Index Of Relative Deprivation Research Articles

From space to place: mapping poverty in Turkish regions with NASA’s global gridded relative deprivation index

From space to place: mapping poverty in Turkish regions with NASA’s global gridded relative deprivation index

Association between social deprivation and incidence of first seizures and epilepsy: A prospective population-based cohort.

ObjectiveEpidemiologic studies have investigated whether social deprivation is associated with a higher incidence of epilepsy, and results are conflicting, especially in children. The mechanisms underlying a potential association are unclear. This study examines whether there is an association between social deprivation and the incidence of first seizures (unprovoked and provoked) and new diagnosis of epilepsy by comparing incidence across an area‐level measure of deprivation in a population‐based cohort.MethodsMultiple methods of case identification followed by individual case validation and classification were carried out in a defined geographical area (population 542 868) to identify all incident cases of first provoked and first unprovoked seizures and new diagnosis of epilepsy presenting during the calendar year 2017. An area‐level relative deprivation index, based on 10 indicators from census data, was assigned to each patient according to registered address and categorized into quintiles from most to least deprived.ResultsThe annual incidence of first unprovoked seizures (n = 372), first provoked seizures (n = 189), and new diagnosis of epilepsy (n = 336) was highest in the most deprived areas compared to the least deprived areas (incidence ratios of 1.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26–2.52], 1.55 [95% CI = 1.04–2.32], and 1.83 [95% CI = 1.28–2.62], respectively). This finding was evident in both adults and children and in those with structural and unknown etiologies of epilepsy.SignificanceThe incidence of first seizures and new diagnosis of epilepsy is associated with more social deprivation. The reason for this higher incidence is likely multifactorial.

Economic Distress and Populism: Examining the Role of Identity Threat and Feelings of Social Exclusion

Populism has been a major political phenomenon in liberal democracies throughout the last decade. Focusing on economic distress as one of the basic triggers of populism, we proposed a model integrating individual‐level indices of economic distress and status‐based identity threat (i.e., frustration of identity motives) as predictors of populism. We conducted two survey studies operationalizing populism as an individual‐level thin ideology among members of the general French population (Study 1: N = 458; Study 2: N = 1,050). Structural equation models supported status‐based identity threat as a partial mediator in the links between indices of relative deprivation and populism (Study 1). Additional analyses revealed frustrated belonging (i.e., feelings of social exclusion) as the central identity motive in this pattern. Reproducing the same model with belonging frustration instead of global‐identity motive frustration gave similar results (Studies 1 and 2). These findings provide the first evidence implicating identity threat—and belonging threat in particular—in the development of populist thin ideology and showed how identity motives are related to the economic distress pattern that predicts populism.

An Optimal Split of School Classes

In many countries, schools have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by splitting up classes. While the purpose of dividing classes is clearly health-related, the process of doing so poses an interesting question: what is the best way to divide a class so as to maximize the incentive for students to perform better? Using a constructive example, we demonstrate how social-psychological unhappiness can be the basis for an incentive structure that optimally nudges students to improve their performance. The example is based on evidence that students aspire to improve their performance when it lags behind that of other students with whom they naturally compare themselves. For a given set of m students, we quantify unhappiness by the index of relative deprivation, which measures the extent to which a student lags behind other students in the set who are doing better than him. We examine how to divide the set into an exogenously predetermined number of subsets in order to maximize aggregate relative deprivation, so that the incentive for the students to study harder because of unfavorable comparison with other students is at its strongest. We show that the solution to this problem depends only on the students’ ordinally-measured levels of performance, independent of the performance of comparators. In addition, we find that when m is an even number, there are multiple optimal divisions, whereas when m is an odd number, there is only one optimal division.

An Optimal Split of School Classes

In many countries, schools have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by splitting up classes. While the purpose of dividing classes is clearly health-related, the process of doing so poses an interesting question: what is the best way to divide a class so as to maximize the incentive for students to perform better? Using a constructive example, we demonstrate how social-psychological unhappiness can be the basis for an incentive structure that optimally nudges students to improve their performance. The example is based on evidence that students aspire to improve their performance when it lags behind that of other students with whom they naturally compare themselves. For a given set of m students, we quantify unhappiness by the index of relative deprivation, which measures the extent to which a student lags behind other students in the set who are doing better than him. We examine how to divide the set into an exogenously predetermined number of subsets in order to maximize aggregate relative deprivation, so that the incentive for the students to study harder because of unfavorable comparison with other students is at its strongest. We show that the solution to this problem depends only on the students' ordinally-measured levels of performance, independent of the performance of comparators. In addition, we find that when m is an even number, there are multiple optimal divisions, whereas when m is an odd number, there is only one optimal division.

An optimal split of school classes

In many countries, schools have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by splitting up classes. While the purpose of dividing classes is clearly health-related, the process of doing so poses an interesting question: what is the best way to divide a class so as to maximize the incentive for students to perform better? Using a constructive example, we demonstrate how social-psychological unhappiness can be the basis for an incentive structure that optimally nudges students to improve their performance. The example is based on evidence that students aspire to improve their performance when it lags behind that of other students with whom they naturally compare themselves. For a given set of m students, we quantify unhappiness by the index of relative deprivation, which measures the extent to which a student lags behind other students in the set who are doing better than him. We examine how to divide the set into an exogenously predetermined number of subsets in order to maximize aggregate relative deprivation, so that the incentive for the students to study harder because of unfavorable comparison with other students is at its strongest. We show that the solution to this problem depends only on the students’ ordinally-measured levels of performance, independent of the performance of comparators. In addition, we find that when m is an even number, there are multiple optimal divisions, whereas when m is an odd number, there is only one optimal division.

Gauging Class and Caste differences in Mortality: The Indian Experience.

This study is an exposition of class-caste based differences in mortality experience based on an indicator called household prevalence of death. It involves 75,432 death cases collected in National Family Health Survey-4, analysed using Relative Deprivation Index (RDI). We found, the prevalence of death found to be 11.8% in India, which varies across states and social and economic groups. The RDI values depict that the poorer households along with social group identities like schedule tribe and schedule caste households displayed a uniform disadvantage as regarding mortality across many states. The analysis offers evidence on differential experience of mortality across socio-economic identities. The evidence suggests poorer states having a marked disadvantage along with social and economic classes.

Relative deprivation: a new derivation and application

ABSTRACT We derive and express the Yitzhaki index of relative deprivation as a function of mean and median household income within a reference group and one’s income, under the assumption that individual income follows the log-normal distribution or the Pareto distribution. We also suggest a way to calculate annual US regional mean and median household income in each reference group using aggregate income and household size data. Therefore, unlike prior literature that utilizes Decennial Census data due to its big sample size, our suggested methodology allows annual calculation of relative deprivation at different levels of geography (state or county). In an application of the derived index presented to illustrate its feasibility, we analyse the relationship between relative deprivation and mental health, finding suggestive evidence that increases in relative deprivation negatively affect mental health in the United States.

Comparing indices of relative deprivation using behavioural evidence.

What measure of relative deprivation best predicts health? While numerous indices of relative deprivation exist, few studies have compared how well different measures account for empirical data. Hounkpatin et al. (2016) demonstrated that the relative ranked position of an individual i's income within a comparison group (their relative rank) was a better predictor of i's health than i's relative deprivation as assessed by the widely-used Yitzhaki index. In their commentary, Stark and Jakubek (2020) argue that both relative rank and relative deprivation may matter, and they develop a composite index. Here we identify some issues with their composite index, develop an alternative based on behavioural evidence, and test the various indices against data. Although almost all existing indices assume that the significance of an income yj to an individual with income yi (yj>yi) will be some increasing function of the difference between yj and yi, we find that the influence of j's income on i's health is actually a reducing function of (yj-yi). This finding - that less significance is assigned to distant higher incomes than to near higher incomes - is consistent with the well-established idea that we compare ourselves primarily to similar others.

Area-level relative deprivation and alcohol use in Denmark: Is there a relationship?

Greater area-level relative deprivation has been related to poorer health behaviours, but studies specifically on alcohol use and abuse have been equivocal. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate how area-level relative deprivation in Denmark relates to alcohol use and misuse in the country. As individual-level data, we used the national alcohol and drug survey of 2011 ( n= 5133). Data were procured from Statistics Denmark to construct an index of relative deprivation at the parish level ( n=2119). The deprivation index has two components, which were divided into quintiles. Multilevel linear and logistic regressions analysed the influence of area deprivation on mean alcohol use and hazardous drinking, as measured by the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Men who lived in parishes designated as 'very deprived' on the socioeconomic component were more likely to consume less alcohol; women who lived in parishes designated as 'deprived' on the housing component were less likely to drink hazardously. But at the individual level, education was positively related to mean alcohol consumption, and higher individual income was positively related to mean consumption for women. Higher-educated men were more likely to drink hazardously. Area-level measures of relative deprivation were not strongly related to alcohol use, yet in the same models individual-level socioeconomic variables had a more noticeable influence. This suggests that in a stronger welfare state, the impact of area-level relative deprivation may not be as great. Further work is needed to develop more sensitive measures of relative deprivation.

Social Inequality and Institutional Deliveries

Women’s maternal health is an important concern all over the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia; this includes India, the world’s second most populous country. Despite the implementation of various programmes by the government, India has a large number of women dying because of pregnancy-related problems. Tracking the progress of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-5 which specifically aim to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), one sees that India is lagging in achieving the required reduction in maternal deaths. To be sure, institutional deliveries, one of the significant interventions to reduce maternal deaths, are being promoted significantly by initiating cash transfer schemes. However, this initiative has not achieved the desired results when one compares various socio-economic groups across India. This study analyses the degree of relative deprivation by using district-level household data to examine disparity in terms of achieving institutional deliveries among different socio-economic groups by using the relative deprivation index (RDI). Examining the severity of relative deprivation, we find that illiteracy and poor economic status are major contributors in creating inequality in achieving acceptable levels of institutional delivery.

Relative Deprivation and School Enrolment. Evidence from Mexico

Using a large dataset (2.9 million households), we provide solid evidence of relative deprivation as being a negative correlate of school enrolment in Mexico, absolute standard of living being controlled for. This result is robust to a number of specifications, and to the use of linear and less than linear indices of relative deprivation. In addition, we find that marginal effects of relative deprivation are stronger at higher standards of living and for older children.

The View From the Bottom: Relative Deprivation and Bullying Victimization in Canadian Adolescents.

We investigated the relation between relative deprivation (RD)-disparity in affluence between adolescents and their more affluent schoolmates-and involvement in bullying among 23,383 students (aged 9-19) in 413 schools that participated in the 2010 Canadian Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey. Students reported family affluence and frequency of bullying victimization and perpetration during the previous 2 months. Using the Yitzhaki index of RD and multinomial logistic regression analysis, we found that RD positively related to three types of bullying victimization (physical, relational, and cyberbullying) and to two types of perpetration (relational and cyberbullying) after differences in absolute affluence were held constant. These findings suggest that RD uniquely contributes to risk of bullying involvement.

Relative deprivation and risk factors for obesity in Canadian adolescents

Research on socioeconomic differences in overweight and obesity and on the ecological association between income inequality and obesity prevalence suggests that relative deprivation may contribute to lifestyle risk factors for obesity independently of absolute affluence. We tested this hypothesis using data on 25,980 adolescents (11–15 years) in the 2010 Canadian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. The Yitzhaki index of relative deprivation was applied to the HBSC Family Affluence Scale, an index of common material assets, with more affluent schoolmates representing the comparative reference group. Regression analysis tested the associations between relative deprivation and four obesity risk factors (skipping breakfasts, physical activity, and healthful and unhealthful food choices) plus dietary restraint. Relative deprivation uniquely related to skipping breakfasts, less physical activity, fewer healthful food choices (e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grain breads), and a lower likelihood of dieting to lose weight. Consistent with Runciman's (1966) theory of relative deprivation and with psychosocial interpretations of the health consequences of income inequality, the results indicate that having mostly better off schoolmates can contribute to poorer health behaviours independently of school-level affluence and subjective social status. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the social origins of obesity and targeting health interventions.

社会不公平感の形成における収入比較メカニズム――相対的剥奪指数を用いた分析から――

Studies of subjective social unfairness, which form part of the field of class consciousness research, are based on a quantitative analysis using a large-scale data-set. At present, however, there is no attempt to clarify the mechanism on subjective social unfairness because of weak relation between subjective social unfairness and social stratification. In this paper, we apply the Relative Deprivation Index proposed by Yizhaki [1979] to reveal how income comparisons with others affect the formation of subjective social unfairness. Results show that the amount of personal income in and of itself has an influence on subjective social unfairness for males, whereas for females the Relative Deprivation Index in which a comparison is made with the household income of others from the same generation has a negative influence on subjective social unfairness.

PP49 Regional variation in in-hospital fatality from emergency conditions, 2007–2012 in Ireland: a longitudinal analysis

Background Emergency and urgent care in Ireland is changing under the Health Service Executive (HSE) transformation programme which aims to implement a ‘systems-based’ approach for discrete geographical regions. The SIREN (Study of the Impact of Reconfiguration on Emergency and Urgent Care Networks) project aims to describe and evaluate the development and performance of different emergency and urgent care systems (EUCS) in Ireland. As part of that study, the aim of this analysis is to identify variation in EUCS quality indicators over time and across geographical regions having adjusted for differences in population demographics. Methods The quality indicator used for this analysis was in-hospital case fatality, with respect to the patient’s area of residence. Four serious emergency conditions (SECs) were selected – Stroke/CVA (ICD 10 codes: I61; I63; I64; I629), Myocardial Infarction (I21; I22; I23), Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm (I710; I711; I713; I715; I718) and Acute Heart Failure (I50). The number of patients resident in each county (including a division of North/South Dublin and North/South Tipperary) with an emergency admission to any hospital for these principal diagnoses between 2007 and 2012 was identified using Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (HIPE). Indirectly standardised in-hospital case fatality ratios (SCFRs) were constructed. Standardised results for each of the four SECs were combined to adjust for differences in case mix between regions. Annual fatalities were modelled using an age-adjusted Poisson regression. Stability between case fatalities for the two time periods, 2007–2009 and 2010–2012 was measured using the Spearman rank correlation. A high correlation would suggest that between county differences reflected systematic rather than random variation. Findings were then compared with deprivation rates using the Pobal HP Relative Deprivation Index. Results Deaths following emergency admissions (11,016) accounted for 40% of all deaths for these 4 conditions (27,788) between 2007–2012. A significant decline in annual fatality rates were observed; rates fell from 13% in 2007–2009 to 11.7% in 2010–2012, and the number of emergency admissions increased slightly from 44,506 to 44,848. Over this period the county level SCFRs varied from 81 to 121. However, ratios were not stable (Spearman rank correlation = 0.28, p = 0.14). From our preliminary findings, there was also no significant association between in-hospital case fatality and deprivation. Conclusion Overall case fatality between the two periods has fallen slightly from 13% to 11.7%, however the ratios were not stable and we found no association with deprivation. Further multilevel analysis will model the variation in patterns, and change points, between regions from 2000 to 2012.

An Individual Relative Deprivation Index and Its Curve Considering Income Scope

The purpose of this paper is to build a new relative deprivation index with more properties than existing indices such as Yitzhaki index, Kakwani index and Esposito index. Through detailed analysis of the properties of above indices, we find that a new individual index can be derived through introducing income scope into deprivation between two individuals. The proposed index fills up the shortcomings of existing indices. It satisfies more properties including non-negative decrease, concave, weak focus, dimensionless, normalization, translation invariance, scale invariance, additive decomposability and so on. Moreover, the new index conforms to our subject feeling and better reflects the connotations of relative deprivation. The article finally uses CGSS2008 rural data to draw the relative deprivation curves and analyze its sensitivity to max and min income.

A Paradox of Economic Growth and Relative Deprivation

Rapid economic growth sometimes intensifies people's frustration. In this article, we attempt to formulate this kind of paradox of economic growth, and to explain theoretically how economic growth increases people's dissatisfaction by way of the notion of relative deprivation by employing the theoretical framework of Yitzhaki's relative deprivation index. We introduce the problem of the China puzzle as the latest case of the paradox. Then, we introduce the definition of Yitzhaki's index of relative deprivation, and use this to explain the China puzzle. Besides, through a theoretical examination of Yitzhaki's index, we propose a proposition proving that an increase of relative deprivation in the society can occur even when the amount of wealth increases and the degree of inequality reduces.

Applying relative deprivation theory to study the attitudes of host community residents towards tourism: the case study of the Zhangjiang National Park, China

Host community is one of the most important stakeholders involved in tourism development. Their attitudes and supports for tourism are highly significant to underpin the sustainable development of the industry. However, host community has not been attached adequate importance, and is usually marginalised to be a salient disadvantaged group in the process of tourism development. Although relative deprivation theory (RDT) provides a powerful theoretical tool to analyse the attitudes of disadvantaged social groups, the theory has rarely been documented in tourism literature. This paper takes the case of tourism development in the Zhangjiang National Park, China, and applies RDT to empirically examine how and why host residents suffer from the relative deprivation problem resulting from tourism development and attempts to unveil its influence on their attitudes towards tourism development. The study indicates that there exists a close and negative correlation between the locals' relative deprivation and their attitudes towards tourism development. The more host residents suffer from relative deprivation, the more negative their attitudes towards tourism are, and vice versa. Furthermore, the Relative Deprivation Index proposed in this study proves to be simple and effective in quantitatively depicting the spatial differences/heterogeneity of relative deprivation issues in the case study area.

An Index of Relative Deprivation Caused by Inequality of Opportunity

An Index of Relative Deprivation Caused by Inequality of Opportunity