Indigenous Peoples Of Russia Research Articles

Russia’s Ministry of Justice Decision to Label 55 Organizations as Extremists: Implications for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of Russia

On 7 June 2024, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation fulfilled the demand of the Ministry of Justice to label 55 organizations, including those advocating for the rights of Indigenous peoples, as extremists. This decision has triggered significant anxiety among Indigenous communities and human rights activists. This article examines the nature of this decision, the definitions of extremist and extremist organizations under the Russian law, and the implications of this decision for the rights of Indigenous peoples in Russia.

Nutrition Culture of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of Socio-Cultural Space of Post-Soviet Russia

The article analyzes the process of formation of new food traditions among the indigenous peoples of Russia in the period of 1992–2000. The diversity and variety of methodological concepts, an interdisciplinary approach in historical science at the beginning of the XXI century allowed the humanitarian intelligentsia to study the interethnic problems of Soviet and Russian society. The socio-cultural approach that has been established in the last two decades makes it possible to qualitatively compare various historical events in dynamics. In the history of any state, we can trace ethnic processes that, as facts, causally or illogically, can influence the history of the development or extinction of individual nations, peoples and nationalities. The author recreates the historical processes of the influence of market relations on food as one of the most important processes in the life support of any person. We conclude that with the decline of the Soviet Union, a complex process of reorganization of economic and logistics chains serving the northern territories of Russia began. We also conclude that the lack of the necessary legislative framework, the lack of social adaptation skills, the decrease in the use of the northern sea route and the change in ownership forms in agricultural management had a negative impact on the development of food practices. The results of the study showed that in the conditions of a transforming social structure, there was a significant difference in values and in traditional nutrition. The national cuisine of the indigenous peoples is characterized by the use of specific food products and cooking recipes, which are a unique spiritual heritage. The analysis of the materials shows that the traditional cooking of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North was formed as knowledge about the methods of their preparation developed, which ranged from oral creativity to scientific research. Western European cuisine was not available to thepeoples of the North, and therefore the search for the most optimal ways of cooking began. In general, it can be concluded that the need to search for culinary recipes was expressed among indigenous peoples in a return to traditionalism in the national cuisine.

MGPT: Few-Shot Learners Go Multilingual

Abstract This paper introduces mGPT, a multilingual variant of GPT-3, pretrained on 61 languages from 25 linguistically diverse language families using Wikipedia and the C4 Corpus. We detail the design and pretraining procedure. The models undergo an intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation: language modeling in all languages, downstream evaluation on cross-lingual NLU datasets and benchmarks in 33 languages, and world knowledge probing in 23 languages. The in-context learning abilities are on par with the contemporaneous language models while covering a larger number of languages, including underrepresented and low-resource languages of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the indigenous peoples in Russia. The source code and the language models are publicly available under the MIT license.

Russian Ethnic Groups in the National Structure of Belarus

Based on statistical data and materials of the All-Union population censuses of 1959-1989, as well as national population censuses of the Republic of Belarus in 1999-2019. the development trends of ethnic processes in Belarus are analyzed. The characteristic of the ethnic structure of modern Belarusian society is given. An excursion into the history of the Russian ethnic group and the indigenous peoples of Russia in the Belarusian lands was made. The role and place of the Russian ethnos in the post-war period of Belarus is shown. The role of migration in ethnic processes is considered. An important place is given to the analysis of the push migration of the Russian-speaking population in the national republics of the period of the collapse of the unified demographic space of the USSR. An analysis of the features and problems of the Belarusian-Russian migration is given. The characteristic of individual indigenous Russian peoples in the national structure of Belarus is given. The ethnic ties of the border regions of Belarus and Russia are highlighted. The changes of the Belarusian ethnos in the national structure of the Russian Federation are reflected.

The Virtual and the Global: Indigenous Peoples of Russia and Africa in Digital Environment

The Virtual and the Global: Indigenous Peoples of Russia and Africa in Digital Environment

Harmonization of interests during Arctic industrial development: The case of mining corporation and indigenous peoples in Russia

The article discusses the mechanism of coordination and harmonization of the interests between indigenous peoples and a mining company during projects implementation on the Arctic industrial development. The purpose of the study is to substantiate methodological approaches for taking into account the interests of the local population when choosing compensation projects in the area of planned mining activities. The hypothesis of the study is the possibility of finding compromise options between field development and economic interests of the local community. The case of extraction project in Anabar national (Dolgan-Evenki) region of Yakutia shows that insufficient consideration of the indigenous interests can lead to conflicts. The methodology of the research consists of the concept of benefit sharing, impact assessment, sociological research. To assess the degree of interaction between the mining company and the local community, a matrix of the balance of their interests has been developed, coupled with an optimization model for the formation of an optimal set of compensation projects. In Results the authors present the methodological tools to provide economic guarantees of the rights of the indigenous peoples during Arctic industrial development.

Tobacco use among Kola Sámi, the indigenous people of the Murmansk region, Russia: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Russia is among the top ten nations in terms of smoking prevalence. Little is known about smoking rates among Indigenous Peoples in Russia. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of tobacco and nicotine product use among Kola peninsula Sámi. An exploratory cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine tobacco or nicotine product use among 505 Sámi people (about 30% of the whole Sámi population of Russia). Over 60% of participants had tried tobacco or nicotine products. Median age of first use was 15 years, with cigarettes being the most frequent first product tried and the most common type of product used currently. About a third of participants used a tobacco or nicotine product at least occasionally; 25% (predominantly males) smoked at least occasionally with 23.8% smoking daily. Of participants who smoked, 52.5% scored medium and 44.2% scored high on the Heaviness of Smoking Index. Seventeen percent of participants smoked formerly but not currently. Like some other Indigenous Peoples, Kola Sámi in Russia have a higher smoking prevalence than the average among the Russian population. Interest in a smoking cessation mobile app designed for the Sámi population suggests that such an intervention could help to reduce this inequity.

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ ПОЛИТИКА СССР В ОТНОШЕНИИ КОРЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ: ОПЫТ И УРОКИ

The article examines the Soviet experience of building a system of state and national institutions for the development of indigenous peoples, which is of particular interest in connection with the recognition of the need to preserve traditional cultures in the Russian Federation. The author states the need to form a comprehensive historical and legal knowledge about the experience of national policy towards indigenous peoples in Russia.

Indigenous Economy in the Arctic Regions: Traditions, Market, State (On the Example of the Transformation of the Economic Activity of the IndigenousPeoples in Russia, Finland, and the USA)

Indigenous Economy in the Arctic Regions: Traditions, Market, State (On the Example of the Transformation of the Economic Activity of the IndigenousPeoples in Russia, Finland, and the USA)

Physical abnormality as a measure of natural and social order in the stories of the nenets writer A. P. Nerkagi: to the specificity of ethno-patience

This article systematically describes the phenomenon of deviation from the physical norm in four stories by the Russian-speaking Nenets prose writer Anna Nerkagi. The authors consider the image subject from the following positions in this work: 1) as an element of ontological thinking by an outstanding representative of the indigenous peoples of Russia; 2) as a tool for testing and restoring the norm/order; 3) as a mechanism associated with the reliance of the Nenets literature on the syncretic and traditionalist stages of the literary development. In this article, the authors identify problem-thematic analogues of the abnormality phenomenon in the regional context, which act as indirect and direct impulses in relation to Nerkagi’s prose or as close comparative material for it. The systematic nature of the description shows the difference in the options for depicting ethno-tolerance in the national cultures of Russia and, on this basis, reflects their specificity in line of the humanities concepts. This article has been written as part of the Year of the Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Russia and continues a comprehensive study of A. Nerkagi’s prose, a multiple nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature. This study was started with a collective monograph about her and a three-volume edition of her prose from the 1970s-2010s with scientific comments. Anna Nerkaghi, initiated into the mysteries of her people’s existence of her people and speaking on their behalf, uses the course of fictional events to fix the self-restoration of the main character’s existential substance as a natural-pagan principle, which constitutes the fate of the character and ensures that they are equal to their fate and place in the ethnic group.

Strategies of the Texts Translation Published on the Languages of the Indiginous Peoples of the Russian Far East

Lately more and more articles are published, in which the problem of translation the works written in the native languages of the indigenous peoples of Russia are touched upon. Their authors (Yu.V. Limorenko, A.M. Kotorova, N.Ya. Bulatova etc.) emphasize the importance of such translation in popularization the cultural heritage of these peoples. However there isnt any research that highlights the questions of creation of the corpus of translated texts, what kind of methods and strategies were used by translators. It should be mentioned that that the corpus of translated texts can be divided into two types. The first type includes texts written and translated by scientists, missionaries and historians. To the second type belong texts translated by amateur and professional writers. That is why the aim of this article is to answer the question about the stages of the creating of the corpus of the translated from the native languages texts, to determine the most productive methods of translation and to find out what strategies of translation were used by the translators - whether they used their own knowledge of the native languages or interlinear translation, or processed the translation made by the author himself. To achieve this aim the comparative-historical and hermeneutic approaches are used.

The legal status of indigenous peoples: past, present and future The legal status of indigenous peoples in Russia and foreign countries / ed. by A.V.ºMaly, S.V. Bukhmin, R. Sh. Garipova

The paper presents an analysis of the constitutional and legal status of indigenous small-numbered peoples and its features in Russia and foreign countries. Special attention is paid to the analysis of sources of international law and national legislation on this issue. The author's point of view on this problem is formulated.

Развитие взаимоотношений ресурсных компаний с коренными народами в арктической зоне России

Conflicts and problems in relations between the indigenous peoples of Russia’s Arctic and resource companies are solved by different methods. Business provides material support for social and economic development of the indigenous peoples, and helps to improve the state of their education, health and to preserve their traditional ways of life and cultures. Despite this, a number of issues remain unresolved. The evolving network of the UN Global Compact in Russia helps businesses and indigenous peoples to improve their partnership practices, to implement new ideas and mechanisms of interaction, and to search for social consensus in the process of developing the Russian Arctic. Overall, the level of resource and industrial companies’ interaction with indigenous communities is critical for sustainable development of the Russian Arctic.

Directions of the Balanced Socioeconomic Development of the Arctic Zone of Russia (with the Example of Yakutia)

The article assesses the main directions of economic and social development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, the possibility of simultaneously combining the goals of developing the natural resources of the Arctic territories with the goals of protecting nature and supporting the traditional industries of the indigenous peoples of the North using the example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The principles of solving these problems based on state support of indigenous people are shown. The necessity of maintaining the population of these territories is substantiated. The current practice of state support of indigenous peoples in Russia and in countries close to it by natural and climatic conditions is compared. The estimation of the perspective development of industrial production and traditional crafts in the region is given.

Конституционно-правовой статус лиц, постоянно проживающих в местах традиционного проживания и традиционной хозяйственной деятельности коренных малочисленных народов России

Конституционно-правовой статус лиц, постоянно проживающих в местах традиционного проживания и традиционной хозяйственной деятельности коренных малочисленных народов России

Editorial: Introduction to Law in the Canadian North

For over thirty years, the Northern Review has published the occasional article, commentary, or book review on various aspects of law in the Circumpolar North. Those topics have included policing in the Klondike, criminal and restorative justice in Alaska, the legal status concerning Indigenous peoples in Russia, and issues of sovereignty and governance.However, the journal has never published a special issue or collection specifically focused on law in the Canadian North. We decided the time was long overdue. Thanks to Yukon Chief Justice Ron Veale’s vision and to the Law Society of Yukon’s sponsorship of the project, this, our fiftieth issue, is the first devoted exclusively to exploring some of the diverse topics facing law and legal practice in the North. ,,,... More ...

Protecting the Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions of Russia's Numerically-Small Indigenous Peoples: What Has Been Done, What Remains to Be Done

The Russian population is drawn from 160 ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. Among the latter are the so-called “indigenous small-numbered peoples” -dozens of groups of people that live in their historical territory; preserve their traditional ways of life, occupations, and trades; recognize themselves as separate ethnicities; and number no more than 50,000 individuals living in Russia.The indigenous small-numbered people include various peoples of the Far North, central and southern Siberia, and the Far East. For many of these peoples, the traditional ways of life consist of hunting, fishing, reindeer husbandry, etc. Their traditional forms of cultural production include painting and carving on wood, bone, and stone, bead ornamentation, and other forms of graphic arts. As Alexandra Xanthaki has written, “very little has been written on the rights of the numerically small indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia, and Far East of the Russian Federation; yet, their situation has been described as ‘critical.’” While there has been some scholarly analysis of the land rights of the indigenous people of Russia, nothing has yet been written about the legal protection of the knowledge and literary or artistic works they produce. Such an analysis is especially timely because a new Russian copyright law - Part Four of the Civil Code - took effect at the beginning of 2008. In this paper, I propose to address three issues: (1) An overview of the legal regime applicable to Russia’s small-numbered indigenous people; (2) The extent to which existing Russian law (primarily copyright law, but also patent and other law) covers works produced by these peoples; and (3) What changes are necessary in order to improve the legal protection of cultural works produced by Russia’s small-numbered indigenous peoples.

О «Национальной программе развития Дальнего Востока»: реальность и миражи

<span>В работе даны критические замечания по формированию и реализации новой Национальной программы развития Дальнего Востока, разработанной согласно поручению Президента РФ В. В. Путина. Вносятся предложения по регулированию социально-экономического развития Сибири и Дальнего Востока на основе использования исторического опыта экономических реформ. Выделены факторы социально-экономического развития восточных территорий России, включая экономическую самостоятельность субъектов РФ, инвестиционную привлекательность территории, ее экспортный потенциал и транспортную обеспеченность, создание комфортной и благоприятной среды.</span>

How the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic Defend Their Interests: The Social, Economic, and Political Foundations of Indigenous Resistance

The article analyzes a new social and political phenomenon of contemporary Russia: rising voices of Indigenous peoples in Russia’s North under conditions of state pressure and official policy attempting to suppress Indigenous concerns. Indigenous voices of Arctic peoples are analyzed in the context of accelerated industrial development of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YaNAO). These processes are conceptualized in terms of Indigenous resistance. Research focus is on social, economic, and political changes in polar communities that have given rise to the phenomenon of the Voice of the Tundra [Golos tundry] networked protest community. The author reconsiders long-standing approaches to social processes among the Nenets tundra aborigines. Relying on the materials of field research in 2018 and 2019 conducted in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YaNAO), the author formulates a “Yamal paradox”: contrary to expectations that difficulties and trials of nomadic life will inevitably push tundra Nenets into an urban milieu, the traditional nomadic way of life is becoming attractive to them. Demographic growth among the Nenets reindeer breeders and a twofold increase in the size of reindeer herds over the past fifteen years in combination with intensive industrial development of the region have led to a situation where the interests of the growing fuel-and-energy complex and the growing community of nomads have collided in the Yamal-Nenets tundra. Main respondents and informants were local politicians and government executives, as well as representatives of the intellectual elite of Indigenous peoples of the North, and Nenets reindeer breeders from the tundra. Regional statistics, legislative acts of the YaNAO in relation to the indigenous numerically small peoples of the North (INSPNs), and regional mass information media were also used. The author thanks Eduard Khabechevich Yaungad, president of the Yamal Potomkam [Yamal Descendants] Association and deputy to the Legislative Assembly of the YaNAO; Oleg Prokop’evich Siugnei, section chief of the department for Indigenous numerically small peoples of the North of the YaNAO; and Yurii Viacheslavovich Laptander, chief of the agroindustrial complex, tasked with Indigenous numerically small peoples of the North (INSPNs) issues for Priural raion YaNAO. Laptander organized a three-day trip to kin-group lands [rodovym ugodiiam] of Nenets nomad reindeer breeders, two hundred kilometers from Salekhard, passing through Pung-Yu, 96 km zheleznoi dorogi Obskaia-Bovanenkovo, Stepino, and Paiuta trade centers. The author is also indebted to Galina Pavlovna Khariuchi, ethnology sector chief of the state “Scholarly Center for the Study of the Arctic” (Salekhard); Yurii Andreevich Morozov, journalist of the city newspaper Poliarnyi krug (Salekhard); Konstantin Gennad’ievich Filant, leading research fellow at the state “Scholarly Center for the Study of the Arctic” (Salekhard); and Sergei Nikolaevich Khariuchi, head of the Center for the Development of Reindeer Breeding, deputy director of the Russian Center for the Development of the Arctic (Salekhard), for valuable advice and recommendations. Field results have enabled reevaluation of the key problems and challenges confronting Native communities due to the breakneck transformation of the YaNAO into Russia’s new oil-and-gas province. This change in the consciousness of Native peoples has created the potential for Indigenous resistance. Methods of transmission of Indigenous voices and local aboriginal concerns have become new media, such as the “V Kontakte” social networks. The Golos tundry project has reflected the main “sore points” of Indigenous development in the YaNAO: the shortage of lands for the growing reindeer herds due to alienation of kin-group territories to the benefit of the fuel-and-energy complex; the uncertainty of life prospects for nomads in the face of accelerated industrial development of the region, the crisis of Indigenous leadership and official aboriginal organizations.

The Place of Indigenous Languages in the Russian System of School Education: A Legal Analysis

There are 47 groups of indigenous peoples in Russia. Many languages of indigenous peoples are at the edge of extinction. From 1995 to 2010 the proportion of indigenous pupils among all indigenous peoples learning their mother tongue decreased by almost half. This article examines the legal regulation of the Russian system of school education and defines what place indigenous languages have in this system. The author comes to the conclusion that realising the right of indigenous children to learn their mother tongue in Russia is complicated by many factors of both legal and non-legal character.