Economic Inequality Indicators Research Articles

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ НЕРАВЕНСТВО В РОССИИ: АНАЛИЗ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ

Managing the level of inequality is an indispensable tool for ensuring sustainable devel-opment and maintaining political stability. The paper systematizes the reasons for the relevance of the problems of economic inequality and its impact on economic development. The results of the analysis of regional features of economic inequality in the Russian Federation are presented. The relationship be-tween the parameters of socio-economic development of 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the period from 2012 to 2022 with indicators of economic inequality is studied. Temporal trends in the income concentration coefficient (Gini index) for the country as a whole and for each of the subjects are identified, their features are determined. Using the k-means method, a cluster analysis of 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out in terms of socio-economic development and economic inequality. A correlation analysis of the Gini index with the size of GRP per capita and the average value of the average monthly nominal accrued wage is carried out for each cluster, using the values of the indi-cators averaged over an 11-year interval. Scatter plots are constructed and analyzed. Conclusions about the features of economic inequality for each cluster are drawn, and directions for the instrumentalization of socio-economic policy to overcome economic inequality in the regions of the Russian Federation are determined.

Probabilistic Mixtures in Measurements of Interterritorial Differentiation

The article summarizes research results of the study on the problem of assessing the differentiation level of socio-economic development of territorial units of the Russian Federation. The authors propose an approach to measuring differentiation using mixtures of probability distributions.This technique was developed and tested on real data that allows one to determine the presence or absence of interregional differentiation. The research hypothesis, that interterritorial differentiation is estimated by a specific statistical indicator selected based on a content, qualitative analysis, served as a theoretical platform of this methodology. Differentiation is practically absent if the entire statistical population is described by a single law of probability distribution. If the statistical population is described by a mixture of probability distributions, then one should expect the presence of a significant level of differentiation by the considered indicator.In mathematical statistics, the problem of separating a mixture of probability distributions (estimating parameters of distribution densities and weighting coefficients) is traditionally solved using several similar methods. For example, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, median modifications of the EM-algorithm, SEM-algorithm, taking into account the specifics of the selected object (constituent entities of the Russian Federation a small sample). To solve this problem, the authors used the SEM algorithm. As the information base of the empirical study, official statistics were used (open data from the Federal State Statistics Service).The typologies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were identified based on two characteristics within 2005-2017-time interval. The first one being the level of violence (using the “homicide rate” indicator the number of homicides and attempted murders per 100000 population). And second average per capita income, which made it possible, among other things, to additionally test the hypothesis of the traditional use of differentiation trends in the level of violence as an indicator of economic inequality. According to the authors, the results of this study can be used as instrumental and informational support for managerial decisions aimed at regulating the differentiation of Russian regions by the level of violence and economic inequality.

Concepts of Reliability Theory and Their Relationship with the Economic Inequality indicators

Concepts of Reliability Theory and Their Relationship with the Economic Inequality indicators

Effects of Urban Development Praxis on Economic Inequality in Latin American Cities

In a highly and rapidly urbanized world, the effect of the action of urban development is determinant for the physical, social, and economic conditions of its citizens, among which is inequality. It is even more crucial for developing regions such as Latin America on which this research is conducted. Therefore, the focus of the investigation was to determine the existence of significant statistical relationships between urban development and economic inequality in the region. For this purpose, it was sought to define urban development from the perspective of the praxis of multilateral organizations measured by indicators of extensive use among them. A hierarchical multiple linear regression model was built with six urban development variables predictors of the Gini coefficient as an indicator of economic inequality, in which data of 49 Latin American cities was used. The application of the method allowed us to discover a stochastic behavior of interaction between those multidimensional systems and confirmed the statistical relation. The research allows having a tool for the formulation of public policies that seek to strengthen local governance, promote community organization and participation, and assert urban planning as an agent for concerted efforts to achieve common goals.

I dream of Gini: Quantifying inequality in otolaryngology residency interviews.

Otolaryngology applicants routinely decry conflicting interview dates because this limits the number of interviews that one can attend, despite being offered an interview. Conversely, applicants also perceive that a large number of interviews are offered to a minority of applicants. We sought to verify and quantify the inequality in distribution of interviews attended. Retrospective analysis of the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) 2016 Charting Outcomes in the Match and Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) historic specialty data. The Gini coefficient, a commonly used indicator of economic inequality, was calculated using data from the 2016 Charting Outcomes in the Match to estimate the distribution of interviews attended. This data was compared to nine other specialties, comprising a wide range of competitiveness and specialty size. 26% (110 of 416) of otolaryngology applicants accounted for half (1,721 of 3,426) of all possible interview positions. The Gini coefficient ranged from 0.43 to 0.84 across 10 specialties, with a higher coefficient indicating higher inequality. The Gini coefficient among otolaryngology applicants was 0.43, indicating lower inequality than most other specialties. When including only applicants who interviewed, the Gini coefficient was 0.23. There is an unequal distribution of interview invitations, which likely reflects the reality of asymmetry in applicant competitiveness. Otolaryngology demonstrates the greatest equality in distribution, which may stem from a greater burden of hoarding. The specialty's perceived competitiveness mitigates factors such as cost and time, essentially encouraging more people to take as many interviews as they can. NA Laryngoscope, 129:627-633, 2019.

Economic Inequality and Social Entrepreneurship

This article explores the extent to which income inequality and income mobility—both considered indicators of economic inequality and conditions of formal regulatory institutions (government activism)—facilitate or constrain the emergence of social entrepreneurship. Using 77,983 individual-level responses obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey of 26 countries, and supplementing with country-level data obtained from the Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum, our results from multilevel analyses demonstrate that country-level income inequality increases the likelihood of individual-level engagement in social entrepreneurship, while income mobility decreases this likelihood. Further, income mobility negatively moderates the influence of income inequality on social entrepreneurship, such that the condition of low income mobility and high income inequality is a stronger predictor of social entrepreneurship. We discuss implications and limitations of our study, and we suggest avenues for future research.

Is Inequality a Latent Construct? An Assessment of Economic Inequality Indicators and Their Relation with Social Cohesion in Europe

In this article, we analyse the relation between different economic inequality indicators and social cohesion. Previous research usually narrows down economic inequality to income inequality, or distinguishes several types of economic inequality. Little attention has until now been given to how different aspects of economic inequality might be related to each other and can have an effect on social cohesion. This article analyses several indicators of economic inequality and makes a distinction between indicators measuring income inequality, poverty, economic strain and unequal distributions of wealth. Arguing that these indicators represent different aspects of inequality, we hypothesise that they cannot be reduced to one latent concept of inequality and have specific relations with social cohesion. In order to test this hypothesis, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis. This resulted in two different factors: one associated with economic hardship, and one associated with imbalances in market outcomes. This would imply that inequality indicators can be classified into two underlying concepts. Secondly, we related the factor scores of the two latent concepts to the social cohesion indicators via regression analyses. This paper focuses on European countries and uses pooled data from the European Social Survey (period 2006–2012), in combination with macro-level data drawn from the OECD, Eurostat and the World Bank. The results demonstrate that the strength of the link between inequality and citizens’ attitudes depends on the type of inequality indicator we analyse: only the factor economic deprivation can be significantly linked to social cohesion.

Mortalidade entre brancos e negros no Rio de Janeiro após a abolição

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a diferença de mortalidade entre brancos e negros no Rio de Janeiro durante os primeiros anos da República brasileira. Utilizam-se dados de mortalidade de doenças relacionadas a condições precárias de moradia e acesso à infraestrutura como um indicador de desigualdade econômica. Apesar de o Rio de Janeiro possuir taxas de mortalidade declinantes durante o início do século XX, não ocorreu convergência entre a população branca e negra. Além disso, a análise quantitativa apresenta evidências que doenças que afetavam mais a população pobre, como a tuberculose, aumentavam indiretamente a probabilidade de morte por outras doenças, fenômeno conhecido como Mills-Reincke. Isto sugere que a taxa de mortalidade para a população não branca pode ter sido previamente subestimada.

Fiscal Policy and Economic Inequality in the U.S. States

To what extent can state governments influence economic inequality? How do state fiscal policies of redistribution affect families in different economic situations? Using a large database of state fiscal policymaking tools (taxing and spending) between 1976 and 2006, we examine the effect of these tools on state-level inequality as well as the average incomes of families in different economic groups. We find that state taxing and spending efforts can influence these indicators of economic inequality, though these fiscal policy tools can have differential effects. Spending on unemployment compensation and cash assistance as well as revenue from taxes on corporations is found to reduce state-level inequality. We also find unemployment compensation to positively benefit the bottom 10th percentile of income earners, whereas the inheritance tax helps all income groups. Corporate tax revenue is associated with higher middle-class incomes, whereas income tax revenue benefits both middle and upper incomes. Sales tax revenue positively benefits wealthy earners. Higher property tax revenue is associated with decreased income for all groups. These results suggest that state governments can affect redistribution through fiscal policies by affecting state-level inequality as well as the economic fortunes of different income groups.

The changing distribution of earnings in Poland from 1989 to 1996

In this paper the changing earnings distribution in Poland from 1989 to 1996 is investigated using Gini coefficients, other economic inequality indicators and Generalized Lorenz Curves