Indicators Of Antibiotic Resistance Research Articles

AUDIT OF INFECTION CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS AND ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ADMINISTRATION IN UKRAINE: A PROSPECTIVE FOLLOW-UP

Indicators of antibiotic resistance in the world and in Ukraine are steadily increasing. As of 2021, there is a national standard in Ukraine that recognizes the deescalation of antibiotic therapy, but the war in Ukraine has significantly disrupted the supply of essential services. War-related infections and antimicrobial resistance are seriously affecting the health of people in Ukraine and beyond, forming a great reservoir of multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections Aims: monitor the effectiveness of infection control and antibiotic administration in the Public Health Department of Ukraine. Methods: Based on the Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care of the PDO National Medical University named after O.O. Bogomolets, a prospective observational study was carried out - an anonymous audit of doctors, anesthesiologists and doctors of other specialties who work at the Public Health Service of Ukraine from the beginning of 2024. The investigation was carried out on the online platform Google-form. After the completion of the tracking period, all completed data was transferred to an Excel table and analyzed using additional descriptive statistics for parametric data. Results: The results of 214 participants from different regions of Ukraine were collected. Half of the respondents reported that the department of infection control functions effectively - 105 (49.2 %), formally important - 85 (39.9 %), and does not function in 3 (1.5 %) Cefazolin as the first choice AB (57.7 %), using of Ceftriaxone (18.6 %) or Cefuroxime (7.9 %) as the 1st line of AB prophylaxis. About not using the protocol tell for us the choice of AB 2-line AB prevention and treatment of Gram+ and Gram-infection. The most common resistant pathogens in the Ukrainian health care sector were: Klebsiella pneumonia 140 (65.4 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 99 (46.3 %) species. Most respondents also reported the expansion of three courses of AB therapy: 7-10 days in 97 (45.5 %) and 10 days and more – 85 (39.9 %) types. Conclusion: most health protection regulations in Ukraine today include the creation of infection control and approval of local documents (new clinical protocols, patient routes) from infection control and administration Instruction of AB. However, wider problems are avoided without the continuation of specific protocols, the use of AB group reserve for AB prophylaxis, the choice of non-optimal empirical AB therapy, the wider acceptance of combination therapy without indications, trivial courses therapy and type of de-escalation.

Characteristics of bacterial contamination of the mammary gland secretion of lactating cows with subclinical mastitis

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in lactating cows is a common disease characterized by a change in the composition of mammary gland secretion, especially due to an increase in number of somatic cells in it over a long period of time. Etiologically, this disease arises as a result of the pathogenic effect of mixed infections caused mainly by bacteria of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera. It should be noted that due to high prevalence, reduction of milk yield and changes in the physical and chemical properties of milk of cows, SCM is a more important problem than clinical forms of mastitis. Thus, the aim of the work was to determine the main causative agents of SCM in lactating cows and their resistance to antibiotics in order to justify the feasibility of using alternative means in the schemes of therapy and prevention of this disease. During the bacteriological examination of mammary gland secretion, streptococci were differentiated by morphological and cultural-biochemical properties, and the pathogenicity of staphylococci was determined by the ability to coagulate rabbit blood plasma in the conditions of the testing laboratory of Smartbiolab LLC (Kharkov) in 2019–2021. Subclinical mastitis in lactating cows was determined using a sample with 5 % dimastine and a thermographic study. Before taking milk samples, the udders were wiped with 70 % alcohol, and the milk was expressed in sterile tubes. The samples were transported in plastic boxes with cooling elements (at a temperature of 8–10 °С) and were examined no later than 4 hours after the moment of selection. The results of research in selected samples Streptococcus spp., which has β-hemolytic properties, was found in 42.9 % of samples, E. coli with hemolytic properties in 28.6 %, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus in 14.2 % each. The detected pathogens were characterized by the following indicators of antibiotic resistance: E. coli isolates were insensitive to 8 antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, spectinomycin, spiramycin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol), and Streptococcus spp. (penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulonic acid, streptomycin, norfloxacin, gatifloxacin, lincomycin) and Staphylococcus aureus (ampicillin, penicillin, amoxicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, ceftiofur and lincomycin) up to 7, respectively.

Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota and antibiotic-resistant genes in Anser erythropus wintering at Shengjin and Caizi Lakes in China.

Migratory birds are the primary source and reservoir of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) related to their gut microbes. In this study, we performed metagenomics analysis to study the gut microbial communities and ARGs of Anser erythropus wintering at Shengjin (SJ) and Caizi (CZ) Lakes. The results showed that bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea were the dominant gut microbes. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the microbiota compositions significantly differed between the two populations. Diet may be the most crucial driver of the gut microbial communities for A. erythropus. This species fed exclusively on Poaceae spp. at Shengjin Lake and primarily on Carex spp. at Caizi Lake. Tetracycline, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, and peptide antibiotics were the dominant resistant types. ARGs had a significantly higher abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Shengjin Lake samples than in Caizi Lake samples. PCA indicated that most Shengjin Lake samples significantly differed in gut microbiota composition from those obtained at Caizi Lake. This difference in gut microbiota composition between the two lakes' samples is attributed to more extensive aquaculture operations and poultry farms surrounding Shengjin Lake than Caizi Lake. ARGs-microbes associations indicated that 24 bacterial species, commonly used as indicators of antibiotic resistance in surveillance efforts, were abundant in wintering A. erythropus. The results revealed the composition and structural characteristics of the gut microbiota and ARGs of A. erythropus, pointing to their high sensitivities to diet habits at both lakes. This study also provides primary data for risk prevention and control of potential harmful pathogens that could endanger public health and therefore are of major significance to epidemiological and public health.

Evidence of Linezolid Resistance and Virulence Factors in Enterococcus spp. Isolates from Wild and Domestic Ruminants, Italy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance patterns against selected critically and highly important antibiotics (quinupristin/dalfopristin, vancomycin, and linezolid) in 48 Enterococcus isolates obtained from wild (red deer and Apennine chamois) and domestic (cattle, sheep, and goats) ruminants living with varying degrees of sympatry in the protected area of Maiella National Park (central Italy). According to CLSI breakpoints, 9 out of 48 isolates (18.8%) showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. One Apennine chamois isolate was resistant to all tested antibiotics. The PCR screening of related resistance genes highlighted the occurrence of msrC or cfrD in seven Enterococcus resistant isolates. In addition, msrC and vanC genes were amplified in susceptible isolates. Specific sequences of virulence genes (gelE, ace, efa, asa1, and esp) related to pathogenic enterococci in humans were amplified in 21/48 isolates (43.75%), belonging mostly to wild animals (15/21; 71.42%). This is the first report of linezolid-resistant enterococci harboring virulence genes in Italian wildlife with special regard to the red deer and Apennine chamois species. The results allow us to evaluate the potential role of wild animals as indicators of antibiotic resistance in environments with different levels of anthropic pressure.

Genotypic analyses and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni from crows (Corvidae) of United States and India reflect their respective local antibiotic burdens.

The study examined the hypothesis that crow-borne Campylobacter can function as environmental reservoirs and indicators of antibiotic resistance (AR) determinants circulating in a human population. Two species of crows from Washington (WA), United States, and Kolkata, India, respectively, were examined for their ability to carry antibiotic resistant Campylobacter. Campylobacter jejuni was the only species isolated by selective agar plating from crow faecal samples. Disk diffusion method used to compare the AR profile of the isolates showed tetracycline (TET) resistance to be the most prevalent (27%) among WA isolates, followed by ciprofloxacin (CIP; 24%). Among Kolkata isolates, nalidixic acid resistance was most common (36%), followed by CIP (27%). The AR profile demonstrated by crow isolates of WA reflects those reported by the US National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for human isolates (2007-2011), where resistance to TET was most prevalent (≈45%), followed by quinolones (≈24%). The Kolkata crow isolates reflected the AR profile of human clinical isolates from India, where 97% resistance was shown to quinolones, followed by TET (18%). Multilocus sequence typing of 37 isolates, including 11 water isolates from the crow roost area, showed 24 different sequence types (STs). Seventeen of these were previously found in wild birds, 2 in human diarrhoea, 4 in poultry and 8 in environmental water. One isolate was found in both water and faeces, though from different sites within WA. The results indicate that crows most likely acquire the AR from anthropogenic sources. Although they are colonized by specific STs, rarely isolated from humans, they can facilitate the spread of AR. By studying two areas in different continents, this research demonstrates that Campylobacter borne by crows can function as environmental reservoirs and indicators of AR determinants that circulate in a human population. This information will be of importance to scientists from the medical and poultry industries.

Combined effects of composting and antibiotic administration on cattle manure\u2013borne antibiotic resistance genes

BackgroundResearch is needed to delineate the relative and combined effects of different antibiotic administration and manure management practices in either amplifying or attenuating the potential for antibiotic resistance to spread. Here, we carried out a comprehensive parallel examination of the effects of small-scale (> 55 °C × 3 days) static and turned composting of manures from dairy and beef cattle collected during standard antibiotic administration (cephapirin/pirlimycin or sulfamethazine/chlortetracycline/tylosin, respectively), versus from untreated cattle, on “resistomes” (total antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) determined via shotgun metagenomic sequencing), bacterial microbiota, and indicator ARGs enumerated via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To gain insight into the role of the thermophilic phase, compost was also externally heated to > 55 °C × 15 days.ResultsProgression of composting with time and succession of the corresponding bacterial microbiota was the overarching driver of the resistome composition (ANOSIM; R = 0.424, p = 0.001, respectively) in all composts at the small-scale. Reduction in relative abundance (16S rRNA gene normalized) of total ARGs in finished compost (day 42) versus day 0 was noted across all conditions (ANOSIM; R = 0.728, p = 0.001), except when externally heated. Sul1, intI1, beta-lactam ARGs, and plasmid-associated genes increased in all finished composts as compared with the initial condition. External heating more effectively reduced certain clinically relevant ARGs (blaOXA, blaCARB), fecal coliforms, and resistome risk scores, which take into account putative pathogen annotations. When manure was collected during antibiotic administration, taxonomic composition of the compost was distinct according to nonmetric multidimensional analysis and tet(W) decayed faster in the dairy manure with antibiotic condition and slower in the beef manure with antibiotic condition.ConclusionsThis comprehensive, integrated study revealed that composting had a dominant effect on corresponding resistome composition, while little difference was noted as a function of collecting manure during antibiotic administration. Reduction in total ARGs, tet(W), and resistome risk suggested that composting reduced some potential for antibiotic resistance to spread, but the increase and persistence of other indicators of antibiotic resistance were concerning. Results indicate that composting guidelines intended for pathogen reduction do not necessarily provide a comprehensive barrier to ARGs or their mobility prior to land application and additional mitigation measures should be considered.3hw8-MB911wZ5zupeZEbUYVideo .

Small mammals as sentinels of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci.

A total of 39 coagulase-negative staphylococci and seven Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from small mammal feces, i.e., the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) and the yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis) in two sampling areas, deciduous forest and karst plains. MALDI-TOF analysis revealed five species of coagulase-negative staphylococci: S. sciuri, S. hominis, S. warneri, S. haemolyticus, and S. xylosus. All strains were susceptible to tetracycline, linezolid, vancomycin, and teicoplanin. Three MRSA strains with the mecA gene were detected. The beta-lactamase gene blaZ was detected in ampicillin-resistant staphylococci and in the high-level resistant strains (oxacillin over 2mg/L) mecA gene. The mecC gene was not detected by PCR. Erythromycin-resistant staphylococci harbored the ermC gene and/or the efflux gene msrA. There were no detectable dfr genes in trimethoprim-resistant staphylococci and the rifampicin-resistant strains were without mutation in the rpoB gene. In summary, wild small mammals may serve as sentinels of mecA-positive S. aureus with erythromycin resistance genes ermC and efflux msrA. Small mammals appear to be useful indicators of antibiotic resistance.

Sputum DNA sequencing in cystic fibrosis: non-invasive access to the lung microbiome and to pathogen details

BackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-threatening genetic disorder, characterized by chronic microbial lung infections due to abnormally viscous mucus secretions within airways. The clinical management of CF typically involves regular respiratory-tract cultures in order to identify pathogens and to guide treatment. However, culture-based methods can miss atypical or slow-growing microbes. Furthermore, the isolated microbes are often not classified at the strain level due to limited taxonomic resolution.ResultsHere, we show that untargeted metagenomic sequencing of sputum DNA can provide valuable information beyond the possibilities of culture-based diagnosis. We sequenced the sputum of six CF patients and eleven control samples (including healthy subjects and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients) without prior depletion of human DNA or cell size selection, thus obtaining the most unbiased and comprehensive characterization of CF respiratory tract microbes to date. We present detailed descriptions of the CF and healthy lung microbiome, reconstruct near complete pathogen genomes, and confirm that the CF lungs consistently exhibit reduced microbial diversity. Crucially, the obtained genomic sequences enabled a detailed identification of the exact pathogen strain types, when analyzed in conjunction with existing multi-locus sequence typing databases. We also detected putative pathogenicity islands and indicators of antibiotic resistance, in good agreement with independent clinical tests.ConclusionsUnbiased sputum metagenomics provides an in-depth profile of the lung pathogen microbiome, which is complementary to and more detailed than standard culture-based reporting. Furthermore, functional and taxonomic features of the dominant pathogens, including antibiotics resistances, can be deduced—supporting accurate and non-invasive clinical diagnosis.

Modelling of tetracycline resistance gene transfer by commensal Escherichia coli food isolates that survived in gastric fluid conditions

Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a major public health concern and a food safety issue worldwide. Escherichia coli strains, indicators of antibiotic resistance, are a source of horizontal gene transfer to other bacteria in the human intestinal system. A probabilistic exposure model was used to estimate the transfer of the AR gene tet(A). The acid resistance and kinetic behaviour of E. coli was analysed as a function of pH to describe the inactivation of E. coli in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), the major host barrier against exogenous micro-organisms. The kinetic parameters of microbial inactivation in SGF were estimated using GInaFiT, and log-linear + tail and Weibull models were found to be suitable for commensal and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), respectively. A probabilistic exposure model was developed to estimate E. coli survival in gastric pH conditions as well as gene transfer from resistant to susceptible cells in humans. E. coli-contaminated retail foods for consumption without further cooking and gastric pH data in South Korea were considered as an example. The model predicts that 22–33% of commensal E. coli can survive under gastric pH conditions of Koreans. The estimated total mean tet(A) transfer level by commensal E. coli was 1.68 × 10–4–8.15 × 10–4 log CFU/mL/h. The inactivation kinetic parameters of E. coli in SGF and the quantitative exposure model can provide useful information regarding risk management options to control the spread of AR.

Сучасні можливості застосування препаратів вісмуту у хворих із гастродуоденальною патологією

Подані сучасні дані про механізми впливу колоїдного субцитрату вісмуту на слизову гастродуоденальної зони й місце препаратів вісмуту у схемах лікування інфекції Helicobacter pylori з урахуванням показників антибіотикорезистентності.

Spontaneous lysis in lysogenic Staphylococci.

SummaryCultures of lysogenic staphylococci yielded significantly higher plaque counts when plated directly on streptomycin or penicillin with antibiotic resistant indicator strains than when supernatants of centrifuged cultures were assayed. This occurs at cell concentrations that permit significant read-sorption of free phage, which are inactivated upon adsorption. The probable cause for this divergence in titers is discussed.