Indirect Object Research Articles

Evidence for a VP-internal analysis of postverbal arguments in an SOVX language

Mande languages are known for their typologically unusual SOVX word order, in which the subject and direct object precede the verb, while adjuncts and other complements must follow it. Koopman (1992) argues for Bambara that this unique word order arises when the direct object obligatorily raises to a preverbal position for Case, while any other postverbal elements surface in their base-generated position within the VP. However, Nikitina (2019) proposes for Wan that postverbal elements are located in a high, clause-adjoined position. This paper presents syntactic evidence from Mandinka in support of the former analysis of postverbal indirect objects. In particular, I provide word order, pronominalization, and binding facts that show that postverbal indirect objects must be located in a low, VP-internal position, which is incompatible with a clausal-adjunction analysis.

Spatial Perception: A Critical Bibliometric Inquiry

In this study, it is aimed to answer the research question "what is the place and status of architectural research in perception studies?". At the same time, determining the validity of the VOSviewer program, which is widely used for systematic bibliometric analysis, within the scope of the study constitutes an indirect secondary objective of the research. In this direction, two consecutive bibliometric analyses, each with a different depth, were conducted to see the range of spatial perception studies and to explore its sub-expansions. In this context, two keyword groups were created for the first two phases of the study. Document type and category were restricted to determine the research framework. In this framework, the studies identified in the first phase (n=2727) and the second phase (n=243) were transferred to the VOSviewer program for bibliometric analysis and analyzed. In the last phase of the study, a flow-quantity diagram was created for the article studies identified in the second phase using the Sankey diagram generator (n=92). When the studies scanned in Web of Science were analyzed, it was found that the studies involving the concepts in the research framework were mostly related to the concept of comfort and the least related to the concept of happiness.

The order of operations and A/Ā interactions

AbstractDouble object constructions provide an ideal context in which to investigate interactions between multiple instances of movement. With two internal arguments, we can construct scenarios where one A-moves and another Ā-moves, such as in the passive wh-question What was Sue given? Holmberg et al. (2019) observe that in many languages (e.g. Norwegian) that otherwise permit either object of a double object construction to A-move to subject position, a restriction emerges when the indirect object wh-moves: the indirect object must also A-move (e.g. Who was given a book?). One cannot pronounce an indirect object wh-question in a clause where the direct object A-moves instead (*Who was a book given?). In this paper, I observe that this restriction is only found in languages that otherwise permit the indirect object to A-move. In languages such as Greek, which have no indirect object passives, indirect objects can freely wh-move in a direct object passive, and thus do not exhibit the same restriction as in Norwegian. I propose that this restriction comes about in languages such as Norwegian but not Greek due to the timing of wh-movement relative to A-movement within vP. Indirect objects wh-move through the position that controls A-movement early, blocking a direct object from A-moving, so long as the indirect object can A-move itself. The analysis features a smuggling approach to passives of ditransitives (Collins 2005) and an economy condition like van Urk and Richards’ (2015) Multitasking, which jointly predict the order of operations that gives rise to the wh-movement restriction observed in Norwegian.

A systematic review of emotional design research in multimedia learning

AbstractThis study provides a current systematic review of emotional design research in the multimedia learning domain and explores how emotional design is studied in multimedia learning. All studies on emotional design in multimedia learning published until 2023 were examined thoroughly. In this study, 51 journal articles were identified based on PRISMA guidelines and reviewed regarding emotional state parameters, emotional design techniques, emotional and other measurements, learning materials, research methodologies, and learning outcomes. The analysis provided several salient findings. Firstly, there has been growing interest in emotional design. Secondly, the impact of emotional design on learning outcomes, emotional states, motivation, and cognitive load was explored. Thirdly, most studies preferred subjective measurements or indirect objective measurements. Fourthly, there was a tendency to examine the effects of shape and color elements in the emotional design techniques. Lastly, the studies reported contradictory results on learning outcomes but agreed that emotional design had a positive impact on motivation and emotional state. This review highlights research gaps and provides recommendations for future studies in the field of emotional design in multimedia learning.

A Syntactic Analysis Of The Basic Sentence Patterns In Ile Ape Dialect Of Lamaholot Language

This research examines how many basic sentence patterns there are in Ile Ape Dialect of Lamaholot Language, and what are the basic sentence patterns in Ile Ape Dialect of Lamaholot Language. The writer employed descriptive qualitative method to analyze and describe the data in this research. The data source of this research is the native speakers of Lamaholot Language, especially for Ile Ape Dialect. In this research, the writer used two research instruments to support the process of data collection they are, interview guidelines and recording device (smartphone). The data collection techniques applied in this research consist of three (3) techniques, including audio-recording, written documents collection, and elicitation. In order to analyze the data collected, the writer used technique of transcription, sentence translation, sentence selection, sentence analysis, and data description. The result of this research shows that, there are five (5) basic sentence patterns in Ile Ape Dialect of Lamaholot Language, they are: Pattern I: Subject + Verb (S + V); Pattern II: Subject + Verb + Object (S + V + O); Pattern III: Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Indirect Object (S + V + IO + DO); Pattern IV: Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement (S + V + O + OC); and Pattern V: Subject + Subject Complement (S + SC).

Inquiry-based astronomy in West Java secondary schools

This study investigates the presence and utilisation of inquiry-based activities in astronomy education within secondary science and physics classrooms. Employing document analysis, surveys, classroom observations, and interviews, the study comprehensively assesses the nature of inquiry activities, teachers’ experiences, integration of astronomy into curriculum, resources availability and science teachers’ perceived proficiency in astronomical observation skills. Findings from 50 secondary science and senior high physics teachers reveal coverage of the Solar System and Earth–Moon–Sun motion in secondary science, and integration of astronomy concepts like universal gravitation and Kepler’s laws into physics classrooms. However, inquiry-based astronomy teaching is limited, with only 10% of educators feeling proficient in telescope use and low adoption of virtual laboratories and simulations. The study underscores the necessity for adaptive inquiry-based activities in astronomy education to enhance science and physics classrooms, proposing direct and indirect celestial object observation, virtual inquiries, and hands-on simulations to bridge skill gaps and resource utilisation shortcomings, thus enriching astronomy education at the secondary level.

A comparison of learning and retention of a syntactic construction between Cantonese-speaking children with and without DLD in a priming task

Procedural circuit Deficit Hypothesis (PDH) of Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) predicts problems with learning and retention of grammar. Twenty 7- to 9-year-old Cantonese-speaking children with DLD and their typically developing (TD) age peers participated in a syntactic priming task that was given in two sessions one week apart. Production of Indirect Object Relative Clause (IORC) was tested using a probe test before and after the priming task, and one week later. The study involved two cycles of learning and retention, and two levels of prior knowledge. Bayesian linear mixed effects modelling was used for data analysis. Children with DLD learned, and possibly retained, IORC less well than TD children after age, working memory and general grammatical knowledge were controlled for. No interaction effects were significant, meaning that cycle and prior knowledge affected both groups similarly in learning and retention. Results were discussed in relation to PDH and the Complementary Learning Systems Theory.

About One Linguistic Problem

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on R-linguistics and is dedicated to the ternary hypothesis and the problem of modeling the world associated with it. The essence of the ternary hypothesis is based on the assumption that any natural language does not use verbs with arity (valency) above three. This hypothesis creates an epistemological problem, the essence of which lies in the mismatch between the constraints of the dimensionality of thinking and the dimensionality of some phenomena and processes of the surrounding world. The indicated problem is directly related to language, since language reflects human thinking and the structure of the world model.Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations for verbs with high valence, the categorization axioms formulated earlier in the series are used.Results and discussion. It has been shown that cases of multiple indirect objects are related to data dependencies in the sentence. Methods of categorization have been developed for ternary relations and relations with higher arity. It has been demonstrated that even in this case, all conditional categorizations and conditional verbs can be reduced to a single categorization.Conclusion. The ternary hypothesis and the ternary problem are formulated. Based on the study of data dependencies, it is shown that the ternary hypothesis is most likely true for all natural languages. Based on the study of methods of categorizing relations with arity higher than three, it is demonstrated that in this case linguistic spaces show stability regardless of the location of categories in the sentence, which makes it possible to describe highdimensional interactions using subordinate clauses. Thus, the appearance of subordinate clauses in all languages of the world is associated with the need to describe highdimensional interactions in the world model human.

Evaluating the Knowledge for Integrating RM and VM Using BIM in the Iraqi Construction Sector

The construction industry plays a crucial role in the countries' economy, especially in the developed country. This point encourages the concerned institution to use new techniques and integrate many techniques and methods to maximize the benefits. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the use of risk management, value management, and building information modeling in the Iraqi construction industry. The evaluation process aims at two objectives. The direct objective was to evaluate the knowledge in risk management (RM), value management (VM), and building information modeling (BIM). The indirect objective was to support the participants with information related to the main items mentioned. The questionnaire survey was used as a data collection method. The participants in the survey were engineers from the Iraqi construction sector. The sample size was 121 engineers from 34 institutions with multidisciplinary backgrounds. The results showed that the engineers need to develop the training system and merge many methods and techniques in their institution to maximize the benefits using an integration model capable of dealing with the variable environment in construction, especially in developing countries like Iraq.

THE TWO LETTERS W.H. IN THE DEDICATION TO W. SHAKESPEARE’S SONNETS AND THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF DIRECT AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE IN SHAKESPEAROLOGY

William Shakespeare’s works had been written more than 4 centuries ago; since then scholars had enough time to subject his texts and the facts of his biography to the interpretations which are so numerous and so diversified that many Shakespearologists have come to believe that it is simply impossible to give indisputable answers to quite a number of highly significant questions. To these unsolvable problems one might attribute the identification of the addressee of Shakespeare’s sonnets and of Mr W.H. who is mentioned in the dedication to these poetic texts. Syntactically the text of the dedication may be interpreted either as one sentence with “Mr W.H.” acting in the capacity of an indirect object or as a subject in the first of the two independent clauses. The choice of either of these two variants of reading (in the article the second variant is accepted as the only possible one) influences the direction of the further discussion of the sonnets. The article is aimed at showing that through studying the literary texts by Shakespeare and his contemporaries and through closely analyzing the relevant direct and circumstantial evidence one may arrive at the inherently sound and noncontroversial interpretations of Shakespeare’s life and work. When applied to Shakespeare’s sonnets, such an approach allows one 1) to corroborate certain theories concerning the time when most of the sonnets were created and 2) to prove that the addressee of the sonnets and Mr W.H. were two different people who may be identified with a fair degree of certainty.

A Minimalist Account of Free Relative Clauses in Zahrani Spoken Arabic

This paper explores the syntax of free relative clauses in Zahrani Spoken Arabic (henceforth ZSA). The paper shows that ZSA possesses two types of free relative clauses, viz., nominal free relative clauses and adverbial free relative clauses. The focus of the paper is on nominal free relative clauses. It is shown that nominal free relative clauses can appear in a subject position and a direct object position, and the range of relativization involves subject, direct object, indirect object, prepositional object and possessor relativization. The derivation of free relatives in ZSA involves resumption relativization strategy only where gaps are treated as null resumptive pronouns. As for distribution of null and overt resumptive clitics, there is an alternation between the use of null and overt resumptive pronouns/clitics in subject and direct object position. However, the utilization of overt resumptive pronouns/clitics is mandatory in indirect object, prepositional object and possessor position. It is argued that the free relative markers illi: and mi:n are complementizers. Furthermore, as null and overt resumptive clitics exhibit a big resemblance with respect to their behaviour in the coordinate structures and parasitic gaps, both free relatives with null or resumptive pronouns/clitics involve a null operator movement (in non-island contexts) from inside the free relative clause to the specifier of a complementizer phrase (spec CP). The CP is adjoined to a null antecedent occupying the head of a noun phrase (NP) which is a complement of a determiner phrase (DP) with an empty D.

Los puertorriqueños se les está cayendo la “a”

Abstract This study addresses a gap in the extensive literature on Spanish indirect objects by offering a study of unmarked datives (i.e., Ø eso le pones un papel de aluminio ‘to that you put an aluminum foil’; PRESEEA 2001). Analyzed are the linguistic constraints on the variable absence of dative marker a ‘to’ in corpora of spoken Puerto Rican Spanish, in which the rate of marker absence is 33% (n = 380). Results of logistic regression analysis reveal that unmarked datives occurred with low frequency, non-prototypical dative verbs. Inanimate referents favored the absence of the dative marker, as did complex DPs, where the dative phrase and the clitic pronoun+verb are not adjacent. The findings are discussed from the twin perspectives of analogy as a mechanism of change and frequency effects: unmarked datives seem to most affect items at the margins of the dative category, in terms of both verbs and referents.

Morphosyntax of causatives and applicatives in Tshiluba


 
 
 This work explores the argument structure of causatives and applicatives in Tshiluba, a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The data were elicited with a speaker of Tshiluba through storyboard elicitation and grammaticality judgement tasks. Consistent with preceding analyses of benefactives in Bantu languages (Pylkkänen 2002; McGinnis 2008; de Kind and Bostoen 2012, inter al.), this work supports the analysis that benefactives in Tshiluba are high applicatives. Cases where both causative and applicative morphemes are present provide evidence that the position of the applicative morpheme determines whether the construction is benefactive or malefactive. Within the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz; 1993, 1994), the applicative morpheme -el occurs as the head of a high ApplP, occasionally above vCAUSE and crucially always above Voice. This work shows that this is the case for both passives and antipassives of benefactives. Malefactives appear to be lower, as -el crucially occurs below vCAUSE and Voice in all cases. An unexpected pattern arises – Tshiluba double-object applicatives have been previously analysed as asymmetric in the positions available to each argument, in that the recipient indirect objects must follow the verb and precede the direct object (as in English, Bo grew Jo fruit vs. #Bo grew fruit Jo) (Dom et al. 2015). In the present data, direct objects and indirect objects can alternate in position.
 
 

Italian Factive islands are not ‘that weak’

Long-distance dependencies are a major property of human language, deriving from the successive application of movement operations across sentences. Nevertheless, this possibility seems to be restricted by the presence of barriers, which ‘trap’ constituents in more or less 'resistant' syntactic islands. Given this scenario, this paper paper investigates a specific type of island, namely factive complements, which are traditionally considered ‘weak’ islands. The main goal is thus to verify the status of factive islands in Italian, based on original experimental data. Moreover, since island effects have been generally tested against wh-extractions, a secondary goal of the present study is to verify whether other types of A’-movement, such as Focus fronting, can be restricted by island effects as well. The results obtained from two experimental tests, carried out with the collaboration of a total of 310 informants, provide evidence that Italian factive islands seem to lie somewhere between strong and weak islands, qualifying as a sort of ‘intermediate’ island. Indeed, direct objects appear to be less constrained than subjects, indirect objects and adjuncts. Furthermore, the extraction of a Focus constituent from a factive complement lowers the acceptability of the sentence, thus indicating that (factive) islands are indeed sensible to Focus fronting.

Relativization of Noun Phrase in Ho language

This paper examines the syntax of nominal modification in the Ho language, with a specific exploration of relativization. Relative constructions across languages, and even within a particular language, manifest different strategies, such as participial relative clauses, internally headed relative clauses, and externally headed relative clauses. The analysis presented here focuses on participial and correlative clauses, aiming to derive a common logical form for equivalent sentences. Furthermore, the study aims to illustrate the diverse positions that can be modified by both participial and correlative clauses in accordance with the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy. As posited by Keenan and Comrie (1977), this hierarchy hierarchically relativizes different noun phrase positions as a universal sequence: subject > direct object > indirect object > oblique object > object of genitive > object of comparison. Therefore, this paper seeks to assess the validity of this hierarchy in both participial and correlative clause constructions in the Ho language.

Observational study of peripheral skin temperature changes following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean birth

BackgroundSpinal anaesthesia is widely used in obstetric anaesthesia practice but there is limited knowledge about the development of sympathetic blockade following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean birth. This study investigated the characteristics of sympathetic blockade by measuring peripheral skin temperature changes in the feet of patients given spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean birth. MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted involving 60 eligible parturients scheduled for elective caesarean birth with spinal anaesthesia. Skin temperature probes were attached to the dorsum of both feet, and temperature measurements were recorded every minute. The dose of spinal anaesthesia given, and other relevant patient data, were collected. ResultsAll participants had successful spinal anaesthesia. Following spinal anaesthesia, a sustained rise in skin temperature of both feet was observed, indicating the presence of sympathetic blockade. The maximum rate of temperature increase occurred between 6 and 15 min after the intrathecal injection and plateaued from 22 min after the injection. Control participants did not show any changes in foot temperature. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that successful spinal anaesthesia for caesarean birth results in a consistent and reliable rise in skin temperature of the feet that is evident after six minutes from intrathecal injection. The observed temperature changes provide indirect objective evidence of bilateral sympathetic blockade. Measurement of feet skin temperatures may serve as an additional objective indicator of successful spinal anaesthesia, along with tests of lower limb motor block and sensory block height. These findings contribute to the understanding of sympathetic blockade during spinal anaesthesia.

Right dislocation in Turkish

This paper investigates a scrambling operation called Right Dislocation (RD) in Turkish. Despite the limited understanding of RD in Turkish, previous studies have converged on the conclusion that (i) RD in Turkish involves rightward movement (Kural 1997, Kornfilt 2005), and (ii) post-verbal constituents (PVCs) consistently undergo reconstruction (with the exception of scope, as suggested by Kural (1997)), indicating that PVCs occupy an A’-position. This paper presents instances where PVCs are interpreted in their surface position, casting doubt on the presumed A’-properties. Additionally, it demonstrates that RD of higher arguments (e.g., subjects or indirect objects) seems to create new binding and scope relations with respect to lower arguments (e.g., direct and indirect objects). To address these issues, this paper proposes a structure that is governed by the interaction between discourse, pragmatics, and syntax. It argues that RD is a by-product of focus movement which is found in cleft-like constructions, and RD is preceded by the scrambling of lower arguments to discourse-functional projections such as FocusP and TopicP. Similarly, the RD of lower arguments is preceded by their short scrambling to the specifier of vP, driven by the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC). By aligning syntax with dis- course through a one-to-one mapping, in conjunction with independently motivated principles like the Scope principle, LF-approach to Condition C, and the Anywhere Condition of Condition A and pronominal binding, the proposed framework provides a consistent explanation for RD in Turkish, attributing all A-properties to the short scrambling of arguments.

Dative Doubling in Non-Mandatory Contexts in European Spanish

Clitic doubling (CD) is the co-appearance in the same sentence of the clitic and a correlative syntagma in the canonical position of the object. Apart from obligatory contexts, CD of the indirect object (IO) is found with variable frequency in Romance languages and even in different varieties of the same language, most likely because it is a phenomenon of internal/external language interface. The objective of this work is to determine the frequency of CD in non-obligatory contexts of recipient and location IO in peninsular Spanish, and to analyse its features according to the referential hierarchy used for the diachronic evolution of the phenomenon. For this purpose, we extracted data from two open access corpora of interviews (COREC and PRESEEA) from different regions that are (or are not) areas of historical contact with other languages. The results show a significant extension of doubling in contexts where this is optional and the neutralisation of features that previously predicted CD of IOs. Nevertheless, there are geographical differences in peninsular Spanish in terms of frequency, definiteness, specificity, the influence of the cliticization of the direct object, and the accessibility of the IO referents in the minds of the speakers.

La identificación de complementos directos e indirectos en español y polaco

The aim of this paper is to compare the methods of identifying the direct and indirect object in Spanish and Polish. From the author’s point of view, Spanish relies more on semantic methods, while Polish relies more on formal ones, especially those related to the category of case. As the article strives to demonstrate, the two approaches can be significant for the different interpretations of objects in both languages.

Scope Freezing Restricts Binding in Italian Right Dislocation

Abstract Binding into right-dislocated categories is generally possible in Italian but fails when the binder is a direct object and the right-dislocated constituent an indirect object or a PP doubled by ci, even though direct objects binding into indirect objects or PPs is otherwise acceptable. These data fall into place once it is recognized that cliticization of an indirect object or a PP gives rise to a scope-freezing effect (on a par with English double-object constructions). We develop our account using a biclausal analysis of right dislocation but explore to which extent monoclausal analyses can capture the data as well.