Indirect Citations Research Articles

Bamiyan Comes to Bangkok: Situating the Buddha of the Cave Museum at Wat Saket

This paper traces the making of Bamiyan Buddhas beyond the Bamiyan valley in Afghanistan since 2002. Recounting the building and rebuilding of a monastic complex in Bangkok, the study focuses on one of these new Buddhas, more complete than the “original” Bamiyan Buddha of the dually inscribed grotto, “Bamiyanguha-Bamiyan Museum”, at Wat Saket. In their global manifestations, the Bamiyan Buddhas have emerged as mobile sites, as place holders with direct and indirect citations to the destroyed Buddhas of the valley. The building of Wat Saket’s Bamiyan Buddha is situated within larger transnational histories of planned, projected, rejected, and reproduced Bamiyan Buddhas, within stylistic decisions related to questions of shifting material media, scale, and iconography involved in copying and reproductions, in the context of Thailand’s changing engagements with itinerance, multiplication, and copying strategies around Buddha images, and in national and global circuits of collecting, exhibitions, gift, and piety. The museum, specifically the cave-museum of Wat Saket, as a site of retinal and haptic vision which continues to challenge and blur the distinctions between curatorial visions, specialist pedagogy, visual instructions, aesthetic contemplation, and rapidly shifting and evolving complex of ritual practices and leisure, remains at the heart of this study.

Patent Citation Network Simplification and Similarity Evaluation Based on Technological Inheritance

In recent years, the speed of technology development and the number of issued patents are increasing rapidly. The relationships among patents, especially citation relationship, are getting more and more complicated. Hence, how to utilize patents and their citations effectively for studying technology development and assisting innovation is a significant research topic. In this article, we propose a framework to simplify complex patent citation networks and evaluate the similarity among patents based on technological origins and claim texts. First, we adopt the term frequency-inverse document frequency technique to convert patent claims into vectors. Second, based on these vectors, we compute the claim similarity between two patents with a citation relationship as a measure of technological inheritance. Third, the citation networks are simplified from the perspective of whole and maximum technological inheritance, respectively. Fourth, we take indirect citations and claim vectors into consideration for evaluating the similarity of any two patents on the aspect of technological elements. Finally, our framework is applied to surgical robot domain to reveal the development trend of technological inheritance and evaluate the technological similarity among patents. The main scientific contributions of this article include the following: First, we simplify patent citation networks from the perspective of technology based on patents’ claims and their citations, which can be adopted in important patent detection and patent clustering, etc; Second, the similarity of two patents is evaluated in a more detailed way by considering their claims and the second order citing patents.

Citation bias in measuring knowledge flow: Evidence from the web of science at the discipline level

• The notion and calculation of DPE(disciplinary potential energy) are introduced. • This paper explores the knowledge relationship and contribution between disciplines based on direct and indirect citations. • This paper analyzes the potential reasons for citation bias in revealing the contribution of disciplinary knowledge from a citation perspective. Knowledge flow between scientific disciplines has commonly been measured based on citation data. Previous studies using citing relationships have mostly considered direct citations but have paid little attention to indirect citations (IDC) to indicate how knowledge diffusion from one discipline to another via one or more intermediaries. In this study, we measured knowledge flow between disciplines from two perspectives: direct citations (DC) and discipline potential energy (DPE), which is proposed to combine both direct and indirect citations. Data were collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database. Findings include: (1) DPE overshadows previous measures by considering not only direct citations but also indirect citations between disciplines which was usually ignored in previous measures, and revealed that the knowledge contribution of some disciplines had been underestimated by previous measures, such as Physics and Engineering. (2) The proportion of IDC contribution is close to that of direct knowledge contribution when the discipline scale is removed, which suggests that it is essential to consider IDC to distinguish the knowledge relationship (net-outflow/inflow) between disciplines. (3) Both measurements show that Biology & Biochemistry has always been the top discipline with the highest net outflow of knowledge, which is inconsistent with the history of science that Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry would be the highest net outflow disciplines. The results show that even considering IDC does not fully reveal the knowledge contribution and academic influence of disciplines. This paper also analyzes the potential reasons for citation bias in revealing the contribution of disciplinary knowledge from a citation perspective. Therefore, caution should be taken in the use of citations as a primary measure of knowledge flow.

Knowledge contribution from science to technology in the lithium-ion battery domain based on a genetic model

Lithium-ion batteries' scientific and technological innovation is a hotspot in the energy storage field. Scientific knowledge has a significant effect on technology innovation in lithium-ion batteries. Understanding how science contributes to the technology in the lithium-ion battery domain could make better use of scientific knowledge to promote technology innovation. Previous studies about lithium-ion battery innovation have provided valuable suggestions while they did not explore how science contributes to the technology in the lithium-ion battery domain. Moreover, most previous studies about relationships between science and technology ignored multi-step indirect citations, which might have caused information loss. Therefore, this study uncovers the knowledge contribution from science to technology in the lithium-ion battery from a more comprehensive view by proposing a paper-patent knowledge genetic model and related indexes which could measure the knowledge contribution effect of both direct and multi-step indirect citations. The findings are: (1) In the lithium-ion battery domain, the indirect citation relationships from science to technology contain information, and they should be noticed. The total knowledge contribution range of science to technology is twice the direct knowledge contribution range, and the total knowledge contribution strength is five times the direct knowledge contribution strength; (2) In the lithium-ion battery domain, the knowledge contribution of science to technology is mainly concentrated within five steps of the knowledge flow. When consulting relevant materials related to scientific papers, patent applicants or patent examiners can obtain data collections of relevant papers through the five-step snowball sampling method to avoid information redundancy and guarantee relatively sufficient reference materials; (3) This study unearthed the top ten papers ranked by total knowledge contribution strength. Most papers are generally highly recognized by the academic community, and most are easily ignored by the traditional method. The knowledge contribution strength index can be used to evaluate papers and predict significant award winners in the lithium-ion battery domain.

On the information contents of indirect citations

AbstractCitation indices, originally designed to measure influence, in practice are often repurposed by administrators and funding agencies as proxies for quality. Suppose there are more researchers in the mainstream than in the fringe, and it takes a higher quality to have the same influence across groups than within groups. Then, controlling for quality, a mainstream researcher may receive more citations than a fringe researcher. To correct for this mainstream bias, a citation index may need to be increasing in direct citations but decreasing in indirect citations.

OTORITAS HADIS AHAD DAN KRITERIA KESHAHIHANNYA PERSPEKTIF MUHAMMAD AL-GHAZALI DALAM KITAB AL-SUNNAH Al-AL-NABAWIYYAH BAIN AHL AL-FIQH WA AHL AL-ḤADĪṠ

This study aims to describe and analyze Muhammad al-Ghazali's thoughts on the authority of the hadith ahad and the criteria for authenticity of the hadith formulated in the book al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyah Baina ahl al-Fiqh wa Ahl al-Ḥadīṡ The main issues raised are 1) how Muhammad's thoughts al-Ghazali about the authority of the hadith ahad and the criteria for its authenticity, 2) how is the method of criticism of Muhammad al-Ghazali in relation to the understanding of the Prophet's Hadith. This type of research is library research, which uses literature in the form of books and articles as primary data sources and secondary data sources, data collection techniques are direct and indirect citations. The data analysis technique used is content analysis, which is an effort to describe and analyze in depth the content of written or printed information objectively and systematically. The results of this study are 1) Al-Ghazali set five criteria as requirements in the hadith to be accepted properly; three criteria related to sanad and two criteria related to matan (hadith material). The three criteria related to the sanad are; a. dhabit narrator, b. Fair narrator, c. Points one and two must be owned by all narrators in the sanad. He did not include the continuity of the chain as a criterion for the validity of the hadith, because according to him this element had actually entered into the criteria for point two. Criteria related to matan, are: a) Matter of hadith is not syā (one or more of the narrators contradict their narration with a narrator who is more accurate and more reliable), b) Matan hadith does not contain illat qadhihah, i.e. deficiencies that are known by hadith experts so they reject the history of a narrator. 2) Al-Ghazali's method in critiquing the hadiths goes through four steps, namely testing with the Qur'an, testing with Hadith, testing with historical facts, and testing with scientific truth.

Article's Scientific Prestige: Measuring the Impact of Individual Articles in the Web of Science

We performed a citation analysis on the Web of Science publications consisting of more than 63 million articles and 1.45 billion citations on 254 subjects from 1981 to 2020. We proposed the Article's Scientific Prestige (ASP) metric and compared this metric to number of citations (#Cit) and journal grade in measuring the scientific impact of individual articles in the large-scale hierarchical and multi-disciplined citation network. In contrast to #Cit, ASP, that is computed based on the eigenvector centrality, considers both direct and indirect citations, and provides steady-state evaluation cross different disciplines. We found that ASP and #Cit are not aligned for most articles, with a growing mismatch amongst the less cited articles. While both metrics are reliable for evaluating the prestige of articles such as Nobel Prize winning articles, ASP tends to provide more persuasive rankings than #Cit when the articles are not highly cited. The journal grade, that is eventually determined by a few highly cited articles, is unable to properly reflect the scientific impact of individual articles. The number of references and coauthors are less relevant to scientific impact, but subjects do make a difference.

외국인 학부생의 보고서에 나타난 자료 사용 양상

This study aimed to analyze the use of source text in reports prepared by foreign undergraduate students in integrated writing courses. For this purpose, 27 reports, obtained from advanced-level foreign undergraduate students enrolled in the first semester of the liberal arts course (Writing) in 2021, were analyzed for citation errors. The results revealed that, on average, 31.38% of the text in the reports was found to be borrowed from the source text. The bigger the group, the more diverse were the reference materials used, and the frequency of use exhibited an increasing trend. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine whether the type of reference materials affected the quality of reports, but the results showed that the effect was not significant. Notably, regarding the ratio of citation styles used by foreign undergraduates, on average, indirect citations were preferred over direct citations. However, it cannot be inferred from the results that foreign undergraduate students preferred the direct citation style, as the error in citation can be attributed to ‘inappropriate indirect citation’, that is, the error of making an indirect citation in the form of a direct citation and the frequency of this error was high. Therefore, it was suggested that education pertaining to ethics in writing should be strengthened to help students correctly cite their source, since an inappropriate indirect citation can be indicative of plagiarism.

Johanneso Voigto Geschichte Preußens (1827–1839) nuorodos Simono Daukanto veikale BUDĄ Senowęs-Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ĩr Ƶámajtiû (1845)

REFERENCES TO JOHANNES VOIGT’S GESCHICHTE PREUSSENS (1827–1839) IN BUDĄ SENOWĘS-LËTUWIÛ KALNIENÛ ĨR ƵÁMAJTIÛ (1845) BY SIMONAS DAUKANTAS S u m m a r y The article addresses citations from vol. I, III , IV , VI of Johannes Voigt’s (1786–1863) Geschichte Preußens von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Untergange der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens (Königsberg, 9 vols., 1827–1839) in BUDĄ Senowęs–Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ir Ƶámajtiû (1845) by Simonas Daukantas. The goal of the article is to use the inventory of the references made by Daukantas to identify the places in the original GP text, revise the references, discuss the nature of the citations, and the impact of the tract as such. The article also touches upon the history of Daukantas citing Voigt’s GP in his prior work, ISTORYJE ƵEMAYTYSZKA (1834). The article analyses 20 references to Voigt’s text. Daukantas identified the page number wrong in seven references out of the twenty; four of the references were one page number off; one did not specify the volume. Nonetheless, all of these references were successfully revised and corrected. Analysis of the nature of reliance on GP has suggested that Daukantas treated this tract as a font of new resources. Daukantas used GP to recite handwritten work by medieval chroniclers or Königsberg scholars, university graduates or residents of the region that he was having difficulty accessing himself. The prevalence of work by Königsberg scholars shows that Daukantas valued this historiographical tradition first and foremost. In his reliance on GP references, Daukantas would obtain and quote some of the sources from the original texts. Comparing the indirect citations by Daukantas and the original text, one could say that it was only once (Bd 214) that he did not add information from elsewhere in the GP text or other sources to the text. Even though Daukantas did not have any open discussions with his predecessor, the ample revisions and the content of the supplementary material point to his critical stance. Relying on the narrative historic tradition (‘noumone patioie tautoie tebesąntĩ patwĩrten’ Bd 214), the Lithuanian language and folklore (‘kou dar pates patarles kałbo tebesąntes twĩrtĩn’ Bd, Pratarme 9) as sources of Lithuanian history with the highest degree of authority, he revised the text written by Voigt from a German position. However, the expression of Germanism in GP helped Daukantas create images of Lithuanianism. The GP text and the ample explanations given in footnotes sparked Daukantas’s creativity. GP was an example of composition of material to Daukantas. Drawing inspiration from GP, Daukantas discussed the history of the formation of the region, the characteristics of the landscape, delineated the borders of Lithuania, talked about the daily living and about the holidays, gave a lot of attention to the dynamics and sanctuaries of the ancient Lithuanian religion, the history of regional institutions, commerce as the key element of the viability of the state. The importance of the substrate of the ancient Prussians and crusaders in building the new German nation that Voigt had highlighted helped Daukantas understand how the development of the Lithuanian identity could not bypass the culture of Prussian Lithuanians, or rather that of the Balts in general. Daukantas assimilated many concepts that, despite being Herder-esque, had been assimilated by Voigt and made relevant in the historic tract, such as: the history of the nation (‘tautos wejkałus’ Bd 127), the culture of the nation (‘akyłómą sawo tautoie’ Bd 236), the manner of the nation (‘pagał budo sawo tautós’ Bd 190), the freedom of the nation (‘tautû lousybę’ Bd, Pratarme 9). GP’s expression helped Daukantas create multiple romantic images that later made their way into the golden fund of Lithuanian literature.

PERCEPÇÕES DE ALUNOS DO CURSO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO EM RELAÇÃO AO PLÁGIO ACADÊMICO E AÇÕES PARA SUA REDUÇÃO

Plagiarism is the act of presenting as an idea or work of another author without mentioning it as a source. This practice has been common in academia, especially with the ease offered by the use of the internet. This study aims to verify how students of the Information Systems course understand plagiarism and what possible actions to reduce this practice in academic work. The research was carried out through semi-structured questionnaires, using research and descriptive analysis. The results showed that students do not have full knowledge of plagiarism, not being able to identify specific types of plagiarism, the correct use of citations and the need to place direct and indirect citations of the sources used in their texts.

Functions of intertextuality in English press releases

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the implementation of the category of intertextuality in English press releases. Analyzing intertextual inclusions, it was found that their use increases the argumentation of the text. It was determined that in addition to performing their basic communicative and pragmatic functions (authoritative confirmation functions, functions of the object of critical consideration, illustrative and aesthetic functions), intertextual means are also used to create a figurative effect, thus perform a stylistic function. Performing the functions of informing and influencing, the media text widely uses citation to give credibility and expressiveness to the transmitted information. Based on the analyzed material, we distinguish three main pragmatic functions: substitution, illustration, and argumentation, which allows making the object of study both direct and indirect citations, which differ with a graphic sign of the presence or absence of quotation marks. It is believed that the main task of press releases is to inform. Quotations in the press release are characterized by communicative and pragmatic relevance and the importance of reference situations and phenomena. With the help of quotation inclusions, an interpretive outline of the event is created, which sets the vector of interpretation of what is happening. Thus, the ways of including quotations in the text, their logical and semantic connections with introductory words, author’s comments, and context indicate that quotations in the texts of the press release are designed not only to inform but also to influence, forming a certain attitude to reported information. The analysis of the practical material revealed a significant manipulative potential of the citation language, which is the possibility of its use to assess and interpret reality. The pragmatics of quotation language is not only the transmission of some factual information but also implicitly the author’s attitude to the information being reported.

A Micro Perspective of Research Dynamics Through “Citations of Citations” Topic Analysis

Abstract Purpose Research dynamics have long been a research interest. It is a macro perspective tool for discovering temporal research trends of a certain discipline or subject. A micro perspective of research dynamics, however, concerning a single researcher or a highly cited paper in terms of their citations and “citations of citations” (forward chaining) remains unexplored. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, we use a cross-collection topic model to reveal the research dynamics of topic disappearance topic inheritance, and topic innovation in each generation of forward chaining. Findings For highly cited work, scientific influence exists in indirect citations. Topic modeling can reveal how long this influence exists in forward chaining, as well as its influence. Research limitations This paper measures scientific influence and indirect scientific influence only if the relevant words or phrases are borrowed or used in direct or indirect citations. Paraphrasing or semantically similar concept may be neglected in this research. Practical implications This paper demonstrates that a scientific influence exists in indirect citations through its analysis of forward chaining. This can serve as an inspiration on how to adequately evaluate research influence. Originality The main contributions of this paper are the following three aspects. First, besides research dynamics of topic inheritance and topic innovation, we model topic disappearance by using a cross-collection topic model. Second, we explore the length and character of the research impact through “citations of citations” content analysis. Finally, we analyze the research dynamics of artificial intelligence researcher Geoffrey Hinton's publications and the topic dynamics of forward chaining.

Idola fori and language: Francis Bacon as a source for Giambattista Vico

ABSTRACT In this article, it is argued that Giambattista Vico’s own interest in language, intellectual prejudices, parabolic poetry, the interpretation of ancient fables, and even his notion of verum-factum derived from the works of Francis Bacon, and that Vico explicitly acknowledged his debt to the English philosopher. Not only did Vico carefully read Bacon’s works, but he cited them in his own writings, and in greater detail and at greater length than has hitherto been acknowledged. In the Appendix, I provide the texts of all the explicit Baconian citations that appear in Vico’s works (in the original Latin or Italian), and these alone suffice to prove the extent to which he was familiar with Bacon’s works. As well as the Novum organum, there are indirect references to the De dignitate et augmentis scientiarum, the De sapientia veterum, and the Cogitata et visa. The aim of the textual comparison is to identify explicit references to Bacon and his works in Vico, appearing as either direct or indirect citations.

Philology research on the quoting from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women in Korean Euibangyoochui

Euibangyoochui compiled by the Korean government was finished in 1445. This book is a collection of Korean medicine. It quoted some contents from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women. This paper use the photocopy of the Japanese edition of the first year of Fumihisa(1861)printed in Korea as the master copy of Euibangyoochui, the microfilm of the edition of Qin You Shu Tang in Yuan Dynasty as the master copy of Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women, in order to compare the content of Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women quoted in Euibangyoochui. There are 42 direct citations from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women in Euibangyoochui, 41 of which are in gynecology, and 1 of which is in pediatrics. The indirect citations are divided into two types: single line big characters and double line small characters, no obvious rules. Meanwhile, it is found that the direct quotation is adjusted according to the style and content, and the differences between the quotation and the yuan edition are mostly small, which can be corrected and supplemented each other, it is of great reference value for collating the Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women.

The Kiselev black hole is neither perfect fluid, nor is it quintessence

The Kiselev black hole spacetime is an extremely popular toy model, with over 200 direct and indirect citations as of 2019. Unfortunately, despite repeated assertions to the contrary, this is not a perfect fluid spacetime. The relative pressure anisotropy and average pressure are easily calculated, and the relative pressure anisotropy is generally non-zero, (except for the special case where Kiselev’s model degenerates to Schwarzschild-(anti)–de Sitter spacetime). Kiselev’s original paper was very careful to point this out in the calculation, but then in the discussion made a somewhat unfortunate choice of terminology which has (with very limited exceptions) been copied into the subsequent literature. Perhaps worse, Kiselev’s use of the word ‘quintessence’ does not match the standard usage in the cosmology community, leading to another level of unfortunate and unnecessary confusion. Very few of the subsequent follow-up papers get these points right, so a brief explicit comment is warranted.

The analysis of citation in headlines in the Spanish press

Citation constitutes one of the most important components of text in all mass media, allowing for the concretization of events and serving to enhance media authenticity. The aim of this work is to study the structural features of the citation technique across headlines in the electronic editions of five leading Spanish mass media outlets between 2010 and 2018. Determined for the purpose of the study were the forms and frequency of three types of citation – direct, indirect and mixed – along with the structural features of the methods by which citation is integrated into a newspaper text. The conducted content analysis demonstrates that citation-driven headlines account for 15% of the total processed corpus and also clarifies the prevalence of direct citation (53%) among the three types. The division of source texts into two groups enables us to distinguish implicit citation as a special type tasked with citing the precedent text. In addition, three primary predicate groups are singled out: declarative, explicative and evaluative. These serve to introduce direct and indirect citations. The analysis of the narrating remark highlights the importance of the pragmatic function of citation in a newspaper text. The study confirms the significance and relevance of employing citation in headlines in the Spanish press and provides insight into the phenomenon of reported speech and the function of citation in mass media.

Forward search path count as an alternative indirect citation impact indicator

Abstract Main path analysis is a popular method for extracting the backbone of scientific evolution from a (paper) citation network. The first and core step of main path analysis, called search path counting, is to weight citation arcs by the number of scientific influence paths from old to new papers. Search path counting shows high potential in scientific impact evaluation due to its semantic similarity to the meaning of scientific impact indicator, i.e. how many papers are influenced to what extent. In addition, the algorithmic idea of search path counting also resembles many known indirect citation impact indicators. Inspired by the above observations, this paper presents the FSPC (Forward Search Path Count) framework as an alternative scientific impact indicator based on indirect citations. Two critical assumptions are made to ensure the effectiveness of FSPC. First, knowledge decay is introduced to weight scientific influence paths in decreasing order of length. Second, path capping is introduced to mimic human literature search and citing behavior. By experiments on two well-studied datasets against two carefully created gold standard sets of papers, we have demonstrated that FSPC is able to achieve surprisingly good performance in not only recognizing high-impact papers but also identifying undercited papers.

Leone Ebreo in Tullia d’Aragona’s Dialogo. Between Varchi’s legacy and philosophical autonomy

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the impact of the philosophical structure of Leone Ebreo’s Dialoghi d’amore on the construction of Tullia d’Aragona’s Dialogo della infinità di amore. Analysing both the explicit references to and the indirect citations of Leone’s Dialoghi, I aim to demonstrate how the reinterpretation of some fundamental topics of this work – such as the re-evaluation of the sensual aspect of human love and the distinction between honest and vulgar love – lies at the heart of Tullia’s dialogue. The article also intends to shed light on the complex role of Benedetto Varchi in the elaboration of these issues by d’Aragona, who for the final revision of her text could have relied – as she did for her poems – on his collaboration.

Citations from Theodor Lepner’s “Prūsų lietuvis” in Simonas Daukantas work “Būdas senovės lietuvių, kalnėnų ir žemaičių”

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
 This article analyses the citations from the ethnographic study “Der Preuſche Littauer” (1744; later cited as PL) by the Prussian priest Theodor Lepner which appear in the work of Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) “BUDĄ Senowęs–Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ir Ƶámajtiû ĩszraszę […] Jokyb’s Łaukys” (later cited as “Būdas”).
 The object of this article is the 31 references to PL in S. Daukantas’s “Būdas”. Looking at the previous scholarly research on “Būdas” and its sources along with the subsequent questions they pose, this article formulates a goal to research the methods with which PL source citations were presented in Būdas. This goal was completed by setting and meeting the following tasks: 1) to determine the importance of PL as a source for S. Daukantas’s research into the history of Lithuanian culture; 2) to exhibit S. Daukantas’s use of citations instead of research into firsthand sources and 3) to discuss the reliability and fidelity with which these citations and references are presented. In order to analyze the text, this article employs the following methods: comparative analysis; textology; intertextuality.
 By examining these citations and references, it was discovered that Daukantas encountered this text indirectly sometime between 1818 and 1825 when he was writing his first history “Darbay senuju Lituwiu yr Zemaycziu” (around 1822–1825). This article determines that Daukantas found these quotations from Lepner’s book in Martin L. Rhesa’s addenddum (“Anmerkungen”) of “Das Jahr in vier Geſängen” (1818). Daukantas used this addenddum to recite Lepner in his second historical work “Istorija Žemaitiška” (1831–1834). Later he found the fragments of Lepner’s “Der Preuſche Littauer” in one of his most important sources – Johannes Voigt’s “Geschichte Preußens” (Bd. 1, 1827). Daukantas had used this book by Voigt to recite an older source several times before. This article demonstrates that Daukantas used Voigt’s book to recite the fragments of Matthäus Prätorius’s (c.1635–c.1704) „Deliciae Prussicae, oder Preussische Schaubühne“ manuscript. It somewhat changes the previous opinion about Daukantas’s comprehensive historiographical knowledge, diminishing his image as a researcher familiar with many of the old or primary sources.
 This article concludes that Daukantas read “Der Preuſche Littauer” around 1836 or 1837 when he was already residing in Saint Petersburg.
 The quotes from “Der Preuſche Littauer” contained in Daukantas’s Būdas are grouped according to the nature of their textual integration. “Būdas” contains 31 quotes and references from “Der Preuſche Littauer”. None of the citations from “Der Preuſche Littauer” that Daukantas had used were distinguished with quotation marks or a different font, and they could only be recognized from their content. Quite often, Daukantas quotes “Der Preuſche Littauer” in several sentences without marking the beginning of the quotation and giving the indication only at the endof the sentence using small letters with brackets, eg.: a), b), c), e), d). Daukantas quite accurately reproduces the text of “Der Preuſche Littauer” and gives the exact reference only 17 times out of31. 8 times his references are incorrect: both in terms of the content and the page numbers. 6 referencescontain accurate content cited from “Der Preuſche Littauer” but give erroneous page and section numbers. Daukantas was the first of 19th century Lithuanian writers who had his unique writing style and historical perspective. This original prism determined the use of indirect citations of “Der Preuſche Littauer”. I determined that because no firsthand Lithuanian historical sources existed Daukantas was forced to use foreign sources such as PL which marginalized Lithuanians as members of an ethnic minority and strange satyre-worthy objects thus requiring for him to engage in historical revisionism by factual reconstruction and reinterpretation from a Lithuanian perspective. He used these secondhand sources to deobjectify Lithuanians and make them into subjects and agents of their own history and destiny by describing their past and character through their eyes. This historical revisionism determined the way Daukantas cited and referenced T. Lepner’s text as a source. Daukantas avoided marking citations in quotation marks since they would then have to be translated as close to the original as possible which would have impeded with his historical vision. To make his narration and perspective congruous with his values and style he edited not only the language of the citations from “Der Preuſche Littauer” but also their content. Most of the information obtained from “Der Preuſche Littauer” was paraphrased, processed, and rewritten in such a way as to incorporate the new text into Daukantas’s own style and ideas. However, it may also be that Daukantas sometimes misquoted the text because he did not understand how the item described in German could look and how he should describe it in Lithuanian. Daukantas often sacrificed the fidelity to the text of “Der Preuſche Littauer” in favour of emotional and expressive speech.
 Translated from the Lithuanian by Ieva Poškutė, BA (Hons) in Film and Literature at University of Warwick.

Zitationspraxen in deutschsprachigen Fachaufsatzeinleitungen

Since Swales’ groundbreaking article (1990) on the rhetorical structure of research article introductions, a growing number of studies have explored the move structure of introductions. There is an enormous body of work analyzing citation practices in academic writing. Nevertheless, relatively little attention has been paid to the analysis of citation practices within different moves. This exploratory study of five German research articles investigates the relation of amount and types of citations within the different moves of research article introductions. The description and discussion of the five sample papers results in the following hypotheses: German research article introductions (1) can be divided in a territory-, a niche-, and a project-driven type, (2) prefer non-integral citations, (3) use indirect citations to establish a territory and (4) link the announced research to disciplinary fields using the instrument of direct terminology quotations.