Indicators Of Social Exclusion Research Articles

Development Planning in Rural Communities in Bolivia: A Study in the Department of Oruro

This research aims to determine the most important elements that contribute to the development planning processes in the rural communities of the department of Oruro, Bolivia; It is based on the proposition that democracy in Latin America is in a situation characterized by advances in political rights and deficiencies in the civil and social rights of citizens, rural communities are where the most acute indicators of political, social, cultural and economic exclusion occur. Therefore, the effective membership of rural communities emerges as a peremptory task for the consolidation of their development based on community development planning. It assumes a quantitative qualitative approach, and is of a correlational descriptive type, which seeks the association and relationship of the variables that intervene and influence the community planning processes. A survey is applied to 384 people who live in communities in rural areas, among them the actors in the development of the localities are considered, such as community leaders and heads of households. For the statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and a multiple regression model are incorporated. The research establishes that community participation, ancestral knowledge, along with natural resources are the most important elements that contribute to the planning of the development of rural communities. Received: 16 February 2024 / Accepted: 8 April 2024 / Published: 5 May 2024

Reasonable Hopes and Little Progress!

In this article, we aim to describe how the Operational Programme for the Support of Disadvantaged People (POAD), part of the European Fund for the Most Disadvantaged People (FEAD), has contributed to reducing the number of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion in Romania. We highlight the role of the auxiliary measures that accompanied the food support programme, as well as the added-value element of the implementation of the programme in Romania, emphasising the introduction of electronic social vouchers for hot meals for the eligible target group and electronic social vouchers to provide educational support for disadvantaged children. The research methodology used considered combinations of quantitative and qualitative methods, combining multiple data sources to reflect the perspectives of all stakeholders and relating quantitative data to representative samples using a participatory approach. Macro-level data on risk-of-poverty and social exclusion indicators, as well as information from sectoral analyses (social transfers), show an improvement in the situation of people in the POAD target group and a decrease in the number of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion. However, progress is limited, and it is difficult to determine the degree to which this is due to the POAD. Romania still ranks lowest in the European Union in terms of indicators measuring the risk of poverty and social exclusion. The provision and monitoring of accompanying programmes are an area where the potential of POAD could be further exploited. The need to strengthen the accompanying measures is extraordinarily strong and emerges from the analysis of information provided by final beneficiaries and public authorities responsible for the implementation of the programme. The distribution of social vouchers enables final beneficiaries to choose the goods they need. Purchases with social vouchers are less affected by the risks of financial corrections, final beneficiaries can monitor the consumption of the support received in real time, the number of supporting documents is reduced, and reimbursement is issued only for the amounts used by final beneficiaries.

The Effects of Crises on the Living Standards in Romania and Hungary in the 21st Century – Similarities and Differences

Abstract Our research focuses on the analysis of the effects of the crises of the last 20 years on the development of the standard of living in Romania and Hungary. In the research, we focus primarily on the economic crisis of 2008 and the economic and social shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study includes an overview of the economic and social situation of Romania and Hungary, the presentation of the concept of crisis, and the indicators that describe the standard of living (GDP per capita, the Gini coefficient, indicators of poverty and social exclusion and indicators that describe the development of the labor market). In our analysis, we examine and compare the evolution of indicators measuring the standard of living in Romania and Hungary during the crises.

Do environmentally sustainable travel behaviours contribute to transportation-related social exclusion?

Travel behaviours of today's young adults may be considered environmentally sustainable. However, the risk of transportation-related social exclusion and consequently socially unsustainable travel behaviour among young adults, which may relate to their sustainable travel choices and lower car-reliance, remains less explored. Focusing on 4178 Canadian post-secondary students within the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, we examined four measures of activity participation for each student as indicators of social exclusion which include the number of daily activities, area covered per activity, distance travelled per activity, and time spent travelling per activity. We explored the association between students' activity participation patterns and their transportation mode choice patterns. A latent class analysis of short- and long-term travel choices revealed five transportation mode choice patterns, namely- Automobile Dependents, Transit Dependents, Cyclists, Pedestrians, and Multimodals. Results from Poisson and multiple linear regression models suggest that transportation mode choice patterns are significantly associated with how students participate in activities. Transit Dependents are more likely to face social exclusion due to limited activity participation. Students who reside in dense areas with better street connectivity demonstrate socially sustainable travel patterns. Future transportation planning and policy should be focused on addressing the travel needs of young adults with limited transportation opportunities and inefficient public transit.

The associations among childhood trauma, loneliness, mental health symptoms, and indicators of social exclusion in adulthood: A UK Biobank study.

Childhood trauma has been associated with adult psychosocial outcomes linked to social exclusion. However, the strength of these associations in the general population is unknown. The emergence of the UK Biobank, with rich phenotypic characterization of the adult population, affords the exploration of the childhood determinants of adult psychopathology with greater statistical power. The current study aims to explore (1) the associations between childhood trauma and social exclusion in adulthood and (2) the role that self-reported loneliness and symptoms of distress play in the associations. This study was an analysis of 87,545 participants (mean [±SD] age=55.68 [7.78], 55.0% female, 97.4% White) enrolled in the UK Biobank. Childhood trauma was determined by the five-item Childhood Trauma Screener. Current loneliness and symptoms of anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) were also entered in analyses. Outcomes were "limited social participation," "area deprivation," "individual deprivation," and "social exclusion" from a previously determined dimensional measure of social exclusion in the UK Biobank. Hierarchical multiple regression models indicated small associations between childhood trauma and social exclusion outcomes, explaining between 1.5% and 5.0% of the variance. Associations weakened but remained significant when loneliness, anxiety, and depression were entered in the models; however, anxiety symptoms demonstrated a negative association with "individual deprivation" and "social exclusion" in the final models. Depression was most strongly associated with "individual deprivation," "area deprivation," and "social exclusion" followed by childhood trauma. Loneliness was most strongly associated with "limited social participation." Experiences of childhood trauma can increase the propensity for adulthood social exclusion. Loneliness and symptoms of depression attenuate but do not eliminate these associations. Anxiety symptoms have a potentially protective effect on the development of "individual deprivation." Findings add to the growing body of literature advocating for trauma-informed approaches in a variety of settings to help ameliorate the effects of childhood trauma on adult psychosocial outcomes. Further research, however, is required.

Molecular survey of Zika virus in the animal-human interface in traditional farming.

Backyard animal husbandry is common in rural communities in developing countries and, given the conditions in which it occurs, it can increase the risk of disease transmission, such as arboviruses. To determine the presence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) and abundance of its arthropod vectors we evaluated the socioeconomic implications involved in its transmission in two highly vulnerable Mayan communities in the state of Yucatan that practice backyard farming. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out throughout 2016 to understand socioeconomic variables and seasonal patterns in mosquito populations. We selected 20 households from each community. Social exclusion indicators were analyzed, human and domestic animals were sampled, and mosquitoes were collected and identified. Four out of eight indicators of social exclusion were higher than the reported national averages. We captured 5,825 mosquitoes from 16 species being Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti the most abundant. The presence of chickens and human overcrowding in dwellings were the most significant factors (P = 0.026) associated with the presence of Ae. aegypti. Septic tanks (odds ratio = 6.64) and chickens (odds ratio = 27.41) in backyards were the main risk factors associated with the presence of immature states of Ae. aegypti in both communities. Molecular analysis to detect ZIKV was performed in blood samples from 416 humans, 1,068 backyard animals and 381 mosquito pools. Eighteen humans and 10 pig pools tested positive for ZIKV. Forty-three mosquito pools tested positive for flavivirus. Ten of the 43 pools of positive mosquitoes were sequenced, corresponding 3/10 to ZIKV and 1/10 to Dengue virus type 2. The findings obtained indicate the continuous circulation of Flavivirus (including ZIKV) in backyard environments in vulnerable communities, highlighting the importance of studying their transmission and maintenance in these systems, due that backyard animal husbandry is a common practice in these vulnerable communities with limited access to health services.

Social Exclusion Indicators and Their Risks to Bedouin Youth in Ma'an Governorate, Southern Jordan

This study aimed to investigate the social exclusion indicators and their risks to Bedouin youth in Ma'an Governorate, southern Jordan. 315 young males and females aged 18-30 years participated in the study. The main results showed that young people suffer from social exclusion; the family status of the participants indicates poverty Income, financial hardship, and housing situation exposes young people to a deprivation of personal well-being. The practical case of the participants showed that 60% of them suffer from long-term unemployment, lack of money, and accumulated debts. In addition, 50% of the participants did not receive training opportunities that would qualify them for job opportunities, and they have low levels of social capital, as 72% of them did not participate in any cultural activity in the last five years. Furthermore, the participants held the state largely responsible for this exclusion, and the risks of exclusion from their point of view are high. This includes isolation, anxiety, and violence with the persistence of poor financial condition, the results did not find statistically significant differences in the risks of exclusion due to age and level of education but found statistically significant differences in the gender variable in favor of males. Keywords: Social exclusion, Bedouin Youth, Poverty, Marginalization, Social Exclusion Risks DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-23-07 Publication date: August 31 st 2022

A social exclusion perspective on loneliness in older adults in the Nordic countries

Several factors associated with loneliness are also considered indicators of social exclusion. While loneliness has been proposed as an outcome of social exclusion, there is limited empirical evidence of a link. This study examines the associations between social exclusion indicators and loneliness in older adults (60+ years) in four Nordic countries. Data from four waves of the European Social Survey were pooled, providing a total of 7755 respondents (Denmark n = 1647; Finland n = 2501, Norway n = 1540; Sweden n = 2067). Measures of loneliness, demographic characteristics, health, and eight indicators of social exclusion were selected from the survey for analysis. Country-specific and total sample hierarchical logistic regression models of loneliness were developed. Significant model improvement occurred for all models after social exclusion indicators were added to models containing only demographic and health variables. Country models explained between 15.1 (Finland) and 21.5% (Sweden) of the variance in loneliness. Lower frequency of social contacts and living alone compared to in a two-person household was associated with a higher probability of loneliness in all countries, while other indicators were associated with loneliness in specific countries: lower neighbourhood safety (Sweden and Denmark); income concern (Sweden and Finland); and no emotional support (Denmark, Finland, and Sweden). A robust relationship was apparent between indicators of social exclusion and loneliness with the direction of associations being highly consistent across countries, even if their strength and statistical significance varied. Social exclusion has considerable potential for understanding and addressing risk factors for loneliness.

Women Caregivers Under the Spanish Autonomy and Dependence System: A New Social Underclass?

Long-term care in Spain has traditionally been provided by women as consequence of a family welfare system based historically on familism and sexual division of labour. The Autonomy and Dependence Law, passed in 2006, involved the regulation by the State of informal care. However, the economic crisis is maintaining and stressing gender differences in relation to care since a new profile of women is being built: poor caregivers, as a specific group responsible for the provision of care, becoming an ‘internal market’ linked to the application of the so called Dependence Law. This study presents an analysis of key secondary sources from the System of Autonomy and Attention to Dependency, the Unemployment System and the most relevant indicators of poverty and social exclusion. In addition, an ad hoc survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted. 55.2% of caregivers are poor women, inactive or unemployed and use the cash-for-care as basic income.

المرأة المُهمَّشة فی روایة (العربة الذّهبیة لا تصعد إلى السَّماء): دراسة فی ضوء علم اللغة الاجتماعی

الملخص تحاول هذه الورقة إلقاء الضوء على صورة المرأة في الرواية المعاصرة بوصفها انعکاسا لحقيقة الأوضاع والعلاقات الاجتماعية السائدة داخل المجتمع، والنظر إليها وفق منهج لساني اجتماعي شکلا ومضمونا في ضوء الدوال اللغوية الخاصة بها في المدونة؛ بوصفها صورة صادقة للوضع الاجتماعي السائد برمته، مما يقودنا في النهاية لکشف الدلالات والمضامين اللغوية الاجتماعية التي تعد جزءا لا يتجزأ من کينونة النص، ومرجع ذلک يعود إلى أهمية المادة اللغوية في الوصول إلى فهم أفضل وتفسير أوفق للظواهر الاجتماعية ، وتتناول الورقة تحليل الکلام الفعلي للمجموعات الاجتماعية وفق نظرية الاتصال وإعادة اکتشاف السياق الاجتماعي للحدث الکلامي من خلال الوصف اللساني ، وکذلک تأثير الطبقات الاجتماعية بمشکلاتها الخاصة في تشکيل الخطاب اللساني بوصف المادة اللغوية تعد وسيلة للاستدلال على قضايا اجتماعية وسبيلا لتحديد المواقف التي يستعمل فيها المتغاير الاجتماعي المرتبط بسياق الموقف . ويأتي ذلک عبر رصد جانب من الإبداع الأنثوي الذي تناول المرأة المهمشة الممثلة لسائد اجتماعي يعبر عن ظاهرة اجتماعية جسدته بطلات سلوى بکر في روايتها (العربة الذهبية لا تصعد إلى السماء) الصادرة عام 1991م ، ورصدت الدراسة أهم مؤشرات الإقصاء الاجتماعية التي تتعرض لها المرأة في المجتمع الذکوري في ظل انعدام المساواة المتجذرة في القوانين والمؤسسات ، وجاء هذا الرصد عبر استقراء العلاقات الموظفة للسانيات الاجتماعية . Abstract This paper attempts to shed light on the image of women in the contemporary novel as a reflection of the reality of the prevailing social conditions and relations in society. A sociolinguistic approach is used to illustrate the linguistic functions used in the novel. As a true picture of the prevailing social conditions as a whole, the sociolinguistic implications are an integral part of the text entity. This is due to the importance of investigating the linguistic material to reach a better understanding and interpretation of social phenomena. The study is an actual speech analysis of social groups. The theory of communication and the rediscovery of the social context of the verbal situation are used to describe the linguistic features. Moreover, the influence of social classes with their own problems in forming the linguistic discourse is a means of inferring social issues and a way of determining the situations in which the social variable related to the context of the situation is used. The study demonstrates an aspect of feminine creativity that dealt with marginalized women representing a social phenomenon embodied by the heroines of Salwa Bakr in her novel The Golden Cart does not Ascend to Heaven which was written in 1991 AD. It examined the most important indicators of social exclusion that women are exposed to in a patriarchal society resulted in the inequality rooted in laws and institutions. This is achieved through the extrapolation of the sociolinguistic relations.

Settlement Inequality and Social Exclusion of People with Epilepsy

Introduction. Patients with epilepsy, due to the presence of the chronic disorder, belong to deprived social groups. The results of many studies confirm the discrimination of patients with epilepsy on various social parameters, such as the availability of high-quality medical care, education and jobs. The settlement factor aggravates the deprived situation of patients with epilepsy and significantly affects their socio-psychological well-being. Based on the materials of the study conducted, the article identifies the interconnection between the characteristics of the place of residence of a patient with epilepsy, indicators of social exclusion, and the level of emotional-volitional and cognitive disorders. Materials and Methods. The data from a survey of 157 patients with epilepsy registered in neuropsychiatric dispensaries in Penza, Saransk, and Alatyr were used as materials for the study. The survey was conducted using the authors’ tools in May – December 2020 as formalized interviews. The results were processed using mathematical statistics methods in the SPSS software package. Results. The survey data have confirmed the stigmatization and deprivation of patients with epilepsy: they are less likely to marry, have limited opportunities for vocational education, and are more often unemployed. The settlement factor manifests itself in the unequal availability of modern medical services and provision of drugs, inclusive educational programs and opportunities for occupational socialization. The performed cluster analysis of the data has made it possible to single out three groups of respondents that differ significantly in terms of indicators and the degree of social exclusion: “educational deprivation”, “exclusion in the labor market” and “coping with stigma”. Analysis of these categories regarding the settlement factor shows that the share of the most deprived groups is inversely related to the population of the cities under study. Discussion and Conclusion. The authors have drawn the conclusions that the availability of social integration mechanisms reduces the likelihood of developing negative consequences of epilepsy, and the corresponding opportunities are largely due to the size of the city. The data obtained can be used to identify categories of patients with similar social problems, which will facilitate more targeted emotional and instrumental support for patients with epilepsy, with regard to the settlement factor.

Inovasi Penataan Pedagang Kaki Lima di Kabupaten Maros

The Innovation Structuring of street vendors In Maros regency (supervised by Deddy T. Tikson and Hasniati). This study aims to analyze the results of innovation structuring of street vendors in Maros Regency based on the criteria of the United Nations (UN). This research was conducted in Culinary Area of ​​No Wave Beach of Maros Regency. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach with a focus on innovation results from the arrangement of street vendors in Maros regency. There is also a research design used is case study (case study). The result of the research shows that the innovation of street vendors in Maros Regency based on criterion of United Nations (UN) is less successful. This was because of the 6 indicators, 1 indicator that partnership is not met because there was no professional cooperation either government, private or banking. 4 less effective indicators that sustainability was not working well because there was no special regulation governing culinary areas, innovation indicators in local and transferable contexts did not provide specific publications related to secondary data as well as special information related to street vendors in the area of ​​culinary beaches and non- other areas were still difficult to adopt the concept in applied. Indicators of gender equality and social exclusion because they had not demonstrated traditional special food and local wisdom in the arrangement of street hawkers, although gender and local wisdom were not contradictory and indicators of leadership and community empowerment due to governor commitment were not accompanied by clear policies and lack of merchant empowerment concepts a clear five foot post relocation. The indicators that become the strength of this innovation was the impact. Impact indicators provide benefits for both street vendors, government and the environment.

Social exclusion increases the executive function of attention networks

Previous studies in humans have shown that brain regions activating social exclusion overlap with those related to attention. However, in the context of social exclusion, how does behavioral monitoring affect individual behavior? In this study, we used the Cyberball game to induce the social exclusion effect in a group of participants. To explore the influence of social exclusion on the attention network, we administered the Attention Network Test (ANT) and compared results for the three subsystems of the attention network (orienting, alerting, and executive control) between exclusion (N = 60) and inclusion (N = 60) groups. Compared with the inclusion group, the exclusion group showed shorter overall response time and better executive control performance, but no significant differences in orienting or alerting. The excluded individuals showed a stronger ability to detect and control conflicts. It appears that social exclusion does not always exert a negative influence on individuals. In future research, attention to network can be used as indicators of social exclusion. This may further reveal how social exclusion affects individuals' psychosomatic mechanisms.

Integral Assessment of the Level of Marginalization of Regional Societies in Russia

The marginalization of society is one of the most acute problems of modern Russia leading to a slowdown of the development of social and human capital. World practice shows that the social atmosphere serves as a necessary environment for the self-realization of the individual and the disclosure of the natural potential inherent in it. The social background sets certain standards for a person’s self-expression, promotes the conversion of his talents in the economic and cultural spheres and it is an integral part of the process of forming a civil society. If modern education, high-quality medicine or high culture stimulate the development of human capital, then crime, poverty or social diseases, on the contrary, suppress its growth. The article shows the versatility of marginalization, explains its main causes and regional specifics. A system of indicators and a methodology for evaluating this phenomenon are proposed. The author presents an attempt to link a number of statistical indicators of social exclusion with the most striking characteristics of social marginalization. On this basis, a methodology for assessing the marginalization of regional societies is developed, the heterogeneity and regional specifics of this phenomenon are shown and the main factors of geographical, economic, cultural and institutional origin that cause reduced or increased values of marginalization are identified.

Analysis of Unmet Healthcare Needs in Ireland: A Data Mining Approach

This study explores data form the Survey of Income and Living Condition (SILC), related to factors contributing to unmet healthcare needs in Ireland. We analysed predisposing, enabling and needs factors by building predictive models and measured the predictor importance by sensitivity analysis. Results show that critical factors for meeting the healthcare needs include financial status, degree of urbanization, indicators of social exclusion and deprivations, and self-perceived general health condition. Identifying and quantifying those factors form raw data may facilitate decision making in the domain

지역주민의 사회적 배제 지표 개발 연구

This study focused on the social exclusion of residents that occurred in the process of the tourism destinations project of living spaces. In addition, an indicator was developed to enable social exclusion research in the field of tourism. In-depth interviews with residents, expert survey, and survey of residents were conducted. This study was conducted in Gamcheon culture village in Busan metropolitan city. The indicator development process was carried out in a total of 14 steps through the process of extracting initial items, developing indicators, and evaluating indicators based on previous research. A total of 24 social exclusion indicators have been developed. There are two major academic implications for developing indicators. First, it laid the foundation for studying the exclusion experiences of residents in the tourism development process. Second, measurement indicators supplemented the limitations of existing indicators in other academic fields by including a number of dynamic aspects and contents covered by objective and subjective indicators. This study presented two implications from a practical point of view. First, it provided a foundation for empirically measuring the social exclusion of residents when promoting tourism development projects. Second, the basis for policy diagnosis on the effects of tourism destinations projects in living spaces was provided. These practical implications can serve as an opportunity to examine the negative effects of future tourism development projects. In addition, the developed indicators can be found meaningful in that they can be used as basic data for policy inspection.

Non-monetary indicators of social exclusion – A multidimensional comparative analysis of the EU-10 countries

Non-monetary indicators of social exclusion – A multidimensional comparative analysis of the EU-10 countries

Co-Created Research Assessing the Exclusionary Impacts of Low Living Standards on Older People

The aim of this research is to identify the impacts of material resources such as income, assets, housing and living standards on quality of life, health status and social relations. Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach has formed the conceptual basis of the theoretical framework. This paper will report on the results of co-created research with older Māori in New Zealand aged 50 years and older. Objective measures of income, wealth, housing and living standards are compared with a range of scales including overall wellbeing and subjective health status and co-created scales of indigenous loneliness. The results demonstrate significant relationships between material resources and quality of life, health status and other social relations indicators. They quantify the impact material resources have on key indicators of social relations and social exclusion which enables informed and targeted policy interventions for social inclusion.

From Bullets to Handshake: The Dynamics of Social Exclusion, Social Inclusion, Social Protection and Boko Haram in Nigeria

Over the past decade, Boko Haram has continuously launched dastardly attacks in Nigeria, thereby constituting a bane to security. Considered as a threat to national security, the Nigerian government have made attempts to confront the Boko Haram phenomenon with military repression thereby resulting in the extrajudicial killing of members of the group. This use of force has further radicalized the group, thus making its defeat technically distant. Therefore, there is an exigent need to address the menace using non-combative methods. This study argues that social exclusion is a major factor that emboldened the emergence of Boko Haram in Northeast Nigeria as evidenced in the Human Development Index (HDI) of the region. This study, which adopted a qualitative and analytical approach, found out that inequality, the lack of social cohesion, nay, social erosion and social exclusion can be addressed by focusing on social inclusion and social protection. These, the study argues, will be an ultimate weapon and productive countermeasure against Boko Haram in Nigeria. As a result, the study recommends addressing the indicators of social exclusion; engaging with youths, faith-based organizations and religious leaders; and involving civil society organizations (CSOs) in promoting social inclusion and protection.

Income-Based and Consumption-Based Measurement of Absolute Poverty: Insights from Italy

Despite the debate about the introduction of an official absolute poverty line is growing in the EU, at the moment Italy is the only EU country providing an official measure of absolute poverty. Absolute poverty is estimated in Italy with reference to household consumption using the Household Budget Survey (HBS), but it can be estimated also relying on incomes. Focusing on the Italian experience, this article contributes to the literature and to the national and European policy debate about poverty measurement in three ways. First, a detailed review of the methodology adopted in Italy to compute absolute poverty is presented. Second, the article investigates what changes when absolute poverty is assessed relying on income (using EU-SILC data) instead than on consumption (using HBS). Third, a comparison between income-based absolute poverty and the two main indicators of poverty and social exclusion used at the EU level—at risk of poverty rate, AROP, and severe material deprivation index, SMD—is shown. Main findings are: (1) the level and the characteristics of the poor change when absolute poverty is measured with reference to income rather than to consumption; (2) the incidence of income-based absolute poverty has risen more steeply than the incidence of the AROP since the upsurge of the economic crisis in 2008; (3) a very low correlation at the individual level between the income-based absolute poverty status and the SMD status emerges, thus strongly questioning the idea of using SMD as a proxy of absolute poverty.