Indirect Evidence Research Articles

A Search for Magnetized Quark Nuggets (MQNs), a Candidate for Dark Matter, Accumulating in Iron Ore

A search has been carried out for Magnetized Quark Nuggets (MQNs) accumulating in iron ore over geologic time. MQNs, which are theoretically consistent with the Standard Models of Physics and of Cosmology, have been suggested as dark-matter candidates. Indirect evidence of MQNs has been previously inferred from observations of magnetars and of non-meteorite impact craters. It is shown in this paper that MQNs can accumulate in taconite (iron ore) and be transferred into ferromagnetic rod-mill liners during processing of the ore. When the liners are recycled to make fresh steel, they are heated to higher than the Curie temperature so that their ferromagnetic properties are destroyed. The MQNs would then be released and fall into the ferromagnetic furnace bottom where they would be trapped. Three such furnace bottoms have been magnetically scanned to search for the magnetic anomalies consistent with trapped MQNs. The observed magnetic anomalies are equivalent to an accumulation rate of ~1 kg of MQNs per 1.2 × 108 kg of taconite ore processed. The results are consistent with MQNs but there could be other, unknown explanations. We propose an experiment and calculations to definitively test the MQN hypothesis for dark matter.

Characterization of three predicted zinc exporters in Brucella ovis identifies ZntR-ZntA as a powerful zinc and cadmium efflux system not required for virulence and unveils pathogenic Brucellae heterogeneity in zinc homeostasis.

Brucella ovis causes non-zoonotic ovine brucellosis of worldwide distribution and is responsible for important economic losses mainly derived from male genital lesions and reproductive fails. Studies about the virulence mechanisms of this rough species (lacking lipopolysaccharide O-chains) are underrepresented when compared to the main zoonotic Brucella species that are smooth (with O-chains). Zinc intoxication constitutes a defense mechanism of the host against bacterial pathogens, which have developed efflux systems to counterbalance toxicity. In this study, we have characterized three potential B. ovis zinc exporters, including the ZntA ortholog previously studied in B. abortus. Despite an in-frame deletion removing 100 amino acids from B. ovis ZntA, the protein retained strong zinc efflux properties. Only indirect evidence suggested a higher exporter activity for B. abortus ZntA, which, together with differences in ZntR-mediated regulation of zntA expression between B. ovis and B. abortus, could contribute to explaining why the ΔzntR mutant of B. abortus is attenuated while that of B. ovis is virulent. Additionally, B. ovis ZntA was revealed as a powerful cadmium exporter contributing to cobalt, copper, and nickel detoxification, properties not previously described for the B. abortus ortholog. Deletion mutants for BOV_0501 and BOV_A1100, also identified as potential zinc exporters and pseudogenes in B. abortus, behaved as the B. ovis parental strain in all tests performed. However, their overexpression in the ΔzntA mutant allowed the detection of discrete zinc and cobalt efflux activity for BOV_0501 and BOV_A1100, respectively. Nevertheless, considering their low expression levels and the stronger activity of ZntA as a zinc and cobalt exporter, the biological role of BOV_0501 and BOV_A1100 is questionable. Results presented in this study evidence heterogeneity among pathogenic Brucellae regarding zinc export and, considering the virulence of B. ovis ΔzntA, suggest that host-mediated zinc intoxication is not a relevant mechanism to control B. ovis infection.

Indirect imaging evidence of hematogenous spread of benign metastasizing leiomyomatosis.

Indirect imaging evidence of hematogenous spread of benign metastasizing leiomyomatosis.

Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis.

Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIRECT EVIDENCE TOWARDS PRICE FIXING AGREEMENTS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF COMPETITION LAW

In the ever-changing landscape of Indonesian business, the pursuit of profits drives actors to engage in intense competition, all regulated by the Business Competition Law. This unique legal field combines both conventional law and economics to address unfair business practices, such as agreements that manipulate prices to deceive consumers. This research focuses on the characteristics of indirect evidence utilized by the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) when investigating cases of price-fixing. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the legal implications of using indirect evidence within the procedural framework of Business Competition Law in Indonesia. To achieve this, a Normative Research method is employed, utilizing a multi-faceted approach. Through case analysis, statutory examination, conceptual exploration, and comparative study, the research explores patterns, legal frameworks, theoretical concepts, and perspectives from different jurisdictions, all related to the use of indirect evidence in the context of price fixing. The results revealed that Indirect evidence, classified as clue evidence under Perkom No. 1 Of 2019, encompasses communication and economic evidence. When direct evidence is lacking, these components, including documents or electronic information, play a crucial role in proving allegations of price-fixing. The legal implications of indirect evidence in the Indonesian competition law evidentiary system highlight its widespread use in resolving cases. However, there is a legal gap that poses challenges to the admissibility of indirect evidence in court proceedings. This emphasizes the need for legal reforms to effectively accommodate the role of indirect evidence.

Evidence of Large Vessels and Sail in Bronze Age Scandinavia

This paper argues that the Nordic boatbuilding tradition and the use of sail in Scandinavia can be traced back to the Early Bronze Age when it developed in response to emerging chiefdoms and an associated need for long-distance trade in bronze metals. The southern Scandinavian boat imagery dated to the Bronze Age (BA) depicts different types of boats and means of propulsion, including large vessels and the use of sail. This paper focuses on crew-lines on such imagery as indicative of boat length in relation to both the 350 BC Hjortspring boat, a BA type boat and the width-to-length ratio of BA ship-settings. This comparison suggests the BA boat imagery and ship-settings depict the same type of plank-built vessels and that the BA ship-settings are likely to represent ‘real’ vessels. Centrally positioned post holes in four of these ship-settings are therefore likely to represent masts, providing a direct link with mast-like features also present in the rock art boat imagery. Available BA boatbuilding technologies, based on analysis of the Hjortspring boat, and other indirect evidence of BA boatbuilding technologies, suggests that large, sailed vessels most likely existed, propelled in combination with mainly paddling.

Computed tomography-guided frame-based stereotactic brain biopsy of non-enhancing lesions using indirect evidence of target selection, technical consideration, and early clinical experience.

The objective was to study the effectiveness and diagnostic outcome of frame-based stereotactic brain biopsy (STB) done for contrast non-enhancing lesions using indirect evidence of target selection observed in a plain computed tomography (CT) scan of the head. Data of patients with contrast non-enhancing brain lesions who underwent STB are collected retrospectively from NIMHANS Bangalore, hospital neurosurgery database from January 2021 to March 2023. Those cases subjected to plain CT scans after fixing the stereotactic frame to the head were included in the study. A final histopathological report analysis of these cases was done to assess the diagnostic accuracy. A total of 27 such cases were biopsied. The mean age of subjects was 44.04 ± 17.812 years. Most subjects were in the age group 31-40 years (29.6%). About 55.6% were male and 44.4% were female. The most common site of biopsy was the frontal lobe. The most common indirect evidence on CT was perilesional edema at 33.3% and periventricular location at 33.3%, followed by intralesional calcification at 11.1%. Our diagnostic accuracy was 92.59%. The asymptomatic hemorrhage rate was 2%, and an increase in perilesional edema was seen in 2% of cases. Indirect targeting is a safe and intuitive method for biopsy of contrast non-enhancing lesions. Due consideration is to be given to various findings visible in non-contrast CT scans of the head as indirect evidence of target selection while performing frame-based STB of contrast non-enhancing lesions. This method will also be helpful in resource-limited centers, especially in low-income countries.

Neural coordination of bilateral hand movements: evidence for an involvement of brainstem motor centres.

Bilateral hand movements are assumed to be coordinated by a neural coupling mechanism. Neural coupling is experimentally reflected in complex electromyographic (EMG) responses in the forearm muscles of both sides to unilateral electrical arm nerve stimulation (ES). The aim of this study was to examine a potential involvement of the reticulospinal system in neural coupling by the application of loud acoustic stimuli (LAS) known to activate neurons of this system. LAS, ES and combined LAS/ES were applied to healthy subjects during visually guided bilateral hand flexion-extension movements. Muscle responses to the different stimuli were evaluated by electrophysiological recordings. Unilateral electrical ulnar nerve stimulation resulted in neural coupling responses in the forearm extensors (FE) of both sides. Interestingly, LAS evoked bilateral EMG responses that were similar in their configuration to those induced by ES. The presence of startles was associated with a shift of the onset and enhanced amplitude of LAS-induced coupling-like responses. Upon combined LAS/ES application, ES facilitated ipsilateral startles and coupling-like responses. Modulation of coupling-like responses by startles, the similarity of the responses to ES and LAS, and their interaction following combined stimulation suggests that both responses are mediated by the reticulospinal system. Our findings provide novel indirect evidence that the reticulospinal system is involved in the neural coupling of hand movements. This becomes clinically relevant in subjects with a damaged corticospinal system where a dominant reticulospinal system leads to involuntary limb coupling, referred to as associated movements. KEY POINTS: Automatic coordination of hand movements is assumed to be mediated by a neural coupling mechanism reflected by bilateral reflex responses in forearm muscles to unilateral electrical arm nerve stimulation (ES). Loud acoustic stimuli (LAS) were applied to assess a potential involvement of the reticulospinal system in the neural coupling mechanism. LAS evoked a bilateral reflex response in the forearm extensors that was similar to the neural coupling response to ES, and which could be separated from the acoustic startle response. Combined application of LAS and ES resulted in a facilitation of startle and coupling-like responses ipsilateral to ES, thus indicating an interaction of afferences from both stimuli. These novel findings provide indirect evidence that the reticulospinal system is a key motor structure for the coupling of bilateral hand movements.

Novel Prevention Approaches of Breast Cancer Surgery Related Complications: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

Breast cancer surgery related complications are a complex condition influenced by interactions among nerve pathways and the physiological responses to breast surgery. The intensity of this complications displays substantial heterogeneity, dependent on individual patient characteristics, the extent of the surgical procedure performed, and various contributing factors. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating interventions for post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS). A network meta-analysis was performed to integrate direct and indirect evidence, enabling comparisons of multiple interventions across different outcome measures. The systematic search yielded a total of 26 RCTs investigating 4 groups of different interventions for PMPS. The interventions included pharmacological agents, nerve blocks, physical therapy, and anesthesia regimens. Nerve blocks (OR: 0.34; 95% CrI: 0.24-0.46) and anesthesia (OR: 0.39; 95% CrI: 0.26-0.56) demonstrated improvements in functional outcomes and quality of life. This systematic review and network meta-analysis provide a comprehensive evaluation of interventions for PMPS, highlighting their varying efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional outcomes and quality of life. However, further research with large-scale, well-designed RCTs is warranted to strengthen the evidence base and validate the effectiveness of these interventions in managing PMPS effectively.

Perceived discrimination, model minority stereotyping, and anxiety symptoms in chinese-heritage college students.

Perceived racial discrimination has been associated with elevated anxiety symptoms. Less is known about the mental health implications of another race-related stressor, model minority stereotyping, which is a salient experience for Chinese-heritage youth. In addition, despite theoretical considerations and indirect empirical evidence suggesting that greater autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity may index sensitivity to race-related stressors, ANS reactivity has not been examined as a moderator of links between race-related stressors and mental health. The present study investigated cross-sectional associations between self-reports of two salient race-related stressors (perceived discrimination and model minority stereotyping) and anxiety symptoms in Chinese-heritage youth, as well as whether ANS reactivity moderates these relationships. Chinese-heritage U.S. college students (N = 198, 55.6% female, 18-25 years, Mage = 20.0 years) self-reported experiences with race-related stressors. ANS reactivity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA] and pre-ejection period [PEP]) to a video depicting discrimination was collected on a subsample of participants (N = 103). Although both race-related stressors were positively correlated with anxiety symptoms, only perceived discrimination was uniquely associated with anxiety symptoms. Further, RSA (but not PEP) reactivity moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and anxiety symptoms, such that associations were stronger for participants with greater RSA withdrawal. Our results replicate findings on the discrimination-anxiety link in Chinese-heritage college students, and show that model minority stereotyping is correlated with greater anxiety symptoms. Findings suggest that individuals with heightened RSA reactivity may be especially vulnerable to the adverse effect of discrimination. These findings have implications for mental health services for Chinese-heritage U.S. college students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Morpho-structural signatures of neotectonic activity along the HFT bound Himalayan mountain front in Kathgodam-Chorgallia sector of NW Himalaya, India

Thrusting supports the development of diverse landforms and deformational structures in the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) region between Kathgodam and the Chorgallia sector, according to this study. The influence of the active tectonic condition in the area was analyzed using seven geomorphic indices, which also underlined the importance of morpho-structural study utilizing remote sensing, geomorphic indices, tectono-geomorphic landforms, field evidence, and luminescence dating. The investigation of sub-basins surrounding the HFT reveals moderate to high tectonic activity, with tectonic activity concentrating in the eastern half and decreasing toward the west. A topographic discontinuity was also observed in the region as indirect active tectonic evidence. Hanging wall rocks have well-preserved features that govern tectonic transport direction, and the HFT in this region is emergent. Shear sense indications point to southerly tectonic migration, with a few modest northward shear senses indicating northward movement, which might be attributable to reverse thrusting along the HFT at some time during the Outer Himalaya's tectonic history. Petrographic investigations reveal sustained frontal deformation at various intervals, with well-preserved thrust-induced deformation fingerprints in deformed rocks throughout the Jam Raula and Sukhi nadi sections. Micro thrust duplexes, or micro-scale asymmetrical drag folds, are shown in thin section investigations as a result of HFT-related brittle-ductile deformation at moderate temperature and pressure. The sandy unit from the Quaternary sediments yields 10 ± 0.8 ka, 11.8 ± 0.7 ka, 17 ± 1 ka, and 56 ± 3 ka quartz OSL dates, demonstrating the migration of hanging wall rocks on footwall post-Siwalik fluvial deposits along the HFT plane and reactivation of the HFT in the study area.

Influence of Back Length on Vibrotactile Acuity in Vertical Direction.

In this study, we were interested in the question whether vibrotactile thresholds on the back, in terms of the Just Noticeable Difference (JND), scale with back length. Although there exists only indirect physiological evidence, it could be assumed that the density of mechanoreceptors is lower if back size is larger. As a consequence, the JND would increase with back length. We measured psychophysical curves for 40 male participants with back lengths in the range of 36 to 55cm. Nine equally spaced vibration motors were placed in vertical direction on their back, 2cm left of the spine. For each stimulus pair, participants had to decide whether the second vibration was above or below the first vibration. It was found that the slope of the fit of the JND as a function of back length was not significantly different from zero, so contrary to our expectation, we did not find an influence of back length on JND. This means that when customizing a wearable haptic device for the back, measuring back length is not the way to go.

Effect of Specific mode electroacupuncture stimulation combined with NGF during the ischaemic stroke: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe emergence of the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) has promoted the development of neuroprotective therapy; however, it has little effect on cerebral ischemia because of its poor Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability. Specific Mode Electroacupuncture Stimulation (SMES) can open BBB safely and effectively; however, it has shown inconclusive clinical effects and indirect clinical evidence in the recovery phase. Hence, the authors conducted a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, assessor-blinded clinical trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of SMES combined with NGF treatment used during ischaemic stroke recovery. MethodsA total of 288 stroke patients from three hospitals will be recruited and randomly allocated to four groups: acupuncture + placebo, acupuncture + NGF, SMES + placebo, and SMES + NGF, in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Assessment data will be collected at baseline, 2-weeks, and 4-weeks during the treatment period, as well as at the 4-week and 8-week follow-up after treatment completion. The primary outcome measure will be the basic cure rate. The secondary outcome measures include the simplified Modified Barthel Index, Timed Up and Go Test, Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Function Score, Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment. Moreover, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and Functional near-infrared spectroscopy can detect changes in cerebral blood flow and brain function and investigate the relationship between the clinical efficacy and mechanism of the prescribed interventions. ConclusionThis study will provide clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of SMES combined with NGF in the treatment of stroke patients.

Intra-horn insemination in the alpaca Vicugna pacos: Copulatory wounding and deep sperm deposition.

Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) are reported to be the rare mammal in which the penis enters the uterus in mating. To date, however, only circumstantial evidence supports this assertion. Using female alpacas culled for meat, we determined that the alpaca penis penetrates to the very tips of the uterine horns, abrading the tract and breaking fine blood vessels. All female alpacas sacrificed one hour or 24 hours after mating showed conspicuous bleeding in the epithelium of some region of their reproductive tract, including the hymen, cervix and the tips of each uterine horn, but typically not in the vagina. Unmated females showed no evidence of conspicuous bleeding. Histological examination of mated females revealed widespread abrasion of the cervical and endometrial epithelium, injuries absent in unmated females. Within one hour of mating, sperm were already present in the oviduct. The male alpaca's cartilaginous penis tip with a hardened urethral process is likely responsible for the copulatory abrasion. The entire female reproductive tract interacts with the penis, functioning like a vagina. Alpacas are induced ovulators, and wounding may hasten delivery of the seminal ovulation-inducing factor beta-NGF into the female's blood stream. There is no evidence of sexual conflict in copulation in alpaca, and thus wounding may also be one of a variety of mechanisms devised by mammals to induce a beneficial, short-term inflammatory response that stimulates blastocyst implantation, the uterine remodeling associated with placental development, and thus the success of early pregnancy.

A unified friction factor formulation: Bridging laminar and turbulent friction factor with critical points analysis

The friction factor is widely recognized as a pivotal parameter in the analysis of fluid–boundary interactions; however, a comprehensive grasp of friction mechanics remains elusive. This investigation revisits measurements from the benchmark Nikuradse measurements, furnishing indirect evidence of two critical points in pipe turbulence. It underscores that friction factors within laminar and turbulent regimes are intimately interconnected, bearing significant relations to subcritical and critical phenomena. The two critical points directing the laminar–turbulent transition consist of a standard non-equilibrium phase transition and a fully matured turbulent regime, accompanied by an extensive crossover to its asymptotic scaling. Relying on a mathematical model, the scaled friction factor for rough pipes converges into a unified curve. New formula of friction factor of pipe flow is derived, and it was illustrated that it can be derived as a geometric weighted parameter, bridging the laminar and turbulent friction factors. Conclusively, the proffered model was juxtaposed with pipe experimental data from the antecedent study and more contemporaneous transitional pipe data to authenticate the aptness of the suggested model, and it united the friction factor in all three regimes.

Mental health and frailty in people with multiple sclerosis: unraveling a complex relationship.

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have up to a 15 times higher risk of being frail compared to age-matched individuals without MS. Frailty is a biological syndrome of decreased physiological reserve and resilience that increases the vulnerability to adverse clinical outcomes and leads to a lower quality of life. Recent studies have begun investigating frailty in the context of MS, highlighting several associations between frailty and adverse events, such as falls, and common MS-related symptoms involving the physical health domain, such as walking and sleeping problems. However, there is a critical knowledge gap regarding the relationship between mental health and frailty in people with MS. This mini-review article aimed to shed light on the potential relationships between MS, frailty, and mental health. Despite the dearth of studies on this topic, indirect evidence strongly suggests that the association between frailty and mental health in people with MS is likely bidirectional in nature. Specifically, mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety may be involved in the etiology of frailty in people with MS. However, they could also be exacerbated by the detrimental effects of frailty on overall health. The complex relationship between frailty and mental health in MS underscores the multifaceted challenges people with MS face. Conducting further research to untangle such a relationship is critical to developing early detection and intervention strategies for improving well-being and medical outcomes in people with MS.

Association of the severity and progression rate of periodontitis with systemic medication intake.

Information on the systemic medication profiles of patients with periodontitis is limited. Therefore, this retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the relationship between the severity and rate of progression of periodontitis and systemic medication intake using a database of patients who attended the Clinic of Periodontics of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Costa Rica. Electronic health records of patients diagnosed with periodontitis based on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions (2017) were evaluated. Individuals were further categorized based on the severity (stage) and rate of progression (grade). Data extracted from the patient records included age, sex, and self-reported medication intake. In total, 930 records were included. Most of the studied population was middle-aged (36-64 years old); 43.01% were male, and 56.99% were female. Four hundred and fifty-seven patients (49.14%) reported taking at least one systemic medication for a chronic condition. Regarding the periodontal treatment phase, 62.37% underwent steps 1-3, and 37.63% underwent step 4. The most common systemic medications taken were for cardiovascular diseases (42.28%), followed by medications for diabetes (14.46%) and neurologic disorders (14.46%). Most patients (59.35%) were diagnosed with Stage III periodontitis. Grade B (48.28%) was the most prevalent. Calcium channel blockers demonstrated a disease severity-dependent association with the periodontal stage (p = 0.021). In addition, systemic medications for diabetes mellitus were associated with periodontal disease severity and rate of progression (all Ps < 0.05). This study provides indirect evidence of the association between systemic diseases and periodontitis. The positive association between medications used to treat diabetes and the severity and rate of progression of periodontitis may be due to the underlying disease rather than the medications per se.

Tuberculosis and Takayasu's arteritis: An enigmatic association

There is indirect evidence signifying a potential link between tuberculosis and Takayasu’s arteritis (TAK); however, the exact mechanism and relationship between TKA and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) remain to be elucidated. This case intends to highlight the association between TB and TKA, as early detection can avoid devastating consequences.

ВПЛИВ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ БІЗНЕСУ НА ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ РОЗВИТОК

Social responsibility of business involves a certain level of its development and a voluntary response to social problems arising in society. This concept comes from the position that an entrepreneur, existing in society and being inevitably dependent on it, must both develop his business and receive the appropriate entrepreneurial income, and in this connection is forced to satisfy certain social demands of the population. The benefit that socially responsible business brings to society is obvious. The main problem is how profitable such activities are for the business structures themselves. Corporate social responsibility programs are exclusively voluntary. However, the thesis that in today's world socially responsible business is not only a necessity, but also a direct benefit, finds more and more confirmation today. Indirect evidence of the positive impact of CSR on business performance is also the fact that most of the world's largest corporations simultaneously occupy leading positions in the field of CSR. The author's interpretation of the essence of the social responsibility of business, the economic reasons for its formation and development through the prism of the institutional approach, in particular the institutional theory of the enterprise, is presented. The subject of the article is the concept of "corporate social responsibility" and its perception by representatives of the state, business and society. The article analyzes the process of forming norms and rules of interaction of these institutions, the forms of their participation in the socio-economic development of the country, as well as the productivity of their cooperation in solving the tasks in the public sector. Special attention is paid to the approach to corporate social responsibility as a pragmatic direction of business, which allows to increase the company's business reputation, establish balanced relations with all groups of influence, effectively manage non-production risks. As a result of the conducted analysis, a conclusion was made about the gradual awareness by the business community of the need to include the basic principles of corporate social responsibility in business practice.

Persistence of genetically engineered canola populations in the U.S. and the adventitious presence of transgenes in the environment.

Feralization of genetically engineered (GE) crops increases the risk that transgenes will become integrated into natural and naturalizing plant populations. A key assumption of the management of GE crops is that populations of escaped plants are short-lived and therefore the risks they pose are limited. However, few populations of escaped crop plants have been tracked over the long term so our understanding of their persistence in ruderal or natural landscapes is limited. We repeated a large-scale road survey of feral GE canola populations in North Dakota, USA, initially conducted in 2010. Our objectives in 2021 were to determine the current distribution of feral canola populations, and to establish the relative frequency of GE and non-GE phenotypes in populations of canola throughout North Dakota. Our results indicate that, although the incidence of feral canola was less in 2021 than 2010, escaped canola populations remain common throughout the state. The prevalence of alternate forms of GE herbicide resistance changed between surveys, and we found an overabundance of non-GE plants compared to the frequency of non-transgenic forms in cultivation. Indirect evidence of persistence includes sampling plants with multiple transgenic traits, and finding populations far from transportation routes. We conclude that feral canola populations expressing transgenic herbicide resistance are established outside of cultivation, that they may be under selection for loss of the transgene, but that they nonetheless pose long-term risks by harboring transgenes in the unmanaged landscape.