Indirect Hemagglutination Test Research Articles

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection of Cattle and Goats in Farms of Hunan Province, China.

Background: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most widespread foodborne parasitic zoonoses caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Although a number of studies have reported on the seroprevalence and risk factors of T. gondii infection in ruminants in China, information about T. gondii infection in cattle in Hunan province of China is not available. Material and Methods: Sera of 985 cattle and 1147 goats were examined for the presence of specific antibodies against T. gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. Some risk factors related to the presence of cats, herd size, gender, age, and geographical origin were determined using a binary logistic regression. Results: Specific IgG against T. gondii were detected in 8.3% (82/985) and 13.3% (153/1147) of the cattle and goats, respectively. Based on statistical analysis, the presence of cats and gender were considered important risk factors for T. gondii infection in cattle and goats in the farms in this study (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results provide a baseline for future prevention and control of T. gondii infection in cattle and goats in Hunan province, subtropical China. This is the first report of T. gondii seroprevalence in cattle in Hunan province, China.

Retrospective Evaluation of Adult Hydatid Cyst Cases

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of adult patients followed up for hydatid cysts disease. Method: Patients over the age of 18 years who were diagnosed with hydatid disease, between January 2015 and September 2021 were included in the study. The clinical, laboratory and radiologic characteristics of the patients were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The study included 66 patients. 59.1% of the patients were female and the mean age was 40.9±15.60 years. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (42.4%). The most common sites of involvement were the liver (78.8%) and lung (18.2%). The majority of patients had solitary cysts (84.8%). The most common finding in laboratory tests was elevated total IgE (74.1%). The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test was positive in 77.4% of the patients tested. Conclusion: In our study, it was concluded that hydatid cysts are most commonly seen in the liver, often with single organ involvement, and that elevated total IgE in laboratory diagnosis may be helpful in the diagnosis of hydatid cyst disease, although it does not make a definitive diagnosis.

Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in beef cattle and goats in Hunan province, China

BackgroundToxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are closely related protozoan parasites that are considered important causes of abortion in livestock, causing huge economic losses. Hunan Province ranks 12th in the production of beef and mutton in China. However, limited data are available on the seroprevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of T. gondii and N. caninum in beef cattle and goats in Hunan province, China.MethodsSera of 985 beef cattle and 1147 goats were examined for the presence of specific antibodies against T. gondii using indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) and anti-N. caninum IgG using competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunoassay assay (cELISA). Statistical analysis of possible risk factors was performed using PASW Statistics. Muscle samples of 160 beef cattle and 160 goats were examined for the presence of T. gondii DNA (B1 gene) and N. caninum DNA (Nc-5 gene) by nested PCR. The B1 gene-positive samples were genotyped at 10 genetic markers using the multilocus nested PCR-RFLP (Mn-PCR-RFLP).ResultsSpecific IgG against T. gondii were detected in 8.3% (82/985) and 13.3% (153/1147) and against N. caninum in 2.1% (21/985) and 2.0% (23/1147) of the beef cattle and goats, respectively. Based on statistical analysis, the presence of cats, semi-intensive management mode and gender were identified as significant risk factors for T. gondii infection in beef cattle. Age was a significant risk factor for T. gondii infection in goats (P < 0.05), and age > 3 years was a significant risk factor for N. caninum infection in beef cattle (P < 0.05). PCR positivity for T. gondii was observed in three beef samples (1.9%; 3/160) and seven chevon samples (4.4%; 7/160). Genotyping of PCR positive samples identified one to be ToxoDB#10. The N. caninum DNA was observed in one beef sample (0.6%; 1/160) but was negative in all chevon samples.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first large-scale serological and molecular investigation of T. gondii and N. caninum and assessment of related risk factors in beef cattle and goats in Hunan Province, China. The findings provide baseline data for executing prevention and control of these two important parasites in beef cattle and goats in China.Graphical

A Review on Paragonimiasis and its Differential Diagnosis Technique

This review highlights the existence of Paragonimus (PRG) and how they are mistaken for Tuberculosis (TB) during diagnosis. PRG is a parasitic lung fluke (flatworm) that infect the lungs, human serves as the first hosts, crabs, crayfish, and snails as the second intermediate hosts. The north-eastern states of India are endemic to PRG and infection is acquired by consuming uncooked or partially cooked crustaceans. Due to their similar clinical presentation to TB, PRGs are usually misdiagnosed, leading to delayed treatment. Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain, conventional wet film for staining the sputum, pleural fluid, and stool, and lung biopsy are different laboratory tests to determine PRG infection. In addition, efficient technique that can aid diagnosis are immunological assays, like Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot-ELISA, complement fixation test (CFT), intradermal test (ID), Western blot, immunodiffusion and indirect haemagglutination test (IHA). In India, PRG infection is most likely to persist until medical professionals and governing bodies raise awareness to implement adequate management measures.

Travma Sonrası İnsidental Tespit Edilen Ekstrahepatik İntraabdominal Kist Hidatik: Olgu Sunumu

Hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease frequently encountered in the liver and lungs, caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. Occasionally, hydatid cysts can be seen in the spleen, kidney, heart, bone, ovaries and peritoneal cavity. We presented a case of extrahepatic intra-abdominal hydatid cyst, which we have detected incidentally in an eight-year-old girl who was investigated for post-traumatic abdominal pain. Radiologic examination of the patient showed a midline cystic mas including septations superior to the bladder, and mesenteric cyst, ovarian mass and hydatid cyst were considered for differential diagnosis. The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test result of the patient was negative (

Application of alternative identification methods for live tularaemia and brucellosis vaccines

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. The sanctions currently imposed on the Russian Federation requireusing Russian diagnostic products in vaccine quality assessments, as well as searching for alternative testing methods, in particular, serological ones.AIM. This study aimed to demonstrate the possibility of using alternative serological methods, including immunoenzymatic, direct agglutination, and indirect haemagglutination methods, for the identification of tularaemia and brucellosis vaccines in studies and quality assessments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study used the established pharmacopoeial reference standard (RS) for the bacterial suspension opacity of 10 international opacity units, the established pharmacopoeial RS for and two commercial batches of the live brucellosis vaccine (Brucella abortus 19 BA), and the established and candidate pharmacopoeial RSs for the live tularaemia vaccine (Francisella tularensis 15 NIIEG). These pharmacopoeial RSs were certified by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Serological testing used Russian commercial diagnostic products, including dry diagnostic sera (polyvalent brucellosis and tularaemia sera for agglutination tests), a liquid erythrocytic diagnostic preparation of tularaemia immunoglobulin, and enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) diagnostic kits for detecting the causative agents for brucellosis and tularaemia. Statistical analysis involved using Microsoft Excel (P=0.95) for ELISA results and qualitative evaluation for the results of direct agglutination and indirect haemagglutination tests.RESULTS. All the tested batches demonstrated positive results. Live brucellosis vaccine batches showed positive results in the slide agglutination tests, while live tularaemia vaccine batches yielded positive results in the tube agglutination tests. All indirect haemagglutination tests showed haemagglutination in live tularaemia vaccine samples at the same concentration as positive control samples (6.25×106 cells/mL). ELISA tests showed similar optical density values (D)for the two vaccines and positive control samples. Live tularaemia and brucellosis vaccines (undiluted, 1.0×109 cells/mL) had D=2.133±0.273 and D=0.127±0.013, whereas the corresponding control samples had D=1.942±0.056 and D=0.123±0.007, respectively. The results reflected the presence of brucellosis or tularaemia microbes in the samples, confirming the identity of the vaccines.CONCLUSIONS. Serological immunoenzymatic, direct agglutination, and indirect haemagglu tination methods with Russian diagnostic products can be used to identify live brucellosis and tularaemia vaccines during quality assessment. The agglutination method with Russian diagnostic sera can be recommended as an alternative quality assessment method for the identification of live brucellosis and tularaemia vaccines, as this method offers time efficiency, simple visual evaluation of results, and low costs and relatively long shelf lives of diagnostic products. However, ELISA and indirect haemagglutination methods cannot be recommended for this purpose because of their labour-intensive and uneconomical nature. The results of this study may support the introduction of the agglutination method in the regulatory documents for live brucellosis and tularaemia vaccines (as an alternative method).

Isolation and Characterization of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Infecting Goats with Pneumonia in Anhui Province, China.

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) causes a fatal infection in goats, leading to significant economic losses in the small-ruminant industry worldwide. The present study aimed to characterize the strains of M. ovipneumoniae infecting goats with pneumonia in Anhui Province, China. From November 2021 to January 2023, among 20 flocks, a total of 1320 samples (600 samples of unvaccinated blood, 400 nasal swabs, 200 samples of pleural fluid, and 120 samples of lung tissue) were obtained from goats with typical signs of pneumonia, such as a low growth rate, appetite suppression, increased temperature, discharge from the nose, and a cough. Necropsied goats showed increased pleural fluid, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, and attached localized pleural adhesions. M. ovipneumoniae isolated from the samples were subjected to an indirect hemagglutination test (IHA), PCR amplicon sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and biochemical identification tests. The overall positivity rate of M. ovipneumoniae was 27.50%. Mycoplasmas were obtained from 80 (20.0%) nasal swabs, 21 (10.5%) pleural fluid samples, and 15 (12.5%) lung samples. PCR amplicon (288 bp) sequencing identified eight strains of M. ovipneumoniae. In a phylogenetic tree, the isolated strains were homologous to the standard strain M. ovipneumoniae Y-98 and most similar to M. ovipneumoniae FJ-SM. Local strains of M. ovipneumoniae were isolated from goats in Anhui province. The identified genomic features and population structure will promote further study of M. ovipneumoniae pathogenesis and could form the basis for vaccine and therapy development.

Evaluation of immunochromatography method in the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis

Aims: Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of hydatid cyst, or cystic echinococcosis (CE), with its current name. Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic cestode; commonly found in humans and farm animals. In cystic echinococcosis infection, transmission occurs by oral ingestion of parasite eggs excreted in infected dog feces. The larval form is responsible for the formation of slowly growing cysts in the organs and tissues of mammals such as humans, sheep, goats and cattle. In this study, it was aimed to compare indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and immunochromatographic (ICT) methods from the sera of patients with suspected CE and to evaluate serological tests based on imaging and clinical diagnosis.&#x0D; Methods: Between 31 October 2022 and 31 January 2023, blood samples of 95 patients with suspected CE from different units of our hospital and for whom IHA was routinely requested were included in the study prospectively. VIRAPID® Hydatidosis (Vircell, Granada, Spain) test using the immunochromatographic method and ELI.H.A. Echinococcus (ELITech Microbio, France) test was studied in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.&#x0D; Results: Based on clinical and imaging methods of 95 patients included in our study, 64 (63.1%) were diagnosed with hydatid cyst. Based on imaging and clinical diagnosis; sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were calculated as 81.3%, 96.8%, 98.1%, 71.4% for the IHA test, and were calculated as 75.0%, 93.5%, 96.6%, 64.4% for the ICT test, respectively. Good agreement was found between the two tests (percent agreement=68.0%; kappa value=0.682; p

Erythrocytes as biological carriers and their processing when constructing IHA diagnosticum for detecting melioidosis antibodies in serum

The aim of this study was to increase the efficiency of biocarrier surface binding when constructing erythrocyte diagnosticums, providing for an improvement in indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) sensitivity. In the production of antigenic melioidosis diagnosticum for IHA, sodium alkylsulfate (SDS) was additionally used along with tannin at the stage of processing formalinized sheep erythrocytes. The combined use of these activators contributes to a significant rise of binding capacity of the erythrocyte carrier, which made it possible to increase the sensitivity of the IHA-diagnosticum 2-4-fold. The possibility of obtained preparation use for detection of melioidosis antibodies in sera of both immunized and animals with melioidosis was shown.

Evaluation of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cystic Echinococcosis Indirect Hemagglutination Test Dynamics: A Single-center Experience.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the neglected tropical diseases announced by the World Health Organization. In the period entered with the Coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, the fight against such diseases has become even more difficult. In our study, we aimed to make inferences about the effects of the pandemic on the diagnosis of the disease by evaluating the number and results of CE indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) before and during the pandemic. The number of IHA test requests and positivity rates in the 30-month periods before and after March 11, 2020, when the first case was seen in our country, were evaluated retrospectively. Statistical analysis was made with SPSS version 23 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) program. The results of 1444 patients before the pandemic and 870 patients during the pandemic period were examined. The difference between IHA positivity rates, which was found to be 18.49% before the pandemic and 14.6% during the pandemic, was statistically significant (p=0.016). The positivity rates of women and men were found to be statistically similar in both periods (pbefore=0.621, pafter=0.238). The age group with the highest IHA positivity rate was 20-39 in both periods, and the difference between the positivity rates of the age groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). A significant decrease was observed in the rate of IHA positivity during the pandemic period. The status of no increase in positivity rates despite a significant decrease in IHA tests makes us think that the diagnosis may be missed in some patients or that there could be disruptions in their follow-up. For this reason, in order to continue the fight successfully against CE, which is an important public health problem for our country, early diagnosis and regular follow-ups should be emphasized with educations, and the laboratory-clinician communication should be strengthened in order to use tests more efficiently.

The Importance of Indirect Hemagglutination Test in the Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis: Serological– Histopathological Correlation

The Importance of Indirect Hemagglutination Test in the Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis: Serological– Histopathological Correlation

Agreement between an in-house indirect immunofluorescence assay and a commercial indirect hemagglutination test for detection of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies

El diagnóstico serológico de la enfermedad de Chagas, causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, carece de “gold standard”, siendo considerada la inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) como prueba de referencia para la detección de anticuerpos. Actualmente en Paraguay, el diagnóstico se basa en combinar dos pruebas serológicas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la concordancia entre una prueba in-house de IFI y un test comercial de hemoaglutinación indirecta (HAI), para la detección de anticuerpos IgG anti-T. cruzi. Se evaluaron 54 muestras de pacientes que acudieron al Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS) con solicitud médica de serología para Chagas. Los sueros fueron primeramente analizados por IFI (29 positivos y 25 negativos) y almacenados en una seroteca, posteriormente, se descongelaron para su análisis por HAI. Se determinó la concordancia entre IFI y HAI utilizando el índice Kappa. La concordancia observada entre ambos métodos fue muy buena (Índice Kappa=0,96; p(0,0001). No se observaron diferencias significativas en las frecuencias de muestras que presentaron IgG anti-T.cruzi en los niveles bajo (p=0,759), intermedio (p=1,000) y alto (p=0,592). Los anticuerpos medidos por ambos métodos mostraron buena correlación (Rho de Spearman= 0,715; p&lt;0,01). La sensibilidad y especificidad de HAI frente a IFI fue 96,6% y 100%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos sugieren que la combinación de ambas pruebas evaluadas, o bien HAI con otras pruebas serológicas, sería una buena elección diagnóstica en la enfermedad de Chagas en nuestro medio.

Identification of serotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from pneumonic cases of sheep and goats and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in Borana and Arsi zones, Ethiopia

Respiratory diseases caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) have been known to result in a considerable loss due to mortality and reduced production. This study aimed at isolation and identification of M. haemolytica and P. multocida associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Identification of serotypes of M. haemolytica and P. multocida was done using indirect haemagglutination test. The in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the M. haemolytica were tested using standard disk diffusion method. A total of 52 and 78 nasal swabs were collected from pneumonic cases for bacterial isolation and identification in Borana and Arsi zone, respectively. Four hundred sera samples were collected for identification of serotypes. The results showed that 17 of 52 (32.69%; 95% CI 20.33, 47.11) nasal swabs collected from pneumonic animals in Borana yielded positive results for Pasteurella/Mannheimia species, 13 (25.00%; 95% CI 14.03, 38.95) of which were M. haemolytica. None of the samples yielded P. multocida. Twenty-three of 78 (29.49%; 95% CI 19.69, 40.89) nasal swabs collected at Arsi from pneumonic animals yielded positive results for M. haemolytica (17) and P. multocida (6). Secondary biochemical characterization revealed that 14 of the 17 isolates conform to M. haemolytica whereas none of the 6 isolates suspected to be P. mutocida were confirmed. Eleven (84.62%) isolates from Borana and 4 (28.57%) from Arsi were confirmed to be M. haemolytica using PCR targeting the Rpt2 genes. Assay for M. haemolytica serotype A1 revealed all belong to A1. None of the isolates with cultural and morphological features of P. multocida gave positive results by molecular assay. Serological assay identified three serotypes of M. haemolytica namely A1, A2 and A7 almost in all of the samples whereas P. multocida serotype A was detected in 78.75% of the samples. The M. haemolytica isolates tested for susceptibility to antibiotics showed resistance against Bacitracin (83.33%) and Penicillin (50.00%) while they were found susceptible to Gentamycin (100%), Chloramphenicol (100%) and Sulfamethoxazole (100%) and Tetracycline (83.33%). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed the association of M. haemolytica with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats and can be of use in vaccine development in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, further investigations and continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate selection and prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock sector are required.

Atypically Located Hydatid Cyst Cases: Four Unusual Case Reports

Hydatid cysts are frequently located in liver (65-70%) and lungs (25%). The disease is usually asymptomatic when located in the extrahepatic regions. Sometimes, diagnosis can be established by observing germinative membrane, rockwater, or daughter vesicles during the operation.. A 41-year-old female patient applied with the complaint of intermittent left inguinal pain. Echinococcus Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA) test was positive. In the ultrasonographic examination, a hypoechoic area was observed in the posteromedial of the left femoral head.. A 56-year-old female patient, applied with the complaints of intermittent nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain. She had a history of surgery for liver hydatid cyst 15 years ago and for lung hydatid cyst 10 years ago. IHA test of the patient was positive. The lesion involving septation and accompanied by calcifications around the cyst was reported as a hydatid cyst at dynamic CT for pancreas and upper abdominal MRI. A 22-year-old female patient applied with perianal pain complaint. Drainage was planned for the patient who had a pre-diagnosis of perianal abscess. Tissues similar to the hydatid cyst membrane were excised together with purulent fluid. The patient was diagnosed with hydatid cyst after the pathology result was reported “as compatible with hydatid cyst”. A 32-year-old female patient had a non-metabolic adrenal subcapsular cyst (hydatid cyst?) in the right adrenal gland on ultrasonography performed for abdominal pain. In abdominal tomography, a “cystic mass compatible with hydatid cyst located in the adrenal gland in the upper pole of the right kidney” was reported. IHA test of the patient was negative. Hydatid cysts located in the perianal region and muscles have been reported as atypical localizations in the literature, and some of them were diagnosed as a result of preoperative clinical evaluation and radiological imaging. Some were diagnosed as a result of pathological examination after the operation. Surgical treatment is an option in suitable cases, and the definitive diagnosis can be established by pathology. Consequently, it should be considered that cystic lesions detected in the patients living in endemic regions can be extrahepatic hydatid cyst that is localized in different anatomical regions.

Study of diagnostic value of the reaction of indirect hemaglutination in comparison with enzyme immune assay and other serological tests at cattle brucellosis

The results of comparative brucellosis diagnostic studies of blood sera from cattle at farms with different epizootic situations, performed in 2021 in the laboratory of the Caspian Zonal Research Veterinary Institute – a branch of the Dagestan Agriculture Science Centre, are presented in the paper. The diagnostic efficiency of the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) was studied in comparison with enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), agglutination test (RA), complement fixation test (CFR), rose-bengal test (RBP) and immunodiffusion reaction with O-PS antigen (RID with O-PS antigen). The specificity of these serological tests was confirmed by the negative results of studies of 40 samples of blood serum of non-vaccinated against brucellosis animals at a brucellosis-safe farm. The sensitivity of the tested diagnostic tools was determined using 46 blood serum samples from cows immunized with the B. abortus 82 vaccine at a brucellosis-prone farm. According to the results obtained, in particular, according to a significant percentage of animals positively reacting to brucellosis in RID with O-PS antigen and high titers of RNHA, RA and RSK, it can be stated that the infection in the herd proceeds in an acute form. Thus, positive results were obtained in RNGA in the study of 18 (39.1%), ELISA (LLC NPF “Sibbiotest”) – 29 (63 %), in RSK – 18 (39.1 %), in RA – 15 (32.6 %), RBP – 15 (32.6 %) and RID with O-PS antigen – 7 (15.2 %) blood serum samples. The conducted studies have shown that RNHA is one of the most sensitive tests, which makes it possible to detect a high percentage of animals with brucellosis at a brucellosis-prone farm (39.1% of those studied) in the early stages after infection and surpasses the results of most other serological methods. The results of comparative serological studies of blood serum samples of cattle in RNHA, IEA, RSK, RA, RBP and RID with O-PS confirmed the specificity of the tests and the high sensitivity of RNHA with brucellosis erythrocyte antigen.

Chagas Disease: Seroprevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Communities of the Southern Limit of Argentine Chaco.

Chagas disease is more prevalent in socially vulnerable communities in the Gran Chaco Eco-region. The study evaluated the seroprevalence of Chagas disease and associated factors between May 2014 and September 2015, in indigenous communities of Santa Fe, Argentina, in the southern Chaco. Lysate ELISA and indirect hemagglutination tests were used to detect antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi, and recombinant ELISA was used in the case of disagreement. Household surveys were conducted with the head of household about risk factors for the disease. Serological tests were conducted on 298 people from three indigenous communities, 127 male and 171 female. Seroprevalence was 18.5%. A total of 64 surveys were conducted; 82.8% of the heads of household were male, with a median age of 39 years, and 61.0% had not completed primary school. In 35.9% of the households, there was at least one member of the cohabiting group infected with T. cruzi. The level of education of the head of household showed a statistically significant association with Chagas disease (OR = 3.43), among all the risk factors studied. The prevalence of infection is lower than that of other indigenous communities of the Gran Chaco, probably because environmental conditions are moderating and disfavoring the establishment of the insect vector in homes, but also because of socioeconomic differences with the rest of the eco-region. Beyond this, serological controls are needed to prevent vertical transmission.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIBODY TITER AGAINST PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA IN RABBITS BY USING FOUR DIFFERENT ADJUVANTS IN HS+BQ COMBO VACCINES

Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella multocida is an economically significant disease of bovines that instigates high monetary losses due to unexpected mortality of animals in emerging countries like Pakistan. Similarly Black Quarter (BQ) caused by Clostridium chauvoei is also an acute infectious ailment of cattle and buffaloes in which severe inflammation ofskeletal and cardiac muscles, severe systemic toxicity and a high mortality occurs. The only way to prevent losses due to both diseases is an effective and long lasting vaccination programme. Four HS+BQ combo vaccines adjuvanted with four different adjuvants were prepared. Two HS+BQ vaccines were prepared by addition of two oil adjuvants i.e Montanide ISA-50V-2 and Eolane-170 while one HS+BQ vaccine was prepared by addition of gel while fourth HS+BQ vaccine was prepared by addition of alum. The bacterial dry weight of P. multocida was adjusted to 2 mg/0.75 mL while the bacterial dry weight for Cl. chauvoei was set at 2.5 mg/0.75 mL. The dose of all vaccines was adjusted to 3 mL /animal. Four groups of rabbits having five rabbits in each group were selected at Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore. From four groups of rabbits one was inoculated with HS+BQ oil based vaccine containing Montanide ISA-50 V2 as adjuvant while other group was inoculated with HS+BQ oil based vaccine containing Eolane-170 oil as adjuvant. Third group was vaccinated with HS+BQ vaccine adjuvanted with gel while fourth group of rabbit was vaccinated with HS+BQ vaccin adjuvanted with alum. All rabbits were vaccinated at dose rate of 1mL / rabbit. Rabbits were again vaccinated with the same vaccines as booster dose after 27 days. Indirect HemAgglutination test was conducted after 141 days intervals on serum samples of all groups. The results showed that both HS+BQ combo oil based vaccines have higher antibody titers as compared to gel and alum based vaccines against HS disease.

Evaluation Of Serological, Biochemical And Imaging Findings With Hydatid Cyst Patients

Objective: Hydatid cyst is a serious disease caused. The liver (50-70%) and, less frequently, the lungs (18-35%), are affected most. Diagnosis is made by evaluating the patient's clinical history, imaging findings, and serologic and immunologic tests together. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are used as imaging methods. Most classifications are made according to imaging findings. We aimed to present our experience by evaluating the relationship between age, sex, location and size of cysts, stage, indirect hemagglutination test, and laboratory and imaging findings in patients with hydatid cyst. Methods and Material: Retrospectively, We have evaluated the demographic data, laboratory examinations and imaging from 60 patient with diagnosis of hydatid cyst. These results were analyzed to assess and compared with each other. Results: The most commonly affected age group was 25-45 years. The most frequently involved lobe was the right lobe and segment 6. No caudate lobe involvement was detected. There was no elevation of eosinophil count in patients with extrahepatic involvement. Conclusions: The combination of clinical history, radiological and serological test results is valuable in the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. In addition, the presence of multiple cysts should be investigated in patients with high eosinophil value. The possibility of multiple cysts in the liver should be kept in mind in hydatid cyst patients with elevated aspartate transaminase level.

Serological Follow-up of Human Cystic Echinococcosis in the Thrace Region, Turkey.

Parasites of the genus Echinococcus are common worldwide and are important cestodes that cause serious infections in humans and animals. This retrospective study evaluated the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test results of serum samples obtained from patients with a pre-diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) within ten years. In addition, the role of the IHA test results of the patients in the follow-up of the treatment and determining possible recurrences was investigated. The IHA test results of 2426 serum samples of patients with a pre-diagnosed CE admitted to Trakya University Health Center for Medical Research and Practice in Edirne, Turkey, between January 2011 and December 2020 were evaluated retrospectively. The data of 53 patients with CE who had medical treatment and/or postoperative follow-up serological records were evaluated. Of 2426 IHA tests, 376 (15.5%) were seropositive, and 2050 (84.5%) were seronegative. It was determined that 376 serum samples detected as positive belonged to 207 patients with CE. Of 207 CE patients, 109 (52.7%) were female and 98 (47.3%) were male. The most common organ involvement was the liver in 186 (89.9%) cases. Of 53 patients, 16 were considered relapse cases. The median follow-up period for 16 recurrent cases was 31.8 (1-77) months. Our results showed a statistically significant correlation between long-term serological follow-up and recurrence detection (P=0.034). Long-term serological follow-up after treatment is considered useful in determining possible recurrent cases. CE is an important public health problem for endemic regions, including our country, and we think our study results will contribute to the status and follow-up of the disease.

A Review on the Immunological Techniques Use for Detection of Schistosoma spp Infection

Over 200 million people are suffering from the debilitating schistosomiasis, which has the greatest morbidity and mortality rates in African nations. Schistosomiasis continues to be a tropical disease that receives little attention from governments and healthcare Institutions while having a wide range of negative impacts on society's health and socioeconomic hardship. The establishment of precise investigation for both gut and urinary schistosomiasis is one of the crucial areas that are severely undeveloped. A review was conducted to highlight immunological methods used to detect Schistosomiasis. Databases from ScienceDirect, World Health Organization, and PubMed were used. Articles for which at least the abstract was available in English were selected for the present study. Relevant articles were screened, duplicates were eliminated, eligibility standards were followed, and qualified studies were reviewed. Techniques including Skin Reaction Test/Biopsy, Indirect Immuno-Fluorescence Test (IFT), Indirect Hemagglutination Test (IHAT), Circumoval Precipitin Test (Copt), Monoclonal Antibodies Test (Mabt), ELISA, and others were discussed. The challenges faced by these techniques were also highlighted. Among the techniques discussed, ELISA was found to be the most widely used as it is the most effective, easy to use, and could detect both chronic and acute Schistosomiasis