Indian White Shrimp Penaeus Indicus Research Articles

Effect of salinity variation on intestinal microbiota of the Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards, 1837

The effects of salinity adaptation on gut microbiota of juvenile Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 was analysed in this experiment. Intestines of shrimps adapted to two different salinities were examined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. At all salinity levels, the dominant phyla recorded were Proteobacteria followed by Bacteroidota and Fusobacteriota. However, as the salinity decreased, abundance of Proteobacteria increased while richness of Bacteroidota and Fusobacteriota decreased significantly. At genus level, salinity reduction increased the abundance of Vibrio and Photobacterium; while it decreased the abundance of Spongiimonas and Hypnocyclicus. The survival of animals in both the groups was not affected but the weight gain was less in low saline group (5 ppt). The results confirm the influence of salinity in rearing water on the intestinal microbiota of shrimp. Keywords: Aquaculture, Bacteroidota, Fusobacteriota, Hypnocyclicus, Proteobacteria, Salinity, Spongiimonas

Mariculture of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards): Optimization of stocking density in modified extensive shrimp farming (MESF) system

Shrimp culture has become a part and parcel for continuing sustainable livelihood of the farmers in the coastal villages of Bangladesh. This study aimed to optimize stocking density for a disease-free and profitable Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) farming. The experiment was conducted under three treatments each with three replications. Stocking density of 10 individuals m-2 was considered as treatment one (T1), 20 individuals m-2 as treatment two (T2) and 30 individuals m-2 as treatment three (T3) for farming Indian white shrimp. Generally, all the water quality parameters of the experimental ponds except the salinity were found within the optimum condition for Indian white shrimp culture. In modified extensive shrimp farming (MESF) system, T2 showed higher survival rate than any other treatments at a low salinity level. Besides, total production values were revealed very tiny gap between T2 and T3. Though the highest value of production was found in T3 but survival rate was lower than T2. Moreover, values of shrimp’s average body weight (ABW), daily weight gain (DWG), and specific growth rate (SGR) were the highest in T2. During 90 days of culture, the growth of the Indian shrimp was negative allometric (2.86), which value was about to the value (3.00) of isomerism. This study recommends MESF culture system for growing Indian white shrimp for a greater output in brackishwater farms. This investigation also suggests some future research by considering MESF system for other important indigenous shrimp species.

Cellular and molecular immune response and production performance of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837), reared in a biofloc-based system with different protein levels of feed

The present study focuses on the immunity and growth of Penaeus indicus fed with varying protein levels (25%, 30%, and 35%) in a biofloc based rearing system. A 120 days growth trial was carried out using juvenile Penaeus indicus (0.71 ± 0.01) with dietary protein level, 25% (LP), 30% (MP), and 35% (HP), and a control diet-fed with 35% acted as control group resulting in 4 treatments each with four replicates and were randomly assigned 16 tank units (7500 L each). A combination of different carbon sources (molasses, wheat flour, and rice bran in 2:1:1 ratio), yeast and a probiotic (Bacillus sp.) consortium were used for the development of biofloc. At the end of the trial, the growth parameters of shrimps viz., initial weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and daily growth coefficient (DGC) were computed. The results indicated that shrimp fed with medium (30%) protein (MP) diet recorded significantly (P < 0.05) improved growth performance compared to high protein fed group (35%) and low protein (25%) fed group (LP) in a biofloc system and control group (35%). The immunological parameters such as hemagglutination activity (HA) assay, serum protein, lysozyme, phenol oxidase (PO), and inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in serum, plasma, and hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS). The HA activity, PO activity in plasma was found to be higher in high protein fed animals, whereas medium protein resulted in enhanced PO activity in serum. Similarly, lysozyme and SOD were inhibited well in high protein fed animals compared to the low protein fed group. The vital immune genes's mRNA profiling showed a potential rise in the expressional pattern in MP and HP treatments compared to LP and control. BGBP (beta-1,3-glucan binding protein) and hemocyanin mRNA transcript levels were highly upregulated in the HP (5 fold) and moderately expressed in MP (2 fold) and LP (1–2 fold). The transcripts of peroxinectin, antimicrobial peptides like crustin showed significant upregulation in HP followed by in MP and LP and control. Likewise, other immune genes, such as SOD, prophenoloxidase (proPO), showed a similar trend in a marginal way, indicating immunomodulation in the biofloc groups. This study suggested that biofloc with high protein (35%) supplementation can substantially enhance the immune response of shrimps, although medium protein level (30%) is optimum for improving the survival, growth, and in turn economic return in Indian white shrimp.

High bioaccumulation factors and ecological risk index of Cd and Hg in Indian white shrimp, hooded oyster, brown algae, and Sediment in northern coasts of the Gulf of Oman before and after a monsoon

This study analyzed the concentrations (dry weight basis) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in pre- and post-monsoon samples at five stations (Chabahar, Darak, Gowatr, Jask, and Pozm) in the Gulf of Oman. For this purpose, ten samples of hooded oyster Saccostrea cucullata, brown algae Sargassum ilicifolium, and Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus were collected once a month during fall and spring (a total of 60 samples were obtained from each species per station). Additionally, sediment samples were collected three times a month during these two seasons (ten samples per each season). Our results indicated that metal concentrations were lower than the maximum permitted limit in the sediment across the tested stations (<0.42 ppm). In both seasons, the highest concentrations of metals in the sediment were found in Chabahar, followed by Jask. The concentration of Hg was higher in the Indian white shrimp (0.16 ppm) and hooded oyster (0.20 ppm) than in the standard (0.10 ppm), while for other metals and tissues the concentrations were lower than the standard level. Also, BAF of Hg was higher than the standard permissible level in Jask(spring: 109.71%) and Pozm station (spring: 123.12%, fall: 125.76%). Except for Cd and Cu at the Chabahar station, the monsoon did not have any significant effect on metal concentrations and bioaccumulation. Preventive measures and management strategies are required as these concentrations and BAF of metals can become an actual threat to the environment and human health in this area.

Bio-augmentation of heterotrophic bacteria in biofloc system improves growth, survival, and immunity of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus

Effect of bio-augmentation of Bacillus spp in biofloc on growth, survival and immunity in Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus was evaluated. Nine Bacillus strains were isolated and screened individually as well as in the form of a consortia. To maintain a C:N ratio of 12:1 a blend of carbohydrate sources was used. Bio-augmentation with bacterial consortium and Virgibacillus sp. produced improved growth and immunity. Shrimp survival ranged from 80 to 95% among treatments. Production was higher (35%) in the biofloc tanks with an average body weight (ABW) of 10.89 ± 1.2 g. On evaluating the immune responses, it was found that trypsin significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced Prophenoloxidase (PO) activity in Lysinibacillus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis bio-augmented groups. Laminarin induced PO activity was observed in groups supplemented with Oceanobacillus sp., Bacillus sp.and Bacillus megaterium. The lysozyme (LZ) activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in B. cereus and Microbial Consortia (MC), while other treatments were less effective. Total hemocyte count (THC) significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all treatment groups compared to the control. Hyaline hemocyte (HH) count was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the control group (14.43%). Semi granular hemocytes (SGH) was higher in groups treated with Lysinibacillus, Bacillus sp., B. licheniformis and B. subtilis. The granular hemocyte (GH) count was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Virgibacillus sp., B. cereus, B.megaterium and Oceanobacillus sp. The biofloc alone (BF), treated and augmented with B. megaterium significantly (P < 0.05) increased phagocytic activity. Highly significant phagocytic index (PI) was observed in bio-augmented groups, BF and MC. The relative expression levels of immune genes were found to be significantly up-regulated in shrimps grown in bio-augmented groups. Enhanced immunological parameters implies that bio-augmentation of biofloc with Bacillus spp. improved immunity in shrimps. Hence, bio-augmentation of probiotics in biofloc may be useful in improving culture conditions to produce P. indicus.

Effect of varying levels of dietary protein on the growth performances of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards)

A 120 days grow out culture trial of Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus was carried out to ascertain the effect of different dietary level of protein in pond system. Three experimental feeds with crude protein (CP) - 30 (P30), 35 (P35) and 40% (P40) levels and their effects on growth performance of shrimps were studied for a period of 120 days. Shrimps fed with P30 and P35 recorded significantly higher average body weight, 14.29 ± 0.06 g and 14.24 ± 0.19 g respectively compared to the group fed with higher protein feed, P40 (13.13 ± 0.16 g). There was no significant difference (p < .05) in proximate composition of shrimp muscle fed with different feeds. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly higher in P40 (2.38 ± 0.61) while it was comparable between P30 and P35 (2.10 ± 0.01 and 2.11 ± 0.28 respectively). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was significantly different among the treatments (1.58 ± 0.05, 1.33 ± 0.02 and 1.03 ± 0.03 in P30, P35 and P40 respectively). Productivity (kg/ha) was also significantly lower (P > .05) in P40 (2519.85 ± 18.02) while it was comparable between P30 (2930.17 ± 114.20) and P35 (3007.01 ± 153.02). The present study revealed that a protein level of 30–35% in practical diet is optimal for grow out pond culture of Indian white shrimp, P.indicus.

Comparative study on phenoloxidase activity of biofloc-reared pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei and Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus on graded protein diet

Shrimp aquaculture demands technological advancement that boosts production and environmental sustainability. This study evaluated and compared the growth performance and innate immunity of two species of shrimp (Pacific White shrimp Penaeus vannamei and India white shrimp Penaeus indicus) reared under biofloc technology with different dietary protein levels (Low-25%, Medium-30% and High-35%). As prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity is an important parameter in immune response of shrimp, we focused on the dynamics of prophenoloxidase induced by three different activators (Sodium dodecyle sulfate, (SDS, Trypsin & Laminarin). At the end of the experiment, the effect of activators on proPO activity in serum, plasma and hemocyte lysate (HLS) was evaluated in both the species under conventional and biofloc systems with graded proteins. This experiment lasted for a month as nursery rearing followed by 60 days of grow-out culture. There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in growth performances of both the species reared under biofloc, whereas control group exhibited lower growth. Significantly higher average body weight (ABW), survival and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in medium protein groups reared under biofloc than the other biofloc groups and control. The medium protein groups also showed significantly lower (p < 0.01) TAN, NO2–N, and NO3–N levels compared to other treatments and the control exhibited considerably higher TAN, NO2–N and NO3–N levels. The proPO activity in serum of both the shrimps were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control in which highest proPO activity was observed in SDS activated groups irrespective of the graded protein levels. A similar trend was observed in the plasma of P. indicus in which SDS activated group fed with high protein level showed highest proPO activity, whereas in plasma of P. vannamei trypsin activated groups fed with low protein level showed higher proPO activity than SDS and laminarin activated groups. The HLS of P. vannamei showed highest proPO functioning in trypsin activated group fed with high protein level, whereas in P. indicus, the highest proPO activity was observed in SDS activated group fed with high protein diet. Though in many cases, the groups fed with high protein diet showed highest proPO activity, the low protein and the medium protein groups also exhibited upregulation in the immune response parameter reared under biofloc irrespective of the species. SOD activity of the hemocytes were influenced by different dietary protein levels and better inhibition was observed in HP when compared to control and other treated groups. Thus the native non-SPF Indian white shrimp P. indicus has comparable potential as the SPF Pacific white shrimp P. vannamei in terms of innate immunity, immune response, and growth when reared under biofloc conditions.

Growth, Survival, and Osmoregulation of Indian White Shrimp Penaeus indicus Juveniles Reared in Low Salinity Amended Inland Saline Groundwater and Seawater

ABSTRACT Antony, J.; Sandeep, K.P.; Aravind, R.; Panigrahi, A., and Balasubramanian, C.P., 2019. Growth, survival, and osmoregulation of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus juveniles reared in low ...

Evaluation of Nutritional Quality of Commercially Cultured Indian White Shrimp Penaeus indicus

Penaeus indicus is a valued crustacean species. Currently P. indicus is mainly cultured in many areas of the world to overcome the increase of population consumption. Yet, the biochemical composition of this species is still inadequately understood. So, the purpose of the present work was, therefore, to assess the protein, carbohydrates, lipid , vitamins B1 , B2, amino acids, minerals and protein electrophoresis to evaluate the nutritive quality of this cultured prawn. In the present study, nutritional analysis of muscle of both sexes indicated that the presence of a high amount of protein, 9 essential amino acids and 7 non-essential amino acid. Furthermore, the edible portion of females had the highest levels of vitamin B1 and B2 compared with their males. While, mineral contents of muscles of male indicate this decreasing arrangement S > P > Ca > Zn > K > Na >Se and females had this order S > P > Zn> Ca > K > Na >Se. From the electrophoretic analysis of protein, 13 bands were identified around molecular weight 10.42 to121.07 KD, while the electrophoretic analysis of muscle of females showed 14 bands with molecular weight ranged from 10.09 to 198.7 KD. Regarding the results obtained in the present study in light of nutritional point of view commercial culture P. indicus is considered to be very good crustaceans species and can be very well used as food for human consumption .

New genotypes of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Taura syndrome virus (TSV) from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Taura syndrome virus (TSV) are highly pathogenic to penaeid shrimp and have caused significant economic losses in the shrimp culture industry around the world. During 2010 and 2011, both WSSV and TSV were found in Saudi Arabia, where they caused severe mortalities in cultured Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus. Most outbreaks of shrimp viruses in production facilities can be traced to the importation of infected stocks or commodity shrimp. In an attempt to determine the origins of these viral outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, we performed variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analyses for WSSV isolates and a phylogenetic analysis for TSV isolates. From the WSSV genome, the VNTR in open reading frames (ORFs) 125 and 94 were investigated with PCR followed by DNA sequence analysis. The genotypes were categorized as {N125, N94} where N is the number of repeat units in a specific ORF, and the subscript indicates the ORF (i.e. ORFs 125 and 94 in this case). From 15 Saudi Arabia WSSV isolates, we detected 3 genotypes: {6125, 794}, {7125, del94}, and {8125, 1394}. The WSSV genotype of {7125, del94} appears to be a new variant with a 1522 bp deletion encompassing complete coding regions of ORF 94 and ORF 95 and the first 82 bp of ORF 93. For TSV genotyping, we used a phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence of TSV capsid protein 2 (CP2). We analyzed 8 Saudi Arabian isolates in addition to 36 isolates from other areas: SE Asia, Mexico, Venezuela and Belize. The Saudi Arabian TSV clustered into a new, distinct group. Based on these genotyping analyses, new WSSV and TSV genotypes were found in Saudi Arabia. The data suggest that they have come from wild shrimp Penaeus indicus from the Red Sea that are used for broodstock.

Timing of Meiotic Maturation and First Mitosis in the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Intense efforts are currently underway to develop polyploid strains of cultured shrimp species, both for enhanced culture performance and protection of intellectual property (Fast and Wyban 2001). Triploidy induction has been reported for several species of Superfamily Penaeoidea, including the Chinese shrimp Penaeus chinensis = Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Bao et al. 1994), the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Dumas and Ramos 1999), and the Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus = Fenneropenaeus indicus (Morelli and Aquacop 2003), all members of Family Penaeidae, and Sicyonia ingentis, a member of Family Sicyoniidae (Hertzler 2002; for new genera see PCrez Farfante and Kensley 1997). Gonadal development has been shown to be impaired in triploid shrimp, and a higher ratio of females to males develops (Li et al. 2003b). Current efforts are focused on producing tetraploid strains carrying desirable traits such as disease resistance or enhanced growth, which can then be mated to diploids to produce 100% triploid (presumably sterile) offspring, thereby protecting the financial investment of those who developed the strains. Tetraploidy induction has been reported for E chinensis (Xiang et al. 1991; Li et al. 2003a). Polyploidy induction typically uses either temperature shock (heat or cold) or drugs such as cytochalasins or 6-dimethylaminopufine (6-DMAP) to suppress cell division while allowing extra chromosome sets to be retained. The optimal procedures are determined empirically and depend on a critical synchronization with the events of meiotic maturation, DNA synthesis, and first mitosis that accompany fertilization. However, the details of these processes in penaeoidean shrimp have only been described for the ridgeback prawn S. ingentis (Lindsay et al. 1992; Hertzler and Clark 1993) and recently for E indicus (Morelli and Aquacop 2003). In S. ingentis (Superfamily Penaeoidea, Family Sicyoniidae), egg jelly release and meiotic maturation are triggered by exposure to seawater at spawning, and occur in both fertilized and non-fertilized oocytes (Pillai and Clark 1987; Lindsay et al. 1992). The hatching envelope develops after first polar body formation but before second polar body formation, so that the first polar body lies outside of the hatching envelope and the second polar body lies inside of it (Lynn et al. 1991; Hertzler 2002). Sperm are first detected in eggs after about 35 min post-spawning, following an elaborate acrosomal reaction which includes the formation of an acrosomal filament. Pronuclear migration requires microtubules, and the first cleavage occurs at about 90-min postspawning at 22 C (Hertzler and Clark 1993). In contrast, in many species of Family Penaeidae, the time to first cleavage is much faster since most live in warm water. For example, in E indicus first cleavage occurs by 35 min at 29.5 C (Morelli and Aquacop 2003), while in L. vannamei first cleavage occurs within 50 min of spawning at 27 C (Wyban and Sweeney 1991). Furthermore, sperm of the Penaeidae do not form an acrosomal filament (Alfaro et al. 1993; Pongtippatee-Taweepreda et al. 2004). This report describes the events of fertilization and first mitosis in the Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei, using fluorescent probes for DNA and tubulin and confocal microscopy. While S. ingentis and L. vannamei are in different families and have different thylecum types, meiotic maturation, pronuclear migration, and first mitosis proceed in a similar way but with different timing. Knowledge of the timing of these events may be useful for efforts aimed at

Optimal Feeding for Shrimp Culture in the South of Iran

AbstractShrimp culture is a relatively new segment of the economy in Iran. Farming of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus has exhibited rapid growth during the last decade. Owing to high feeding costs, the rate of feeding per day is a decisive factor for shrimp farmers. Although many biological studies have been carried out to determine the optimal feeding level, few bioeconomic studies have been conducted with respect to this issue. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal feeding level for Iranian shrimp culture. I found that optimal feeding was higher than actual feeding during the middle of the culture period but lower at the end of the period. The shrimp price, feed price, and interest rate elasticities of feeding were calculated to be 1, −0.4, and −0.035%, respectively. These results indicate that optimal feeding may be adjusted during and between seasons based on physiological, environmental, and economic conditions.

Influence of Rainfall on Optimal Spawner Catch for the Shrimp Fishery in Iran

Penaeid shrimp culture in Iran depends on a supply of spawners from the sea for seed production. The inadequate stock of wild Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus spawners for hatcheries is a bottleneck to the development of Iran's shrimp culture. The aim of this paper is to test the influence of rainfall on the spawner population and to determine the maximum sustainable and economic yields for the harvest of spawners. Surplus production bioeconomic models (Schaefer 1954 and Fox 1970) with and without rainfall effects were used and the parameters estimated from pooled time series and cross-sectional data on catch per unit effort (CPUE; spawners per day). It was found that the models with rainfall effects provided better fits to the data than those without that variable. Rainfall had significant and positive effects on CPUE and optimum catch. Based on econometric criteria, the Schaefer model with rainfall was preferred. With that model, the estimated maximum economic yield of wild Indian white shrimp spawners was 25,449 with rainfall and 15,963 without rainfall. These results mean that the allowable catch of such spawners may be adjusted annually based on the rainfall prior to the shrimping season.

Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Requirements in the Diet of Shrimp Penaeus indicus

Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium requirements in the diet of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus were studied using semi-purified diets. During a 45 day feeding trial, shrimps with an initial average length of 25 mm and weight of 0. 15 g, showed sig­nificantly higher growth (p&lt; 0.01) and low FCR (p&lt; 0.05) when fed with diet containing 0.53% of calcium and 1.05% phosphorus. Higher levels of dietary calcium supressed growth and increased FCR, though survival was unaffected. Shrimps fed with a phosphorus defi­cient diet were sluggish and weak and levels of phosphorus exceeding 1.05% showed no beneficial effect. The body calcium of shrimps fed with diets containing different levels of calcium was lower than the initial value and decreased as dietary levels of calcium in­creased. The body phosphorus of shrimps on the other hand, increased as levels of dietary phosphorus was increased. A dietary Ca-P ratio of 1: 1.98 gave the best growth and FCR for P. indicus, while the Ca-P ratio in shrimps showed a decreasing trend with dietary cal­cium. Addition of magnesium to the diet from 0.1 to 0.7% also supressed growth and in­creased FCR. The total ash content of shrimps decreased as levels of magnesium was in­creased; however, the magnesium level of shrimps remained practically constant. Results suggest that the magnesium requirement may be satisfied through absorption from the water.

Effect of Feeding Artemia Enriched with Stresstol and Cod Liver Oil on Growth and Stress Resistance in the Indian White Shrimp Penaeus indicus Postlarvae

Artemia franciscana preadults were enriched with emulsified codliver oil and stresstol, a medicinal plant product having the properties of giving tonic to resist stress and improve growth and vigor. Both enrichment and evacuation time in the Artemia were studied. A maximum of 127 and 72 min were required to enrich and evacuate 100% of gut of Artemia, respectively. Penaeus indicus postlarvae (PL-20) fed with preadult Artemia and Artemia enriched with emulsified fish oil, stresstol as well as oil mixed with stresstol consumed Artemia more or less at the same rate. However, the absorption efficiency of P.indicus postlarvae fed with enriched Artemia differed from those fed with the non-enriched Artemia. The nonenriched Artemia fed postlarvae grew at an average rate of 19.3 mg/g/day, whereas the postlarvae fed with the stresstol-enriched Artemia had an average growth rate of 31.3 mg/g/ day. Postlarvae fed with the fish oil-enriched Artemia exhibited the highest growth rate at 42.2 mg/g/day. In the stress test, where the postlarvae (fed with enriched and non-enriched Artemia for 8 days ), were exposed to 0 and 50 ppt salinities, it was revealed that the stresstol-fed postlarvae had increased resistance to stress. Hence, the use of stresstol in the larviculture of P.indicus shrimp is recommended.