Indicator Of Acute Myocardial Infarction Research Articles

Cardiac Troponin Levels in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: "Markers of High Risk or Just Noise''?

Kidney disease is linked to the development of cardiovascular disorders, further increasing morbidity and mortality in this high-risk population. Thus, early detection of myocardial damage is imperative in order to prevent devastating cardiovascular complications within this patient group. Over the years, cardiac biomarkers have been identified and are now widely used in everyday clinical practice. More specifically, available data suggest that cardiac troponin and its regulatory subunits (TnT, TnI, and TnC) reflect the injury and necrosis of myocardial tissue. While cTnC is identical in cardiac and skeletal muscle, TnT and TnI constitute cardiac-specific forms of troponin, and, as such, they have been established by international societies as biomarkers of cardiac damage and diagnostic indicators for acute myocardial infarction. Elevations in the levels of both cardiac troponins (cTnT and cTnI) have been also reported in asymptomatic patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. Therefore, if abnormal, they often generate confusion among clinicians regarding the interpretation and clinical significance of their numerical values in emergency settings. The aim of this review is to explore the reasons behind elevated troponin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease and identify when these elevated levels of biomarkers indicate the need for urgent intervention, considering the high cardiovascular risk in this patient group.

Two-year clinical outcome of patients with mildly reduced ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction: insights from the prospective KAMIR-NIH Registry.

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a crucial prognostic indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there is a lack of studies on the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with mildly reduced ejection fraction (EF) after AMI. We categorized 6,553 patients with AMI from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institutes of Health (KAMIR-NIH) between November 2011 and December 2015 into three groups based on their EF, as assessed by echocardiography during index hospitalization: reduced EF (LVEF ≤40%), mildly reduced EF (LVEF 41%-49%), and preserved EF (LVEF ≥50%). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 2 years. The secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction (MI), revascularization, and patient-oriented composite endpoint (POCE), which was defined as a composite of all-cause death, any MI, or revascularization. Of the total 6,553 patients, 884 (13.5%) were classified into the reduced EF group, 1,749 (26.7%) into the mildly reduced EF group, and 3,920 (59.8%) into the preserved EF group. Patients with mildly reduced EF exhibited intermediate mortality (reduced EF, 24.7%; mildly reduced EF, 8.3%; preserved EF, 4.6%; p < 0.0001), MI (3.9% vs. 2.7% vs. 2.6%; p < 0.0046), and POCE (33.0% vs. 15.6% vs. 12.4%; p < 0.0001) rates, albeit closer to those of the preserved EF. After adjustment for demographics, risk factors, admission status, and discharge medications, patients with mildly reduced EF showed a lower risk of all-cause death than those with reduced EF (mildly reduced EF group as a reference: HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.40-2.18; p < 0.001), but it did not differ significantly from those with preserved EF (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.75-1.18; p = 0.999). Over a 2-year follow-up period, patients with AMI and mildly reduced EF demonstrated better prognoses than those with reduced EF, but did not differ significantly from those with preserved EF. cris.nih.go.kr, identifier: KCT-0000863.

Volume-outcome relationships for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute myocardial infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the major scenarios of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use. The utilization of mechanical circulatory support systems including ECMO varies widely at the hospital level, while whether ECMO volume per hospital is associated with outcomes in acute MI is unclear. Using a Japanese nationwide administrative database, a total of 26,913 patients with acute MI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention from 154 hospitals were included. The relations among PCI volume for acute MI, observed and predicted in-hospital mortality, and observed and predicted rates of ECMO use were evaluated at the hospital level. Of 26,913 patients, 423 (1.6%) were treated with ECMO, and 1561 (5.8%) died during the hospitalization. Median ECMO use per hospital per year was 0.5. An observed rate of ECMO use was linearly correlated with the predicted probability of ECMO use and was not associated with the observed/predicted in-hospital mortality ratio. The observed/predicted mortality ratio was lowest in hospitals with the observed/predicted ECMO use ratio of around one. In conclusion, ECMO was infrequently used in a setting of acute MI at each hospital annually. An observed rate of ECMO use was not associated with observed/predicted in-hospital mortality ratio, while the observed/predicted in-hospital mortality ratio was lowest when ECMO was used as predicted, suggesting that standardized ECMO use may be an institutional quality indicator in acute MI.

S-Scheme Porphyrin Covalent Organic Framework Heterojunction for Boosted Photoelectrochemical Immunoassays in Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis

Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is an extremely sensitive biomarker for early indication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, it still remains a tough challenge for many newly developed cTnI biosensors to achieve superior sensing performance including high sensitivity, rapid detection, and resistance to interference in clinical serum samples. Herein, a novel photocathodic immunosensor toward cTnI sensing has been successfully developed by designing a unique S-scheme heterojunction based on the porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks (p-COFs) and p-type silicon nanowire arrays (p-SiNWs). In the novel heterojunction, the p-SiNWs are employed as the photocathode platform to acquire a strong photocurrent response. The in situ-grown p-COFs can accelerate the spatial migration rate of charge carriers by forming proper band alignment with the p-SiNWs. The crystalline π-conjugated network of p-COFs with abundant amino groups also promotes the electron transfer and anti-cTnI immobilizing process. The developed photocathodic immunosensor demonstrates a broad detection range of 5 pg/mL-10 ng/mL and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.36 pg/mL in clinical serum samples. Besides, the PEC sensor owns several advantages including good stability and superior anti-interference ability. By comparing our results with that of the commercial ELISA method, the relative deviations range from 0.06 to 0.18% (n = 3), and the recovery rates range from 95.4 to 109.5%. This work displays a novel strategy to design efficient and stable PEC sensing platforms for cTnI detection in real-life serums and provides guidance in future clinical diagnosis.

SERUM MYOGLOBIN AS AN EARLY DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Acute Myocardial Infarction is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with the prevalence of approximately three million people. In this study we have investigated Biomarkers like Serum Myoglobin, Creatine kinase MB, Lactate Dehydrogenase in Acute Myocardial Infarction within four hours and after four hours of chest pain. The possible role of Serum Myoglobin as an early indicator of Acute Myocardial Infarction. To determine if there is signicant elevation of Serum Myoglobin less than four hours of Acute Myocardial Infarction and to compare it with other biomarkers of Acute Myocardial Infarction. It is a case control study done among a study population of 80 patients presenting to Emergency department of Government Theni Medical College Hospital with complains of chest pain. The study population was divided into two groups, Cases are 40 patients with chest pain less than 4 hours of duration and Controls are 40 patients with chest pain more than 4 hours of duration. Median Age group of patients in this study was between 51 to 60 years. Sig (2-tailed) test showed statistically signicant difference in all groups namely Serum Myoglobin, Creatine kinase , Lactate Dehydrogenase distribution in cases and controls with p value &lt; 0.05. According to the present ndings in our study, the earliest Serum marker to be elevated in the case of Acute Myocardial Infarction is Serum Myoglobin.As it is not a specic marker, it can be combined with Biomarkers like Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase to indentify AMI at the earliest.

Study of Hs Troponin I &amp; uric acid in patients of myocardial infarction

We aimed to provide Correlation of Hs Troponin I &amp; Uric Acid in patients of Myocardial Infarction.: 100 patients who came to cardiac emergency in Shri Mahant Indresh Hospital. Serum samples taken for Hs Troponin I and Uric Acid for patients of Myocardial Infarction and run on VITROS 5600/7600 which is based on dry chemistry. : With 100 patients of more than 40 years of age 61 were males &amp; 39 were females. For both males &amp; females age mean &amp; SD was 59.8±10.77.In our study we took 100 random patients coming to cardiac emergency out of which 50 patients had raised trop I and 45 patients had raised uric acid levels. Out of those 50 patients with raised HS Trop I 25 patients had raised values for uric acid. For Hs Trop I males – 21.88±48.8 &amp; females 1676±57.58. For uric acid for males-6.545±3.75 &amp; for females- 6.315±1.86.Therefore Hs Trop I &amp; uric acid were both significant when compared with age T value was 2.7001 and P value was 0.0075. Whereas when compared with sex that is male and female to both Hs Trop I and uric acid then Hs Trop I was more significant with P value 0.0001.Uric acid is an economical marker that is readily, quickly and reliably obtainable &amp; can be one of the predictable prognostic indicator in acute Myocardial Infarction.

An Algorithmic Approach Is Superior to the 99th Percentile Upper Reference Limits of High Sensitivity Troponin as a Threshold for Safe Discharge from the Emergency Department.

Background and Objectives: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-TnI) is an important indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among patients presenting with chest discomfort at the emergency department (ED). We aimed to determine a reliable hs-TnI cut-off by comparing various values for a baseline single measurement and an algorithmic approach. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the hs-TnI values of patients who presented to our ED with chest discomfort between June 2019 and June 2020. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of AMI with the Beckman Coulter Access hs-TnI assay by comparing the 99th percentile upper reference limits (URLs) based on the manufacturer’s claims, the newly designated URLs in the Korean population, and an algorithmic approach. Results: A total of 1296 patients who underwent hs-TnI testing in the ED were reviewed and 155 (12.0%) were diagnosed with AMI. With a single measurement, a baseline hs-TnI cut-off of 18.4 ng/L showed the best performance for the whole population with a sensitivity of 78.7%, specificity of 95.7%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.1%, and positive predictive value (PPV) of 71.3%. An algorithm using baseline and 2–3 h hs-TnI values showed an 100% sensitivity, 97.7% specificity, an NPV of 100%, and a PPV of 90.1%. This algorithm used a cut-off of <4 ng/L for a single measurement 3 h after symptom onset or an initial level of <5 ng/L and a change of <5 ng/L to rule a patient out, and a cut-off of ≥50 ng/L for a single measurement or a change of ≥20 ng/L to rule a patient in. Conclusions: The algorithmic approach using serial measurements could help differentiate AMI patients from patients who could be safely discharged from the ED, ensuring that patients were triaged accurately and did not undergo unnecessary testing. The cut-off values from previous studies in different countries were effective in the Korean population.

Association of quality indicators for acute myocardial infarction and mortality: feasibility and validation study using linked nationwide registry data

BackgroundQuality indicators (QIs) have been increasingly used as tools to assess and improve the quality of care for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, it is not known if it is feasible to use the 2020 iteration of international AMI QIs using routinely collected data and, if so, whether higher performance is associated with improved outcomes.ObjectiveTo investigate if routine data are available to measure care quality against the 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC) QIs for AMI, investigate whether higher performance is associated with reduced mortality, and to report quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsCohort study of linked data from the AMI and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) registries in England and Wales with outcome data from the Civil Registration of Deaths Register between 2017 and 2020 (representing 236 743 patients from 186 hospitals). Baseline ischaemic risk was estimated using the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score. The likelihood of attainment for each QI based on GRACE risk was quantified using logistic regression and the association with mortality at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year and long-term (maximum 1243 days) was obtained from Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsOf 26 QIs, 17 (65.3%) could be directly measured using nationwide registry data and were each inversely associated with risk-adjusted 1-year and long-term mortality. At 30 days, the measured QIs with exception of early invasive coronary angiography for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, were associated with improved survival, and the QIs that had the greatest magnitude for a reduction in mortality were the prescription of secondary prevention medications at discharge; hazard ratio 0.13 (95% CI 0.12–0.14) for statins, 0.16 (95% CI 0.15–0.18) for adequate P2Y12 inhibition, and 0.18 (95% CI 0.17–0.20) for dual antiplatelet therapy (Figure 1). The magnitude of association between the composite QI (CQI) and survival attenuated over time, with greater long-term survival gains observed for the high GRACE risk compared with low- and intermediate-risk (Figure 2). During the first UK lockdown there was an improvement in the attainment for 62.5% of the measured QIs compared with before the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher attainment for the CQI (43.8% to 45.2%, odds ratio 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10).ConclusionCare quality for AMI may be evaluated using routinely collected clinical data from the national registries, whereby higher performance is associated with reduced mortality. Such QIs will have a role in monitoring hospital care as demonstrated for COVID-19.Funding AcknowledgementType of funding sources: None. Figure 2. QI association with long-term mortality

Hyponatremia as a prognostic indicator in acute myocardial infarction

Background: Every year, myocardial infarction causes more deaths and disabilities than any other disease in the world, and In fact, it is the most prevalent form of a life-threatening chronic illness.Objectives: To study hyponatremia as a prognostic indicator in acute myocardial infarctionMethods: 100 patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction who were admitted to the ICU and the Department of Internal Medicine. All patients had a 12-lead ECG, with the right sided and posterior leads taken for inferior wall MI. A detailed history was collected, as well as a detailed clinical examination, as well as daily serum electrolytes and ECHO was done. An Ion selective electrode auto analyzer was used to determine the serum sodium concentration (Roche OMNIC).Results: In our study 64% were males and 36% were females. Males are more prone for ischemic heart diseases. The proportion of Diabetic, Smokers, hypertensives were more among patients with Hyponatremia. anterior wall MI was the most prevalent, followed by inferior wall MI. Killip class I is found in 74% of patients with normal sodium levels compared to 58% in hyponatremia groups, class II in 20% of patients compared to 24% in hyponatremia, class III in 6% of patients compared to 16% of hyponatremia patients, and class IV in 2% of hyponatremia patients whose sodium level was 130 or lower. Patients who developed hyponatremia had a greater mortality rate than those who had normal sodium levels.Conclusion: Asians are more likely to develop STEMI. The severe the Hyponatremia, the poorer the prognosis. Hyponatremia and a reduced ejection fraction are more common in anterior wall MI patients than those with normal sodium levels.

Oxidative stress parameters in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease high and low risk score groups as indicators for acute myocardial infarction

Oxidative stress parameters in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease high and low risk score groups as indicators for acute myocardial infarction

2020 Update of the quality indicators for acute myocardial infarction: a position paper of the Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care: the study group for quality indicators from the ACVC and the NSTE-ACS guideline group.

Quality indicators (QIs) are tools to improve the delivery of evidence-base medicine. In 2017, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC) developed a set of QIs for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which have been evaluated at national and international levels and across different populations. However, an update of these QIs is needed in light of the accumulated experience and the changes in the supporting evidence. The ESC methodology for the QI development was used to update the 2017 ACVC QIs. We identified key domains of AMI care, conducted a literature review, developed a list of candidate QIs, and used a modified Delphi method to select the final set of indicators. The same seven domains of AMI care identified by the 2017 Study Group were retained for this update. For each domain, main and secondary QIs were developed reflecting the essential and complementary aspects of care, respectively. Overall, 26 QIs are proposed in this document, compared to 20 in the 2017 set. New QIs are proposed in this document (e.g. the centre use of high-sensitivity troponin), some were retained or modified (e.g. the in-hospital risk assessment), and others were retired in accordance with the changes in evidence [e.g. the proportion of patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) treated with fondaparinux] and the feasibility assessments (e.g. the proportion of patients with NSTEMI whom risk assessment is performed using the GRACE and CRUSADE risk scores). Updated QIs for the management of AMI were developed according to contemporary knowledge and accumulated experience. These QIs may be applied to evaluate and improve the quality of AMI care.

S100A1 is a sensitive and specific cardiac biomarker for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of acute myocardial infarction measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay

BackgroundA member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins, S100A1 is highly expressed in cardiac muscle tissue. Although this protein is considered an indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), high-throughput and sensitive detection methods are still urgently needed. We constructed a rapid and sensitive method for detecting S100A1 and to investigate the clinical utility of S100A1 as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of AMI and subsequent prognostic assessments. We developed an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay to detect S100A1. We then analyzed the performance of the newly developed assay including evaluation of the analytical sensitivity, analytical selectivity, linear range, accuracy and repeatability. MethodsWe recruited 87 patients with AMI or angina pectoris to explore the value of this marker for the early diagnosis and prognostic assessment. ResultsThe chemiluminescent-immune-based S100A1 assay had functional analytical sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.13 ng/ml, and a wide linear range of 0.13–31.66 ng/ml. It also exhibited good repeatability with intra-assay and inter-assay findings of <5% and <15%, respectively. Plasma S100A1 was found to have a higher diagnostic sensitivity than conventional cardiac biomarkers (creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin T). The survival analysis showed that a higher concentration of plasma S100A1 (>1.02 ng/ml) was notably associated with the poor prognosis of AMI patients after first PCI. ConclusionsMeasurement of circulating S100A1 concentrations with our newly developed chemiluminescent-immune-based assay shows potential for use in the clinic. This assay could enable early identification and prognostic assessment of AMI.

NEW COMPOSITE MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES FOR USE IN IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC

Composite nanoparticles based on magnetite with various coatings have been synthesized and characterized. Their effectiveness as markers for the immunochromatographic determination of troponin T, a diagnostic indicator of acute myocardial infarction, was compared.

Identifying cardiovascular severe maternal morbidity in epidemiologic studies.

Cardiovascular severe maternal morbidity (CSMM) is rising and has become the leading cause of maternal mortality. Research using administrative data sets may allow for better understanding of this critical group of diseases. To validate a composite variable of CSMM for use in epidemiologic studies. We analysed delivery hospitalisations at an obstetric teaching hospital from 2007 to 2017. We utilised a subset of indicators developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on ICD codes to form the composite variable for CSMM. Two expert clinicians manually reviewed all qualifying events using a standardised tool to determine whether these represented true CSMM events. Additionally, we estimated the number of CSMM cases among delivery hospitalisations without qualifying ICD codes by manually reviewing all hospitalisations with severe preeclampsia, a population at high risk of CSMM, and a random sample of 1000 hospitalisations without severe preeclampsia. We estimated validity of the composite variable. Among 91355 admissions for delivery, we captured 113 potential CSMM cases using qualifying ICD codes. Of these, 65 (57.5%) were true CSMM cases. Indicators for acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and cardioversion had the highest true-positive rates (100% for all). We found an additional 70 CSMM cases in the 2102 admissions with severe preeclampsia and a single CSMM case in the random sample. Assuming a rate of 1 CSMM case per 1000 deliveries in the remaining cohort, the composite variable had a positive predictive value of 57.5% (95% CI 47,9, 66.8), a negative predictive value of 99.8% (95% CI 99.8, 99.9), a sensitivity of 29.0% (95% CI 23.2, 35.4), and a specificity of 100% (95% CI 99.9, 100.0). A novel composite variable for CSMM had reasonable PPV but limited sensitivity. This composite variable may enable epidemiologic studies geared towards reducing maternal morbidity and mortality.

Target-Induced Payload Amplification for Spherical Nucleic Acid Enzyme (SNAzyme)-Catalyzed Electrochemiluminescence Detection of Circulating microRNAs.

A high level of circulating myocardial microRNAs (miRNAs) is commonly considered as one indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for early stage diagnosis, and hence, it is of particular significance to develop ultrasensitive methodologies for detecting these miRNAs in circulating blood. Here we build an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing platform for circulating miRNAs utilizing AuNPs@G-quadruplex (G4) spherical nucleic acid enzyme (SNAzyme) as the nanocatalyst, which shows good stability, strong nuclease resistance, and improved catalytic performance toward a luminol-H2O2 ECL system than the commonly used G4 DNAzyme. Target miRNA is employed to open the probe hairpin DNA to trigger the cascade amplification and then produce a long dsDNA chain with many sticky linkers that capture the SNAzyme nanocatalyst onto the electrode. In this way, two AMI-related miRNAs are detected accurately. The detection limit is 0.4 fM (S/N = 3), and the platform shows high selectivity in circulating blood. Given the good controllability, our ECL biosensors are promising for developing clinical diagnostic platforms for multiple indicators.

Assessing Performance and Quality After Non-ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes.

This review summarizes and discusses the evidence base supporting current performance and quality measures used in assessing institutions in their care of patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS). Professional societies in the USA and Europe have developed performance and quality measures for NSTE-ACS. These measures are reviewed and updated periodically to reflect the most important evidence from the literature. In the USA, the ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures published the updated 2017 AHA/ACC Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In Europe, the ESC Acute Cardiac Care Association published the 2017 Quality Indicators for acute myocardial infarction. These documents build on guidelines previously developed and published by the two organizations. They include detailed reviews of current and past studies establishing that adherence with guidelines improves clinical outcomes. Both measure sets provide quantitative methodologies to assess program performance. Institutional programs that focus on these validated measures can increase guideline adherence, streamline and standardize care processes, and reduce morbidity and mortality. Performance and quality measures have become a critical part of healthcare today, allowing patients, providers, administrators, and payors to assess patient care objectively. They are also becoming an important component of value-based payment programs. To be fair, and useful, for internal institutional assessment, in comparing different institutions, and for value-based payments, only validated performance measures such as these should be employed.

Circulating miR-22-5p and miR-122-5p are promising novel biomarkers for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

This study sought to evaluate the potential of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel indicators for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Plasma samples were collected from each participant, and total RNA was extracted. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate the expression of circulating miRNAs. We measured circulating levels of six individual miRNAs, which are known to be relevant to AMI, in the plasma samples from 66 AMI patients and 70 non-AMI healthy comparisons. Five small RNAs were specifically expressed in AMI patients, plasma miR-122-5p levels is significantly elevated (p < 0.0001) in AMI patients, while plasma miR-22-5p ( p < 0.05) levels were significantly decreased. In addition, significant correlations between miR-22-5p and miR-122-5p ( R = 0.773), miR-122-5p and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB; R = 0.6296) were detected. Further, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that miR-22-5p showed considerable diagnostic efficiency for predicting AMI (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.975). Combining miR-22-5p and miR-122-5p in a panel increased the sensitivity (98.6%) of distinguishing between patients with AMI and healthy comparisons. Circulating miR-22-5p and miR-122-5p could be considered promising novel diagnostic biomarkers for AMI.

Assessment of Quality Indicators for Acute Myocardial Infarction in the FAST-MI (French Registry of Acute ST-Elevation or Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Registries

The Acute Cardiovascular Care Association defined quality indicators (QIs) for the management of acute myocardial infarction. The application of these QIs to existing databases is appealing. It remains to be determined what the rates of implementation are, how the QIs are related to long-term survival, and whether quality categorization is possible. The QIs were extracted from the French nationwide registries French Registry of Acute ST-Elevation or Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI) 2005 (n=3670) and FAST-MI 2010 (n=4169). Implementation rates for each QI are reported for both cohorts. The composite QI was used for benchmarking, and the relationship between QIs and 3-year survival was determined using a Cox model. In FAST-MI 2010, 12 individual and 2 composite QIs could be assessed. Four QIs were not recorded in FAST-MI 2010 and 4 in 2005, either because of treatment nonavailability or because of data not recorded. The degree of implementation ranged from 12% to 89%, with higher rates in 2010 as compared with 2005. Seven individual QIs were associated with survival, and there was a significant and gradual association between survival and categories of the composite QI. Center categorization was possible in 26% to 30% of participating centers; 16 (27%) centers in 2005 and 14 (20%) in 2010 were categorized as low quality. Twelve of 17 individual QIs could be assessed from FAST-MI 2010. The composite QI was significantly associated with 3-year survival and distinguished centers with high, average, and low quality of care.

Quality indicators for acute myocardial infarction.

The Acute Cardiovascular Care Association of the ESC has published Quality Indicators for Acute MI ![Graphic][1] Evaluation of the quality of care is an integral part of modern health care, and has become an indispensable tool for health authorities, the public, the press and patients. The lack of standard definitions of QIs validated by the ESC for AMI is in stark contrast with the professional societies of cardiology in the USA, who have published numerous documents in this field.1,2 The ESC Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA) recently published a set of quality indicators (QIS) for the management of AMI, with or without ST segment elevation, with a view to developing programmes to improve quality of care for the management of AMI across Europe.3 Under the supervision of the Board of the ACCA, a ‘Quality of Care Working Group’ was formed and comprised international experts selected for their expertise in the management of patients with ACS, and representative of the different European countries that comprise the ESC. Seven different domains of care were defined, with the aim of extending the quality assessment beyond simply the process of care and its outcomes, by incorporating the full spectrum of the patient pathway, from organization of care, to outcomes and the patient experience. The seven domains selected are relevant to the clinical situation of AMI, namely: (i) centre organization, (ii) reperfusion/invasive strategy, (iii) in-hospital risk assessment, (iv) antithrombotic … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif

Quality indicators for acute myocardial infarction: A position paper of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association.

Evaluation of quality of care is an integral part of modern healthcare, and has become an indispensable tool for health authorities, the public, the press and patients. However, measuring quality of care is difficult, because it is a multifactorial and multidimensional concept that cannot be estimated solely on the basis of patients' clinical outcomes. Thus, measuring the process of care through quality indicators (QIs) has become a widely used practice in this context. Other professional societies have published QIs for the evaluation of quality of care in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but no such indicators exist in Europe. In this context, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA) has reflected on the measurement of quality of care in the context of AMI (ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)) and created a set of QIs, with a view to developing programmes to improve quality of care for the management of AMI across Europe. We present here the list of QIs defined by the ACCA, with explanations of the methodology used, scientific justification and reasons for the choice for each measure.