emotions

Background and Aim: Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death and general disability in 202, accounting for two-thirds of all diseases; therefore, the present research aimed to model structural equations in explaining the effect of the brain-behavioral system on diabetic women's psychological vulnerability with the mediating role of positive and negative emotions. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all women with diabetes in the specialized diabetes clinic of Karaj in the first half of 2011. Among this population, 380 cases were selected via purposive sampling and participated in the study. Data were collected using Carver and White's behavioral brain systems questionnaire, mental health questionnaire (SCL-25), and Watson et al.'s (1988) positive and negative emotions questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 23) and Amos (version 18) software packages using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. Results The results pointed out that the indirect path coefficient between the behavioral inhibition system and psychological vulnerability (P=0.001; β=0.188) was positive, and the indirect path coefficient between the behavioral activation system and psychological vulnerability (0.01>P; β=0.147) was negative and significant. Nonetheless, the coefficient of the indirect path between the behavioral inhibition system and psychological vulnerability through positive affect (P=0.003; β=0.066) was positive, and the indirect coefficient between the behavioral activation system and psychological vulnerability through positive affect (0.001 P=0.070, β=0.070) was negative and significant. However, the coefficient of the indirect path between the behavioral inhibition system and psychological vulnerability through negative emotion (P=0.001; β=0.126) was positive, and the indirect coefficient between the behavioral activation system and psychological vulnerability through negative emotion (0.007 P=0.081, β=0.081) was negative and significant. Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, it can be concluded that among female patients with diabetes, positive and negative emotions positively medicated the effect of the behavioral inhibition system on psychological vulnerability and negatively mediated the effect of the behavioral activation system on psychological vulnerability.

An amorphous nickel carbonate catalyst for superior urea oxidation reaction

Compared with crystalline catalysts, the feature of more unsaturated coordinated atoms and higher surface energy boosts the electrocatalytic performance of amorphous catalysts. Herein, an amorphous nickel carbonate, a urea oxidation reaction (UOR) catalyst, was synthesized via a facile precipitation approach. The UOR catalysis on the as-synthesized amorphous nickel carbonate mainly follows the indirect chemical-oxidation path. When employed in UOR catalysis, the as-synthesized amorphous nickel carbonate decorated on glass carbon electrode delivers a current density of 117.69 mA·cm−2 at 1.6 V vs. RHE with a small Tafel slope of 40.7 mV·dec-1, which is comparable to the most active reported catalysts. This work proposes a facile method to synthesize an efficient amorphous nickel carbonate UOR catalyst.

Literacy and quality of life: a study of adults with poor literacy capabilities in western Rwanda

ABSTRACT This article explores the quality of life of adults with poor literacy capabilities (reading, writing and numeracy) in western Rwanda. A concurrent mixed methods research design was used. Data was collected from respondents aged 18 years and over through a survey and focus group discussions. Quantitative results from linear regression analysis indicate a clear relationship between literacy and life satisfaction in that literacy has a direct and indirect path to explaining quality of life. Qualitative results from thematic analysis identify three main pathways in which subjective quality of life is impacted by illiteracy or low literacy capabilities, namely: economic, familial, intrapersonal and interpersonal. Access to, and participation in, quality adult literacy education has the potential to enhancing subjective quality of life by developing relevant literacy capabilities in individuals.

A theoretical model for preventing marine litter behaviour: An empirical evidence from Singapore

Marine litter pollution has been an emerging environmental problem and arousing extensive attentions from both the academia and the public in recent years. The improperly disposed domestic refuse has been proven to be a major source of the marine litter, which can be effectively prevented through scientific waste management and citizens' daily pro-environmental behaviour. This study aims to investigates Singapore citizens’ intention of avoiding marine litter based on an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB), incorporating the cognitive constructs as precursors and the irrational constructs as mediators. An online survey was performed targeting Singapore citizens to collect data, and 417 valid responses were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results reveal that environmental knowledge possess significant indirect effect to intention, and concern can act as a predictor of behaviour intention by influencing TPB constructs. Behaviour intention is most influenced by perceived behaviour control, while subjective norm has less constraining force. The irrational factors influence behaviour intention through both direct and indirect paths, habit exerts significant effect to behaviour patterns, while positive affection has greater effect size than negative affection. Previous research regarding marine litter preventing behaviour focus on tourists and consumers, while the survey object of this study is daily behaviour of citizens. The proposed theoretical model extends the traditional TPB by incorporating the cognitive and irrational factors, and offers deeper insights into the process of behaviour change. Besides, the findings also provide implications for government agencies in the field of marine litter control and waste management.

Exploring the tripartite influence model of body image and disordered eating among adolescent girls living in Australia, China, India, and Iran

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tripartite influence model of body image and disordered eating among 12–18-year-old girls (N = 900) living in Australia (n = 184), China (n = 293), India (n = 223), and Iran (n = 200). Participants completed measures about appearance pressures from family, peers, and media, thin-ideal internalization, appearance comparisons, appearance satisfaction, and disordered eating. Results indicated that media- pressures were most salient in Australia, whereas Iranians perceived family pressures to be the strongest. Indians felt the most pressure to look attractive from their family and peers, whereas Chinese felt similar levels of pressure from family, peers, and media. Path analyses suggested direct associations from one or more sociocultural factors to appearance satisfaction or disordered eating, with indirect paths via thin-ideal internalization and appearance comparisons emerging in all countries. Certain sociocultural factors contributed more strongly to the internalization of ideals and appearance comparisons within some countries. Multigroup path analyses demonstrated some cross-cultural variations in the strength of the pathways. Findings extend cross-cultural support for a modified tripartite influence model emphasizing culture-based specificities that can further guide preventative efforts to improve body image and eating attitudes among young girls in these four countries.

Electronic gaming machine accessibility and gambling problems: A natural policy experiment.

Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are one of the most harmful forms of gambling at an individual level. It is unclear whether restriction of EGM functions and accessibility results in meaningful reductions in population-level gambling harm. A natural policy experiment using a large (N = 15,000) national dataset weighted to standard population variables was employed to compare estimates of gambling problems between Australian residents in Western Australia (WA), where EGMs are restricted to one venue and have different structural features, to residents in other Australian jurisdictions where EGMs are widely accessible in casinos, hotels and clubs. Accessibility of other gambling forms is similar across jurisdictions. Gambling participation was higher in WA, but EGM participation was approximately half that of the rest of Australia. Aggregate gambling problems and harm were about one-third lower in WA, and self-reported attribution of harm from EGMs by gamblers and affected others was 2.7× and 4× lower, respectively. Mediation analyses found that less frequent EGM use in WA accounted for the vast majority of the discrepancy in gambling problems (indirect path = -0.055, 95% CI -0.071; -0.038). Moderation analyses found that EGMs are the form most strongly associated with problems, and the strength of this relationship did not differ significantly across jurisdictions. Lower harm from gambling in WA is attributable to restricted accessibility of EGMs, rather than different structural features. There appears to be little transfer of problems to other gambling forms. These results suggest that restricting the accessibility of EGMs substantially reduces gambling harm.

Police Bias and Low Relatability and Diet Quality: Examining the Importance of Psychosocial Factors in Predominantly Black Communities.

How police bias and low relatability may contribute to poor dietary quality is poorly understood. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 2021 from a cohort of n = 724 adults living in predominantly Black communities in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; these adults were mostly Black (90.6%), low-income (median household income $17,500), and women (79.3%). We estimated direct and indirect paths between police mistrust and dietary quality (measured by Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015) through perceived stress, community connectedness, and subjective social status. Dietary quality was poor (mean HEI-2015 score was 50) and mistrust of police was high: 78% of participants either agreed or strongly agreed that something they say might be interpreted as criminal by the police due to their race/ethnicity. Police bias and low relatability was associated with lower perceived social status [Formula: see text]= - 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 0.05, - 0.01). Police bias and low relatability was marginally associated with low dietary quality β = - 0.14 (95% CI: - 0.29, 0.02). Nineteen percent of the total association between police bias and low relatability and lower dietary quality β = - 0.16 (- 0.01, - 0.31) was explained by an indirect association through lower community connectedness, or how close respondents felt with their community [Formula: see text] Police bias and low relatability may play a role in community connection, social status, and ultimately dietary disparities for Black Americans. Addressing police bias and low relatability is a continuing and pressing public health issue.

Gender-based in-group social influence can lead women to view a hostile sexist attitude as less prejudiced and more true

ABSTRACT Social influence processes by which women come to judge a hostile sexist attitude as relatively true and unprejudiced were examined. Based upon status characteristics theory, women’s judgments were expected to be more strongly influenced by a man’s than a woman’s interpretation of the sexist attitude as true or prejudiced. Based upon self-categorization theory, women’s judgments were expected to be more strongly influenced by a woman’s than a man’s interpretation. Support was primarily observed for the self-categorization theory prediction. This effect, however, was initially suppressed by participants’ acceptance of the legitimacy of gender status differences. A post-hoc mediational analysis revealed two pathways by which in-group social influence affected women’s acceptance the relative veracity of negative claims about their own group: a direct path from shared in-group membership with the influencing agent, and an indirect path through their acceptance of the legitimacy of gender status differences. The research highlights how women’s endorsement of sexist views can have the capacity to minimize other women’s challenges of these views as prejudice.

Vortex‐induced vibration effects in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks

AbstractA randomly fluctuated vortex‐induced vibration (VIV) affects the localization of moving targets in an underwater acoustic wireless sensor network (UAWSN) to cause an offset time and time synchronization error which disturbs the localization of the non‐cooperative moving target. Definition 1, Theorem 1 has been introduced in the present work to describe the genesis and consequences of the VIV effect in UAWSN. An elliptic localization introduces the direct and indirect path measurements of the moving target. The standard Crammer Rao lower bound parameter quantifies the VIV effect. The compensation of vortex‐induced vibrations (CVV) algorithm is proposed to quantify the degradation of localization performance and to estimate the position of the moving target. The theoretical measurements of position error, velocity error with respect to the variation of noise, number of receiver sensors, and probability of line of sight errors are compared to the standard methods. The proposed CVV algorithm improves the localization performance by 32.24% and reduces 34.36% of position errors, and 37.46% of velocity errors up to 600 m. It can be useful for the sub‐aquatic internet of underwater things.

Source range and depth estimation of propeller cavitation bubble collapse transients in a multipath environment

An experiment is conducted in which a wide aperture array, which is proximate to the sea floor in water 20 m deep, records transits of two motorboats. Occasionally, acoustic transients, which are attributed to collapsing propeller cavitation bubbles, are observed to be superimposed on the continuous broadband radiated noise component of each of the array’s three widely spaced hydrophones. By measuring the time differences of arrival of the transient signals propagating via the direct path at adjacent pairs of hydrophones, passive ranging by wavefront curvature is used to estimate the range and bearing of the transient source. Next, the source depth is estimated by measuring the multipath delay of the surface reflected transient signal. Also, the spectrogram of a single hydrophone’s output is observed to display a Lloyd’s mirror interference pattern due to the direct propagation path of the broadband radiated noise combining with the indirect propagation path signal reflected from the sea floor. The reciprocal of the frequency difference between adjacent destructive interference fringe minima is equal to the multipath time delay. This multipath delay, which equates to the quefrency of the cepstrum’s first rahmonic, contains source range information. The results of the two passive ranging methods are presented.

Creation or disruption? Doubts from the internet applications in China's rural sector

To address the current large gap in research on the Internet applications in the Chinese rural sector, this paper explores the effect of these applications on the labor productivity of Chinese farmers from a creative destruction perspective. First, we construct a model to analyze the direct and indirect paths of the Internet applications impact on the productivity of farm households at the theoretical level; second, we conduct an empirical study corresponding to the theory based on micro-survey data obtained from China's first nationwide large-scale social survey project. Specifically, we verified the Internet applications direct effect on farm household labor productivity through the mean treatment effect approach and explored the efficiency and mechanism of action of the Internet productivity effect in the rural sector using the mediating effect model, Probit model, and the counterfactual analysis framework. The study finds that the productivity effect of the rural Internet applications still has a certain gap compared with the urban sector, although it is not at the "Solow's paradox" stage. Further discussion reveals that the Internet adoption in rural areas is a process of "creative destruction", and its destructive effects are dominant at this stage, while the creative effects still need to be further explored. This paper emphasizes that, for developing countries, accurately identifying the development stage of the Internet applications and further exploring its creative role is an important way to improve labor productivity in rural areas, and it is also an important step to promote the construction of digital villages.

Strengths-based spillover models: Constructive interparental conflict, parental supportive problem solving, and development of child executive functioning.

Empirical research examining the Spillover Hypothesis has largely substantiated that interparental conflict comprised of hostility and anger has negative implications for parenting behaviors and cascading effects on children's development. However, less is known about how constructive forms of interparental conflict may operate in spillover processes. Toward this, the present study examined how interparental supportive and problem-solving approaches to conflict were associated with parental guided learning in the caregiving context and by extension young children's executive functioning. Participants included 231 families (mothers, fathers, and their child). Assessments of constructive interparental conflict were derived from both observational tasks and multi-informant report. Parental supportive problem solving was assessed observationally during a goal-directed parent-child interaction. Children's inhibitory control, working memory, and visual-spatial reasoning were assessed using validated tasks. Analyses were conducted in a structural equation modeling framework, and significance of indirect paths were tested using RMediation. Results showed constructive interparental conflict was associated with increases in maternal supportive problem solving, which in turn predicted increases in children's working memory. Furthermore, constructive interparental conflict was indirectly associated with increases in children's inhibitory control via paternal supportive problem solving. These findings were significant over two waves of data collection after controlling for child sex, maternal and paternal age, and maternal and paternal education. Findings underscore the potential utility of family resilience theory and domain approaches to parenting for increasing specificity and precision in identifying spillover processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Relationship Between Metacognitive Beliefs and Body Image Concerns in Primary Dysmenorrhea Intensity: The Mediating Role of Pain Self-Efficacy in Iranian Students

Background: Given that primary dysmenorrhea can affect individuals' course of life and social activities, it is necessary to consider the role of related variables in its incidence and conduct more studies to take effective measures to reduce this pain. Objectives: This study aims to model the structural equations of the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and body image concerns with the mediating role of pain self-efficacy on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional, descriptive correlational research design. A structural equation modeling method was conducted on 724 students studying in the first semester of 2021 - 2022. Questionnaires assessed menstrual pain severity, body image concern, pain self-efficacy, and metacognitive beliefs. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, SPSS.25, and AMOS 24. Results: According to data analysis, all indices of fit were appropriate after modifications, and the model had a very good fit at the significance level (χ2/df = 3.619, CFI = 0.931, TLI = 0.910, NFI = 0.907, RMSEA = 0.060, 90%CI [0.053, 0.068], SRMR = 0.077). In examining direct pathways, metacognitive beliefs showed a direct effect on and a negative correlation with the severity of dysmenorrhea. The investigation of indirect pathways also confirmed the effect of metacognitive beliefs on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea with the mediating role of pain self-efficacy. The effect of the direct pathway of body image concern on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea was not significant and was removed from the model. On the other hand, as the examination of the indirect path showed, the effect of body image concerns on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea was mediated by pain self-efficacy. Conclusions: According to the findings, the promotion of mental health was effective in controlling primary dysmenorrhea. Hence, more attention to psychological issues is required through effective practical protocols to provide an introduction to menstrual health and the grounds for performance improvement in girls.

Elliptic localization of multiple objects without position and synchronization of the transmitter

Multi-object elliptic localization is a challenging problem, considering that the association between the indirect path measurements and the objects is not known, and the transmitter is un-coordinated without synchronization with the receivers. Realizing that the direct path measurements do not have the data association issue, we propose a two-stage estimation method for this problem. In the first stage, a minimum measurement solution (MMS) method is developed to obtain a coarse estimate of the transmitter position and range offset coming from the unsynchronized transmitter and receivers, and the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) follows to improve the coarse estimate. In the second stage, we first propose a data association method based on the MMS for elliptic localization with known transmitter position, and then propose a BLUE for estimating the object positions using the indirect path measurements and the transmitter position and range offset estimate. The proposed method does not require any prior information about the object positions. Moreover, it has closed-form solutions in both stages, and thus is very computationally efficient. Mean square error analysis is conducted to show that the performance achieves the Cramer–Rao lower bound under correct data association and uncorrelated noise between the direct and indirect paths. Simulation results validate the good performance of the proposed method.

Translating environmental corporate social responsibility into environmental performance and competitive advantage: a moderated mediation model.

Organizations are extending their corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices to environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) to cope with environmental challenges. Yet, the process of translating ECSR into positive organizational outcomes is underdeveloped in the literature. The literature often ignored key boundary conditions, leaving the underlying mechanism underdeveloped. This research makes up for the deficiency by investigating the impact of ECSR on environmental performance and competitive advantage through the mediation of green product innovation and by examining important boundary conditions in a moderated mediation model. We collected data from 151 manufacturing companies using judgmental and snowball sampling to ensure that the target organizations perform certain ECSR activities and analyzed it using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that ECSR leads to competitive advantage (CA) and environmental performance (EP) through green product innovation, and this indirect path is moderated by organizational agility. The findings add substantial value to the literature by documenting the impact of ECSR on CA and EP with moderated mediation paths. The study also offers implications for policymakers and managers to amplify the impact of ECSR on favorable organizational outcomes.