Indirect Effects Of Stressors Research Articles

Reduced hippocampal volume unmasks distinct impacts of cumulative adverse childhood events (ACEs) on psychotic-like experiences in late childhood and early adolescence

Stress is associated with increased vulnerability to psychosis, yet the mechanisms that contribute to these effects are poorly understood. Substantial literature has linked reduced hippocampal volume to both psychosis risk and early life stress. However, less work has explored the direct and indirect effects of stress on psychosis through the hippocampus in preclinical samples- when vulnerability for psychosis is accumulating. The current paper leverages the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study sample to examine whether objective psychosocial stressors, specifically adverse childhood experiences (ACE), are linked to vulnerability for psychosis, measured by psychotic-like experiences (PLE) severity, in late childhood and early adolescence, both directly and indirectly through the deleterious effects of stress on the hippocampus. Baseline data from 11,728 individuals included previously examined and validated items to assess ACE exposure, hippocampal volume, and PLE severity – a developmentally appropriate metric of risk for psychosis. Objective psychosocial stress exposure in childhood was associated with elevated PLE severity during the transition from childhood to adolescence. Hippocampal volume was significantly reduced in individuals with greater PLE severity and greater childhood stress exposure compared to peers with low symptoms or low stress exposure. These findings are consistent with a hippocampal vulnerability model of psychosis risk. Stress exposure may cumulatively impact hippocampal volume and may also reflect a direct pathway of psychosis risk. Objective psychosocial stress should be considered as a treatment target that may impact neurodevelopment and psychosis risk.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Stress and Self-Esteem on Primary Dysmenorrhea in Korean Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Positive and negative emotions have recently revealed a link with primary dysmenorrhea in adults. Among them, roles of stress and self-esteem have been less studied specially in adolescents and the direction of causality has not been clearly established. Therefore, this study investigated whether stress and self-esteem independently affect primary dysmenorrhea after adjustment for the known risk factors in adolescents. Additionally, indirect effects of stress and self-esteem were determined using mediation analyses. This survey was conducted in adolescent girls aged 15-18 yr in metropolitan regions in South Korea in 2021. The survey included general, menstrual, and lifestyle characteristics, menstrual pain and symptom, perceived stress, self-esteem, depression, and state-trait anxiety. Stress, depression, and anxiety were associated positively with menstrual pain and symptom (all P<0.001) in adolescent girls (n=519). Self-esteem was also associated inversely with negative emotions and dysmenorrhea (all P<0.001). Additionally, stress independently affected frequency and severity of menstrual symptom (both P<0.05), but not pain intensity after adjustment for covariates. Stress also had indirect effect through depression and anxiety on menstrual pain and symptom. Effect of self-esteem vanished after adjustment for covariates, but indirectly reduced menstrual pain and symptom through mediations of stress, depression, and anxiety. Mental health such as stress and self-esteem are important for managing menstrual pain and symptom in adolescents. It should be considered in managing dysmenorrhea.

Characterization of patterns and variability in the dynamics of outdoor aquatic mesocosms: exploring the capabilities and challenges in data supporting aquatic system models

Aquatic mesocosms are complex test systems used within regulatory risk assessment of plant protection products. These model ecosystems allow researchers to capture interactions of multiple species under realistic environmental conditions. They enable assessment of direct and indirect effects of stressors at all trophic levels (i.e., from primary producers to secondary consumers) and impacts on ecosystem functions. Due to the limited ability to test the multitude of potential exposure scenarios, cross-linking aquatic mesocosm studies with virtual mesocosms, i.e., aquatic system models (ASMs), can serve to meet the demand for more environmental realism and ecological relevance in risk assessment. In this study, full control data sets from seven aquatic mesocosm studies conducted at a single test facility under GLP were analysed graphically and using descriptive statistics. Thereby, not only a comprehensive data base but also an insight into the species present, their dynamics over time, and variability in unchallenged mesocosms was observed. While consistency in dynamics could be discerned for physical and chemical parameters, variability was evident for several biological endpoints. This variability points to amplification of small differences over time as well as to stochastic processes. The outline of existing gaps and uncertainties in data leads to the estimation of what can be expected to be captured and predicted by ASMs.

Trait mindfulness plays a protective role in the positive relationships between stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal behavior in an at-risk population: Music industry touring professionals

This study aimed to elucidate factors related to suicidality in a high-stress population—music industry touring professionals. It also examined whether trait mindfulness plays a moderating role in relations among these factors and suicidality. Touring professionals ( N = 1,154) responded to an online questionnaire that included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale–Revised (CES-D), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Suicide Behavior Questionnaire–Revised (SBQ-R), and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Mediation and moderated-mediation analyses were conducted on data from completed instruments ( n = 550) with PSS as the antecedent, CES-D as the mediator, MAAS as the moderator, and SBQ-R as the outcome. The indirect effect of stress through depressive symptoms on suicidality was significant. The moderation of this indirect effect by mindfulness also reached significance, with greater mindfulness scores associated with an attenuation of the impact of stress on suicidality through depressive symptoms. Mindfulness was a moderator of stress on depressive symptoms and suicidality. Mindfulness-based interventions for populations under high stress, such as touring professionals, may be an important topic for future research.

Impact of Techno-stressor on Job Performance with Burnout as Mediator for Studies in the Public Sector

The public sector is currently aggressively digitizing by adopting various technologies. The application of technology can have both positive and negative results. The adverse effects of technology need to be studied as a form of mitigation dealing with failures in implementing technology in the workplace. This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect effects of stress caused by technology (technostress) on job performance, both task and contextual, with burnout as mediation. With a quantitative approach that uses primary data, this research data was collected through an online survey. Data collection was carried out purposively in the public sector, namely the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and 181 eligible samples were obtained. Data analysis used the Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) method. The results showed that the techno-stressor positively and significantly affected burnout. Likewise, burnout also has a negative and significant impact on task and contextual performance. The development of techno-stressor on task performance and contextual performance has the opposite direction to the hypothesis. Although the results of the effect on task performance are not significant, the focus of this different hypothesis is a confirmation that stress is not the only effect. Still, if technostress is appropriately managed, it can produce positive results. Furthermore, the influence of the techno-stressor has a negative and significant impact on task performance and contextual performance when it is mediated by burnout. This result shows that the mediating role of burnout greatly determines whether this technological stress will hurt task performance and contextual performance.

THE EFFECT OF WORK CONFLICT, WORKLOAD AND WORK STRESS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STATE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN ULIM PIDIE JAYA DISTRICT

This study aims to explore further and provide empirical information about, 1) the effect of work conflict on the performance of elementary school teachers in Ulim Pidie Jaya District. 2) the effect of workload on the performance of elementary school teachers in Ulim Pidie Jaya District. 3) the effect of work stress on the performance of elementary school teachers in Ulim Pidie Jaya District. 4) the effect of work conflict, workload and work stress on the performance of elementary school teachers in Ulim Pidie Jaya District. The results of the path analysis show, 1) There is a direct and indirect effect of conflict on the performance of SD Negeri teachers in Ulim Pidie Jaya District, which is 28.91%. 2) There is a direct and indirect effect of workload on the performance of SD Negeri teachers in Ulim Pidie Jaya District, which is 28.03%. 3) There is a direct and indirect effect of stress on the performance of SD Negeri teachers in Ulim Pidie Jaya District, which is 36.56%. 4) Simultaneously the variables of conflict, workload and work stress together affect the performance of teachers at SD Negeri Ulim Pidie Jaya District. This result is evidenced by the F test results obtained by Fcount of 15.322 while the Ftable value for the number of respondents is 152 people at a significance level (α) = 5%, which is 2.43. This shows that F-count &gt; F-table with a significance level of 0.05

Life stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms: The moderating role of prefrontal activation during emotion regulation.

Evidence suggests that emotion regulation difficulty may play an important role in the association between life stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. We proposed two models depicting the possible moderating roles of prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation in the associations among these variables and tested them. We hypothesized that (1) the association between stress and sleep disturbance would differ across prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation (moderation model) and (2) the indirect effects of stress on depressive symptoms through sleep disturbance would depend on prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation (moderated mediation model). Forty-eight healthy adults without sleep disorders based on nocturnal polysomnography participated in this study. They received functional magnetic resonance imaging scans while performing an emotion regulation task. They also completed questionnaires assessing life stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. The proposed models were tested using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. As hypothesized, there was a significant moderating effect of prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation on the association between life stress and sleep disturbance. Furthermore, right lateral prefrontal cortex activation had a moderating role in the indirect effect of life stress on depressive symptoms through sleep disturbance. These findings highlight the important role of prefrontal cortex function during emotion regulation in the associations between stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. Increasing lateral prefrontal cortex recruitment when regulating the emotional response to negative life events may be critical for the prevention and intervention of depression as well as sleep problems.

Kesiapan Kapal Menghadapi Kondisi Darurat

All parties concern with high number of marine transportation accidents in Indonesia caused by noise and stress at work. Therefore, it is very necessary for every crew to aware of the implementation of safety standards when working. It is expected, by preparation to face the emergency situation in the ship, that any accident could be handled. In this study, twelve hypotheses were developed and the population was the crew using random sampling to decide 109 people as the respondents. The data analysis technique was using correlation, regression and hypothesis testing. The results show that a) there are direct and indirect effect of stress at work on readiness for emergency situations, b) there are direct and indirect effect of work safety on readiness for emergency situation, c) there is a total effect of noise on emergency preparation, d) there is a total effect of stress at work on emergency preparation, e) there is a simultaneous effect of noise and stress at work on work safety, and f) there is a simultaneous effect of noise and stress at work to prepare dealing with Emergency situation.

Insomnia May Mediate the Relationship Between Stress and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Study in University Students.

BackgroundHigh perceived stress and anxiety disorders are usually comorbid with each other, with stress often sequentially preceding the development of anxiety. While prior findings showed a causal role of sleep problems in anxiety, no study has assessed the role of insomnia as a mediator in the relationship between stress and anxiety.MethodsA cross-sectional study on university students (n = 475, age = 21.1+2.6 years) was conducted over 3 months. Participants completed self-report measures of Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire-Mizan (LSEQ-M), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), generalized anxiety disorder-7 scale (GAD-7), and a sociodemographic tool. The mediation effect model given by Baron and Kelly was used to determine the relationship.ResultsThe prevalence of insomnia and anxiety disorder was 43.6% and 21.9%, respectively. Stress was significantly associated with LSEQ-M (insomnia measure) (b = −.44, SE = 0.16, p<0.01), and high levels of anxiety (b = 0.25, SE = 0.03, p < 0.01). The indirect effect of stress on anxiety through LSEQ-M (insomnia measure) was significant (95% confidence interval [0.01, 0.04]). However, the indirect effect of anxiety on stress through LSEQ-M (insomnia measure) was non-significant (95% confidence interval [−.01, 0.04]).ConclusionsStudents having higher perceived stress levels and comorbid insomnia were also likely to have a higher anxiety level.

Too stressed to self-regulate? Associations between stress, self-reported executive function, disinhibited eating, and BMI in women

Stress is associated with obesity. Executive Function (EF), a set of behavioral regulation capacities, may play a mediating role in this relation if lower EF increases disinhibited eating. Participants were 249 women who completed an online survey. We measured stress using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, EF using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), disinhibited eating using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, and self-reported BMI. We used path analysis on this cross-sectional sample of women to test our hypothesis that higher stress is associated with reduced EF, greater disinhibited eating, and higher BMI and tested the indirect effects from stress to disinhibited eating and from stress to BMI. Stress was related to lower EF (β = 0.53 p < .001), lower EF was related to greater disinhibited eating (β = 0.34, p < .001), and disinhibited eating was related to higher BMI (β = 0.37, p < .001). There was an indirect effect of stress on disinhibited eating through EF (β = 0.18, SE = 0.04, p < .001) and an indirect effect of stress on BMI through EF and disinhibited eating (β = 0.07, SE = 0.02, p < .001). Women with higher stress may have higher BMI, in part due to reduced EF and disinhibited eating, suggesting that interventions designed to improve stress management and EF may also improve success with weight control, at least in this population of women.

The Neurochemical Effects of Prazosin Treatment on Fear Circuitry in a Rat Traumatic Stress Model.

ObjectiveThe timing of administration of pharmacologic agents is crucial in traumatic stress since they can either potentiate the original fear memory or may cause fear extinction depending on the phase of fear conditioning. Brain noradrenergic system has a role in fear conditioning. Data regarding the role of prazosin in traumatic stress are controversial.MethodsIn this study, we examined the effects of prazosin and the noradrenergic system in fear conditioning in a predator stress rat model. We evaluated the direct or indirect effects of stress and prazosin on noradrenaline (NA), gamma-aminobuytyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine levels and choline esterase activity in the amygdaloid complex, the dorsal hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex and the rostral pons.ResultsOur results demonstrated that prazosin might alleviate defensive behaviors and traumatic stress symptoms when given during the traumatic cue presentation in the stressed rats. However prazosin administration resulted in higher anxiety levels in non stressed rats when the neutral cue was presented.ConclusionPrazosin should be used in PTSD with caution because prazosin might exacerbate anxiety in non-traumatized subjects. However prazosin might as well alleviate stress responses very effectively. Stress induced changes included increased NA and GABA levels in the amygdaloid complex in our study, attributing noradrenaline a possible inhibitory role on fear acquisition. Acetylcholine also has a role in memory modulation in the brain. We also demonstrated increased choline esterase acitivity. Cholinergic modulation might be another target for indirect prazosin action which needs to be further studied.

Causal mechanisms of postnatal depression among women in Gondar town, Ethiopia: application of a stress-process model with generalized structural equation modeling

BackgroundPostnatal depression (PND) is the second most common cause of disability and the most common complication after childbirth. Understanding the potential mechanisms by which the stress process can lead to PND is an important step for planning preventive interventions for PND. This study employed a stress process model to explore the possible pathways leading to PND in Gondar Town, Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cohort study was conducted in 916 pregnant women, who were assessed for depression in their second or third trimester of pregnancy and re-assessed two to eight weeks after birth. Women with an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) ≥6 were considered to be depressed. Modified Poisson regression was used to identify the independent predictors of PND. A Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) was then used to explore the direct and indirect effects of stressors and their mediators on PND.ResultsThe prevalence and incidence proportion of PND were 9.27% (95%CI: 7.45, 11.36) and 7.77% (95%CI: 6.04, 9.79), respectively and 2.1% of the women demonstrated symptoms of depression within the study period. PND was independently predicted by having limited postnatal care services, Antenatal Depression (AND) and a Common Mental Disorders (CMD) before pregnancy, (IRR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.0, 3.2), 1.6(95%CI: 1.4, 1.7), and 2.4 (95%CI: 1.4, 4.3) respectively). In SEM, AND (standardized total effect = 0.36) and a CMD before pregnancy (standardized total effect = 0.11) had both a direct and an indirect positive effect on PND scores. Low birth weight (standardized β = 0.32) and self-reported labor complications (standardized β = 0.09) had direct effects only on PND scores.ConclusionThe observed incidence and prevalence of PND in Ethiopia were lower than in previous studies. A CMD before pregnancy and low birth weight (LBW) increased PND scores, and these effects were in part mediated via antenatal depression and labor complications. Early detection and treatment of depression before or during pregnancy could either directly or indirectly reduce the risk of labor complications and PND. Interventions that reduce LBW or improve the uptake of postnatal care might reduce PND incidence.

Examining occupational stress, job satisfaction and gender difference among bank tellers: evidence from Ghana

PurposeBank tellers have been ignored in stress research. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between occupational stress, job satisfaction, and gender difference among bank tellers in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachUsing a cross-sectional survey approach, the authors used questionnaires to collect data from bank tellers in Ghana. Valid questionnaires were retrieved from 112 tellers across four banks. The hypotheses were tested using Pearson r-test, standard multiple regression and independent t-test.FindingsThe results revealed that tellers are more likely to exhibit counterproductive behaviours such as job dissatisfaction due to work-related stress. The results further showed that gender is not a strong determinant of job satisfaction and occupational stress among the bank tellers. Thus, both male and female tellers can have similar stress perceptions and experiences. Also, both male and female tellers can be satisfied with their jobs.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings must be interpreted with caution because cross-sectional surveys are often criticised for causality issues. The causality issue here is that the use of cross-sectional data did not allow the study to examine any changes in some of the constructs examined with time. Also, the results are occupation, industry and country-specific.Practical implicationsTo reduce counterproductive behaviours due to occupational stress, human resource managers and line managers of the banks urgently need to train bank tellers on stress management. Emotional intelligence training is also necessary for bank tellers to obtain the needed resources and competencies to deal with daily stress.Social implicationsA stressful work environment negatively affects employee and organisational productivity and performance. The socioeconomic consequences of occupational stress are expensive for organisations, economies and society. The indirect effect of stress on employees' families and friends are often ignored by organisations.Originality/valueThe transactional stress theory has been applied towards an understanding of occupational stress and job satisfaction among bank tellers. The examination and establishment of particular relationships between occupational stress, job satisfaction and gender difference are significant for human resource managers and other line managers.

Exploring burnout and job stressors among advanced practice providers

BackgroundMinimal research exists on how engagement, burnout, work-family balance, and job stressors impact advanced practice nurses and physician assistants, collectively referred to advanced practice providers (APPs). PurposeTo investigate the interrelationships among burnout, job stressors, work-family balance, and engagement with APPs. MethodsAn online questionnaire was distributed to APPs working in four healthcare systems. A total of 1,216 APPs completed the survey. A hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modeling. FindingsThere was a high correlation of job stressors with development of burnout. A significant negative effect between job stress and work engagement was supported; however, indirect effects of stress through job burnout had a stronger impact on work engagement. Higher levels of work-family balance contributed to a lower level of stress experienced by providers. DiscussionOrganizational leaders desiring to improve employee engagement and reduce burnout need to focus on the significance of work-family balance to job stressors.

Sickle Cell Disease, More Than Just Pain: The Mediating Role of Psychological Symptoms.

Perceived stress is associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) pain; however, little is known about psychological mechanisms that may clarify this link among adult patients. This study explored whether anxiety and depression symptoms explained the relation between perceived stress and SCD pain episode frequency among 70 African-American adults (51.4% women, mean age 35.6 years). Participants completed measures of perceived stress, pain, and psychological symptoms in an outpatient clinical setting. A serial multiple mediation model showed that psychological symptoms collectively reduced the association between perceived stress and SCD pain frequency (b = 0.116, P = 0.141). However, only the indirect effect of stress on pain frequency through anxiety symptoms was significant (b = 0.089). Anxiety but not depression symptoms best explain the association between stress and SCD pain. Further research is needed to identify the specific components of negative affect that drive the experience of SCD pain.

Analysis of catalase mutants underscores the essential role of CATALASE2 for plant growth and day length-dependent oxidative signalling.

Three genes encode catalase in Arabidopsis. Although the role of CAT2 in photorespiration is well established, the importance of the different catalases in other processes is less clear. Analysis of cat1, cat2, cat3, cat1 cat2, and cat2 cat3 T-DNA mutants revealed that cat2 had the largest effect on activity in both roots and leaves. Root growth was inhibited in all cat2-containing lines, but this inhibition was prevented by growing plants at high CO2 , suggesting that it is mainly an indirect effect of stress at the leaf level. Analysis of double mutants suggested some overlap between CAT2 and CAT3 functions in leaves and CAT1 and CAT2 in seeds. When plants had been grown to a similar developmental stage in short days or long days, equal-time exposure to oxidative stress caused by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of catalase produced a much stronger induction of H2 O2 marker genes in short day plants. Together, our data (a) underline the importance of CAT2 in basal H2 O2 processing in Arabidopsis; (b) suggest that CAT1 and CAT3 are mainly "backup" or stress-specific enzymes; and (c) establish that day length-dependent responses to catalase deficiency are independent of the duration of oxidative stress.

노인의 스트레스가 우울에 미치는 영향 -자아탄력성의 매개효과와 사회활동의 조절효과를 중심으로-

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the elderly's stress on depression, and also to verify the mediating effect of the elderly's resilience and the moderating effect of their social activity between stress and depression. To achieve the purpose of this study, questionnaire survey was conducted. Research subjects of this study were 487 elderly people who were 60 years old and over in Gimhae area. Both the elderly participating in senior welfare center or community center and home care elderly people were included in survey. The study results are as follows: First, there were significant influence of the elderly's stress on depression. Second, the mediating effect of the elderly's resilience between stress and depression was verified. Both the direct effect of stress on depression and indirect effect of stress through resilience on depression were verified. Third, the moderating effect of the elderly's social activity between stress and depression was verified. It was found that the harmful effect of the elderly's stress on depression could be alleviated by participation in social activity. Through the study result, the elderly's resilience which is internal resource, is needed to be strengthened to alleviate depression derived from stress. Also, the elderly's active participation in social activity is needed to be encouraged to prevent the harmful effect of the elderly's stress on depression. Therefore, it is recommended that programs enhancing resilience of the elderly should be developed and the elderly should be supported to participate in social activity more actively.

Direct and indirect effects of contextual factors, caregiver depression, and parenting on attachment security in preschoolers

The aim of this study was to develop a multiple-level-of-analysis model of preschool attachment security and to determine the processes (direct and indirect) whereby factors from different domains (e.g., stress and parenting) are related to attachment during this period. This study examined the direct and indirect effects of stress, family conflict, caregiver depression symptoms, and parenting on attachment security in a large (N = 796) and diverse sample of 4-year-olds. This study used the 3-Boxes Task to assess aspects of parenting critical to sensitivity in the preschool period, labeling this construct sensitivity/scaffolding. Parent-report questionnaires were used to assess stress, conflict, caregiver depressive symptoms, parent support/engagement, and parent hostility/coercion. Direct observation (3-Boxes Task) was used to assess sensitivity/scaffolding and attachment (Attachment Q-Sort) based on a 2½–3 hour home visit. Results of structural equation modeling indicated a good overall fit for the model. Among the parenting variables, sensitivity/scaffolding had the strongest effect on attachment. Depressive symptoms had both direct and indirect effects (mediated by parenting). The effects of stress and family conflict were mediated by caregiver depression symptoms and parenting. These data show that a developmentally appropriate measure of sensitivity plays a significant role in attachment security in preschoolers. Thus, strategies designed to enhance sensitivity/scaffolding may increase child resilience by enhancing attachment security.

Direct and indirect effects of stress on bulimic symptoms and BMI: The mediating role of irrational food beliefs

Objective To test the possible mediating role of irrational food beliefs (IFBs) in the connection between stress and bulimic symptoms and BMI in a subclinical population. Methods Participants were college students ( N = 356) administered measures of daily hassles, IFBs, and bulimic symptoms. Simple mediation analyses using bootstrapping methods were performed to examine the potential direct effects of stress, and indirect effects of stress through IFBs, on bulimic symptoms and BMI. Results Daily hassles exerted a direct effect on bulimic symptoms, but not on BMI. Indirect effects of daily hassles, through IFBs, on both bulimic symptoms and BMI were observed. The pattern of results was not altered when gender was included in the models as a covariate. Conclusions The findings support a cognitive mediation model of the effects of stress on eating disorder symptoms and body mass through irrational food beliefs in both men and women.

Multiple stressors in north temperate streams: lessons from linked forest–stream ecosystems in northern Japan

Summary1. Streams are highly connected to their landscapes and so are easily altered by multiple stressors that affect both uplands and riparian zones, and the streams themselves. These include dams and diversions, channelisation, deforestation, water pollution, biological invasions and climate change.2. We review research conducted in Hokkaido Island, northern Japan, which measured the effects of many of these stressors on both stream food webs and fluxes of invertebrates to and from the riparian zone that feed aquatic and terrestrial consumers. About half the energy that sustains fish falls directly into streams as terrestrial invertebrates, and a quarter of the energy needs for riparian birds is supplied by adult aquatic insects emerging from the stream.3. Single stressors in these Hokkaido streams, including deforestation, channelisation, erosion‐control dams, biological invasions and climate change, have drastic effects on stream food webs, the fishes they support and riparian predators (spiders, birds, and bats). Most stressors caused 30–90% declines in foraging, growth, or abundance of aquatic or terrestrial predators. Indirect effects of stressors also cascaded throughout stream food webs and across the aquatic–terrestrial boundary.4. Effects of individual stressors were largely concordant across spatial scale, through time during years of different productivity and among different food web components.5. Two studies of multiple stressors revealed that each stressor alone reduced food web components like abundance of stream benthos or riparian spiders to low levels (35–83% reduction; mean 59%), beyond which an additional stressor had little effect. Synergism and antagonism are less relevant when individual stressors have such large effects.6. Thematic implications: small streams in Hokkaido are highly sensitive to many individual stressors and have little resistance or resilience to their effects. Moreover, each stressor alone can reduce biota strongly, indicating that restoration will need to consider all simultaneously to protect biotic diversity.