Indian Traditional Plant Research Articles

The potential role of traditionally used plants as immunomodulators

One of the biological systems in the body with the most complexity is the immune system. A vast number of viruses, bacteria, and fungi attack the immune system during an infection. The body's immune system uses special receptor to recognize pathogens and immediately react by activating immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines, as well as by releasing inflammatory mediators. A wide variety of traditional botanicals are employed as immunomodulators by leveraging the benefits of Ayurveda, the oldest me by taking the advantage of the positive effects of Ayurveda, the oldest medical system, a wide range of traditional plants are used as immunomodulators and a large number of plants metabolites as are thought to modify to show the immunomodulatory activity. By keeping in mind, the enormous potential of medicinal plants and the pharmaceuticals made from them. We are introducing this review in an effort to spread awareness of Indian traditional plants as immunomodulators throughout the world.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Indian Traditional Plant Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.): A Review

Abstract: Hyssopus officinalis is a traditional medicinal plant that belongs to the family Lamiaceae, which has been used from centuries for various purposes like carminative, expectorant, cough reliever. It has been used for the treatment of numerous diseases in patients such as ulcers, asthma, jaundice, leprosy, dropsy, bronchitis, COPD, diabetes, AIDS, bacterial and fungal infections as an herbal remedy due to its fewer side effects and is more efficacies than other traditional medicine. Major classes of chemical compounds found in H. officinalis essential oil are bicyclic monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, acyclic monoterpenes, phenolic monoterpenoids, monocyclic monoterpenes, monocyclic sesquiterpenes, tricyclic sesquiterpenes, bicyclic sesquiterpenes, tricyclic sesquiterpenoids, straight chain saturated hydrocarbons. Some of the major chemical constituents present in the H. officinalis are β-pinene, α-pinene, 1, 8-cineole, apigenin, diosmin, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, cis-pinocamphone, trans-pinocamphone, iso-pinocamphone, pinocarvone, which are responsible for its various pharmacological activity. Various studies have been performed on the pharmacological activity of its extract, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-leishmanial, anthelmintic, anti-protozoal and anti-anxiety. Recently, it is use as an anticancer agent has been demonstrated by studying its cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on breast cancer and colon cancer cells. It is used as a potent antibacterial and antifungal agent was studied on the antibiotic-resistant bacterial and fungal strains recently, which can be further useful in developing herbal medicine against AMR. It is an excellent natural antioxidant due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, and H. officinalis is used in various food industries as a source of natural antioxidants, which has minimum side effects as compared to artificial antioxidants. Furthermore, the pharmacological activity of these individual chemical constituents in H. officinalis extract still needs to be investigated for identifying the effectiveness of this plant in the natural treatment of various diseases. This review aims to collect various data regarding the traditional herbal plant hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis), including its photochemistry, chemical structures of the phyto-constituents and pharmacological profile, along with all the pharmacological models. This plant has significant importance in the health industry, so further studies are required on its effective usage against various emerging health problems, including COVID-19, cancer, diabetes, AMR.

Phytotherapy for Diabetes: An Overview of Indian Traditional Plants with Saponins as a Phytoconstituent

The present article consists of the basic knowledge about diabetes with its classification as Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes as well as other types of diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder defined by increased blood glucose levels. Insulin secretion and action are defective in diabetic patients. Diabetes leads to irreversible damage and failure of many organs because of chronic hyperglycemia. They have a complex etiology that arises when the equilibrium of offensive and protective components is altered. The limited effectiveness and severe adverse effects of the currently available medications make treatment extremely difficult. In experimental models of anti-diabetic preparations, natural items such as herbal plants and their extracted components have been frequently used. Saponins, a glycosidic molecule, is proven to have therapeutic potential and they are used as an alternative treatment for insulin in diabetic patients. Saponin-induced dyslipidemia will aid diabetic people in lowering their risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. This review aims to explain the antidiabetic function of saponins as well as its potential in the management of diabetes.

Revisiting the South Indian Traditional Plants against Several Targets of SARS-CoV-2 - An in silico Approach.

The south Indian Telugu states will celebrate a new year called 'Ugadi' which is a south Indian traditional festival. The ingredients used in ugadi pachadi have often also been used in food as well as traditional Ayurveda and Siddha medicinal preparations. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a diverse family of enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses which can infect humans and have the potential to cause large-scale outbreaks. Considering the benefits of ugadi pachadi, we investigated the binding modes of various phytochemical constituents reported from its ingredients against five targets of SARS-CoV-2. Flexible-ligand docking simulations were achieved through AutoDock version 1.5.6. Following 50ns of molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS 2018.1 software and binding free energy (ΔGbind) of the protein-ligand complexes were calculated using the g_mmpbsa tool. ADME prediction was done using Qikprop of Schrodinger. From the molecular docking and MM/PBSA results compound Eriodictin exhibited the highest binding energy when complexed with nucleocapsid N protein (6M3M) (-6.8 kcal/mol, - 82.46 kJ/mol), bound SARS-CoV-2-hACE2 complex (6M0J) (-7.4 kcal/mol, -71.10 kJ/mol) and Mpro (6XR3) (-8.6 kcal/mol, -140.21 kJ/mol). Van der Waal and electrostatic energy terms highly favored total free energy binding. The compounds Eriodictin, Vitexin, Cycloart-3, 24, 27-triol, Agigenin, Mangiferin, Mangiferolic acid, Schaftoside, 27-Hydroxymangiferonic acid, Quercetin, Azadirachtol, Cubebin, Isomangiferin, Isoquercitrin, Malicarpin, Orientin and procyanidin dimer exhibited satisfactory binding energy values when compared with standard molecules. The further iterative optimization of high-ranked compounds following validation by in vitro and in vivo techniques assists in discovering therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 molecules.

Indian traditional plants: medicinal properties and Human health

India is the indigenous country of traditional plant those have various medicinal activity to prevent different diseases. Indian traditional plant plays a conventional role to nourish human health. Medicinal plants contain bioactive components which functioned as secondary metabolites. These metabolites prevent many kinds of disorders without causing any side effects. Numerous pharmacological properties of medicinal plants (Tulsi, Neem, Bay leaves, Nishinda, Nayantara, Kalmegh, Mint etc.) have discussed in this review. They contain phytochemical components such as flavonoid, phenolics, phenylpropanoid, terpenoid, fatty acid, tannin, azadirachtine, azadirone, nimbin, nimbidin, menthone, pulegone, menthofuran, azulene. Due to presence of these bioactive compounds, it possesses pharmacological, therapeutic, pharmaceutical functions like antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-infective, antidiabetic, antileukemic, antiulcer, anticancer, antiallergic, antioxidant properties. The object of this review is aimed to elaborate the scientific discussion about phytoconstituent and pharmacological functions of these traditional medicinal plant.

A systematic analysis of the ethnopharmacological relevance of an Indian traditional plant, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. for the past 10 years

A systematic analysis of the ethnopharmacological relevance of an Indian traditional plant, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. for the past 10 years

Effect of Abutilon indicum (L) Extract on Adipogenesis, Lipolysis and Cholesterol Esterase in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Cell Lines.

Abutilon indicum (L) is an Indian traditional plant used for the treatment of diabetes and heart diseases. The present study is to evaluate the functional of A. indicum leaf extract as insulin like character to inhibit lipolysis and stimulates Adipogenesis activity. The ability of the A. indicum leaf extract in anti-obesity effect of Adipogenesis, lipolysis and cholesterol esterase functions can be predicted by using 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell lines. Substances were isolated from A. indicum leaves and the double filtered crude sample were used for Adipogenesis, lipolysis and cholesterol esterase activity using 3T3-L1 adipocytes at different concentrations. We used differential media-I, differential media-II and maintenance media (MM1) at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200 and 400µg/mL respectively. In addition to the extract, there is a significance increase in glycerol release (p < 0.001) compared with crude and reference compounds. Cholesterol esterase activity predicts the IC50 = 27.11µg/mL of orlistat positive control compare with IC50 = 8.158µg/mL of crude extract. Based on the observation, A. indicum leaf extract can promotes lipolysis and differentiated adipocytes. It is potentially used as adjuvant in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

TLC-Based Metabolite Profiling and Bioactivity-Based Scientific Validation for Use of Water Extracts in AYUSH Formulations.

We aimed to develop a chromatographic method for scientific validation of water extract of some important Indian traditional plants used in AYUSH-based formulation as immunomodulator and to evaluate their bioactive potential. Fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. and Piper nigrum L., stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, rhizome of Curcuma longa L., leaves of Ocimum sanctum L. and Achillea millefolium L., roots of Withania somnifera L., and stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. were coarsely powdered and extracted in three different solvents (water, ethanol, and hydroethanol). The antioxidant potential was determined through 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing capacity methods. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out for the comparative metabolite profiling of the extracts using toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5 : 4 : 1, v/v/v) as a solvent system. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of the extracts has been tested on splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic assay. Hydroethanolic extract (HEE) of most of the plant materials has the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by water extract (WE) and ethanolic extract (EE), whereas the water extracts of most of the plant material showed better antioxidant activity. Almost all extract exhibited splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. But water extract showed significantly higher splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic activity as compared to the other two extracts. TLC analysis resulted in detection of totally 63 and 56 metabolites at 254 nm and 366 nm, respectively. Through principal component analysis (PCA), it was observed that metabolite pattern of different extracts from same plant materials may be different or similar. This preliminary result can be used for quality evaluation and to develop a synergy-based polyherbal combination of water extracts of selected plant materials.

Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle, Ocimum sanctum and Trachyspermum ammi Leaves Against Enteropathogens: A Comparative Study

Food-borne infections are common in humans by several factors. Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites are involved in common food-borne infections. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus are notably associated bacteria with food-borne illness or gastrointestinal tract-related disease. Prevention or treatment of bacterial-associated food poisoning is achieved by antibiotic therapy, which has many negative impacts on human health. Such concern makes it necessary to find out healthy, safer, and natural alternatives to combat the disease. In Indian culture, Ayurveda always suggested chewing some medicinal herbal leaves for the betterment of gastrointestinal disease. In this study, herbal extract of three Indian traditional plants viz., Piper Betle, Ocimum sanctum Linn, and Trachyspermum ammi were evaluated for the antimicrobial property against four enteropathogenic bacteria, i.e., E. coli, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Bacillus cerus, by disc diffusion technique. Ethanolic extract of herbs showed variable activities against four bacteria, and all extracts can potentially inhibit the growth of enteropathogens. Results prove that these herbal extracts can be used as a natural alternative against pathogens and harmless antimicrobials for humans.

A Comprehensive Study on COVID-19 Epidemiology, Anatomical Assemblage and Its Mechanism

The COVID-19, or also called SARS-CoV-2, which is causative agent of probably inevitable disease which is of big global public health problem. COVID-19 is a positive stranded RNA virus that is majorly found in wildlife &amp; humans. And the outbreak of Novel Coronavirus is unleashing chaos across the world due to inadequate risk assessment with reference to insistence of problem. The COVID-19 pandemic has enrolled in a critical novel phase. When compared to MERS &amp; SARS, SARS-CoV-2 has transmitted more rapidly, because of increased globalization and adaptation of Novel coronavirus. However, the recent outbreak of COVID-19 showing an immediate requirement for therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2. Here, we have discussed the different symptoms in COVID-19, SARS, MERS &amp; common flu as well as structure of virus regarding its immune response and we are providing a brief about the Indian traditional plants as conceivable novel therapeutic pathways.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Lupeol isolated from Indian traditional medicinal plant Crateva adansonii screened through in vivo and in silico approaches

BackgroundLupeol, a triterpene bioactive compound isolated from Indian traditional plant Crateva adansonii acted as promising and alternative anti-inflammatory agent to treatments of diseases related to inflammation. The inflammatory process in the body serves an important function in the control and repair of injury. However, it is self-perpetuating in number of disease conditions, which must be prevented and treated. Worldwide most prescribing NASID drug shows severe side effects. Whereas drug from natural origin shows dual inhibition of inflammatory and analgesic target protein with more efficacy and less side effects than NSAID drugs. Our study aims to isolate and screen the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from leaf extract of Crateva adansonii belongs to Capparaceae family commonly used Indian traditional medicine for treating inflammatory diseases. ResultsMethanol and chloroform leaf extracts (ME and CE) and lupeol fraction (LF) of plant Crateva adansonii is investigated through employing in vivo male Wistar albino rat model. Acute toxicity study of C. adansonii ME and CE leaf extracts reveals that no mortality and no behavioral changes in experimental animals up to 2 g/kg. So no lethal dose we consider two optimal doses 200 and 400 mg of plant leaf extracts for in vivo inflammatory and analgesic study. In vivo acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity was carried out through carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) of Crateva adansonii evoked highest percentage of inflammation inhibition (50 and 33.96% respectively) in both in vivo acute and chronic inflammation model among all tested samples (ME and CE 200 mg and 400 mg/kg, oral route) including reference standard (10 mg/kg, oral route) indomethacin. Carrageenan-challenged experimental animals were screened for one inflammatory marker enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), inflammatory products such as Prostaglandrin E2 (PGE2), and eight different cytokines markers (TNFα, IL-6, IFN γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, MCP-1, Rantes, and MIP) associated with inflammation reveals that LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) of Crateva adansonii shows prominent anti-inflammatory activity than reference standard indomethacin (10 mg/kg, oral route) over all these biological tested parameters. In vivo analgesic assays such as hot plate assay and acetic acid-induced writhing assay revealed that LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) possesses significant analgesic activity (11.60 s and 69.05%) when compared with standard drug pentazocine(10 mg/kg, oral route). Finally, we made an in silico screening of lupeol against analgesic (nAChR) and anti-inflammatory (COX-2) target proteins reveals that lupeol possess highest binding affinity with nAChR and COX-2 target proteins (− 8.5 and − 9.0 Kcal/mol) over the reference standard pentazocine and indomethacin (− 7.0 and − 8.4 Kcal/mol) respectively. ConclusionThe present study result provides a pharmacological evidences for analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of lupeol isolated from Indian traditional plant Crateva adansonii act as a multi-target agent with immense anti-inflammatory potential targeting key molecules of inflammation such as MPO, PGE2, and eight pro-inflammatory cytokine markers. Outcome of present study is to find promising anti-inflammatory bioactive agents from the cheapest Indian traditional medicinal plant sources useful for pharmaceutical industries.

A strategy to decrease vectorial competence of dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti by alteration of its gut microbiota using Indian traditional medicinal plants

In the present study, the sensitivity of the gut microbes of dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti to Indian traditional medicinal plants was evaluated. The microbes were isolated from the midgut of laboratory-reared fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and grown on Luria-Bertini agar plates at an optimum temperature of 27oC. The microbial colonies were differentiated based on their characteristics such as size, shape, opacity, elevation, consistency, and rate of growth. The axenic culture of different strains was obtained by streaking method. Ten different types of microbial clones were identified up to species level using Biolog’s advanced phenotypic technology. Five Indian traditional plants: Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Catharanthus roseus, Curcuma longa, and Syzygium aromaticum and an invasive obnoxious weed Lantana camara were used in the present study. The extracts of the specific parts of individual plants were prepared in ethanol and hexane using ‘Soxhlet apparatus’. The extracts were screened for their antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion assay. The results indicate that the plants used in the present study possessed antimicrobial activities against gut microbes of Ae. aegypti. However, the sensitivity of different microbes to the extracts varied. The zone of inhibition observed after 24 h of incubation revealed that ethanol extract of A. indica has the most potent antibacterial activity; followed by that of S. aromaticum, C. longa and O. sanctum. L. camara and C. roseus were least effective against gut microbes of Ae. aegypti.

In vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Mechanism of Antifungal Activities of Selected Indian Traditional Plants against Human Oral Microbes

Morus alba, Asparagus racemosus and Murraya koenigii are commonly used in Indian traditional medicines for the various ailments. The plant extracts were analysed for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities and their mechanism of action towards human oral fungal pathogens. In the present study, methanol extracts were obtained using a soxhlet apparatus and microbes were obtained from microbial type culture collection and gene bank, Pune. The total phenol and flavonoid were found to be high in Murraya koenigii (2.77 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) and Morus alba (160 µg Quercetin equivalent/mg) respectively. The maximum radical scavenging activity was shown by Murraya koenigii in 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (71 %) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (82.57 %) methods. The maximum antibacterial and antifungal activities were observed in Asparagus racemosus towards Lactobacillus acidophilus (23 mm) and Candida krusei (10 mm) respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was also determined. The target of antifungal activity of Asparagus racemosus towards Candida krusei was not cell wall whereas targets the cell membrane which is confirmed by sorbitol assay, transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. This research can be used as a base to find the active components responsible for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities.

Caesalpinia bonduc: A Ubiquitous yet Remarkable Tropical Plant Owing Various Promising Pharmacological and Medicinal Properties with SpecialReferences to the Seed

Caesalpinia bonduc L. is a pivotal medicinal plant that belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae. The plant is widely distributed found throughout India especially in the coastal areas. It is extensively used in traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Homoeopathy, and Unani. It is regarded as a valuable remedy for the treatment of numerous ailments in Indian traditional plant medicine. It is a unique medicinal plant used in conventional medicine because all plant parts have therapeutic properties. The plant has been reported to hold several pharmacological and medicinal properties such as anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antifertility, anti-inflammatory and antimalarial etc. C. bonduc seeds contain cassane diterpenoids like caesalpinins and caesalmins, as well as norcassane diterpenoids such norcaesalpinins. Cassane diterpenoids (e.g. taepeenins A-L) and norcassane diterpenoids (e.g. nortaepeenins A & B) have been isolated from the stems, roots, and seeds. Leaves include phenolic acids such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid. This species has been found to contain numerous biologically and pharmacologically relevant bioactive secondary metabolites with unique structures and diverse mechanisms of action, which may entice pharmaceutical companies to produce novel therapeutic formulations based on herbal methods. With more research, it is possible to infer that C. bonduc could become the most acceptable source of medicine in the future for an array of illnesses. As a result, this review aims to provide a full overview of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of C. bonduc.

Antioxidant and anti-candida activity of selected medicinal plants of Indian origin

Abstract Introduction Fungal disseases are the most common opportunistic infection. Objective The main aims of the study were to determine phenolic content and to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-candida activity of the selected Indian-origin plant extracts from the fruit pulp, stem, leaves, and seeds of three plants of Indian origin. Material and methods The extracts from Terminalia chebula, Thuja occidentalic and Syzygium jambolanum were investigated. The total phenolic content, antioxidant potential of different crude extracts was accessed using the free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Anti-candida activity was evaluated using disk diffusion method and broth dilution assay against Candida albicans. Results Ethanol and methanol extracts of Indian traditional plants possessed high radical scavenging activity: T. chebula 29.38±0.15, T. occidentalis 6.26±0.24 and S. jambolanum 25.64±0.18 at 0.32 mg/ml. The extracts exhibited good zones of inhibition diameters ranged between: for T. chebula 6.33±0.57 mm and 19.66±1.52 mm in diameter, S. jambolanum 7.00±00 mm and 23.33±1.52 and T. occidentalis 7.66±0.57 and 17.00±1.00 mm. C. albicans were susceptible to all three tested extract at different concentrations. The lowest MIC 1.95 mg/ml was recorded with S. jambolanum while the T. chebula and T. occidentalis inhibited the growth at 3.90 mg/ml, respectively, against the C. albicans. Conclusion The study result paves an overall view on the bioactivities of three traditional Indian medicinal plants crude extracts.

The Plausible Role of Indian Traditional Medicine in Combating Corona Virus (SARS-CoV 2): A Mini-Review.

SARS-CoV 2 is a novel virus strain of Coronavirus, reported in China in late December 2019. Its highly contagious nature in humans has prompted WHO to designate the ongoing pandemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. At this moment, there is no specific treatment and the therapeutic strategies to deal with the infection are only supportive, with prevention aimed at reducing community transmission. A permanent solution for the pandemic, which has brought the world economy to the edge of collapse, is the need of the hour. This situation has brought intense research in traditional systems of medicine. Indian Traditional System, Ayurveda, has a clear concept of the cause and treatment of pandemics. Through this review, information on the potential antiviral traditional medicines along with their immunomodulatory pathways are discussed. We have covered the seven most important Indian traditional plants with antiviral properties: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (family: Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (family: Menispermaceae), Phyllanthus emblica L. (family: Euphorbiaceae), Asparagus racemosus L. (family: Liliaceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (family: Fabaceae), Ocimum sanctum L. (family: Lamiaceae) and Azadirachta indica A. Juss (family: Meliaceae) in this review. An attempt is also made to bring into limelight the importance of dietary polyphenol, Quercetin, which is a potential drug candidate in the making against the SARS-CoV2 virus.

Biological Potential of Caesalpinia bonducella Seeds: A Review

Caesalpinia bonducella L. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae. The plant is found in all over India. The plant is a large prickly shrub. It is popular in indigenous system of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, Homoeopathy and Unani. In Indian traditional plant medicine, it has been considered as an important remedy for the treatment of several diseases. The plant has been reported to possess antimalarial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antipyretic, antifertility antiviral and antimalarial etc. activities of various parts of C bonducella plant. It can be concluded that C. bonducella can become the best source of medicine in future on various ailments with further investigations. Hence attempts have been made to take collect and compile the information about the traditional use of various parts of C.bonducella in various ailments, chemical constituents from various parts and the effective use of various extracts for treatment of different diseases.&#x0D; Keywords: Caesalpinia bonducella , Pharmacology, Nutritional Values.

In Vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Mechanism of Antifungal Activities of Selected Indian Traditional Plants against Human Oral Microbes

In Vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Mechanism of Antifungal Activities of Selected Indian Traditional Plants against Human Oral Microbes

In-vitro antibiofilm activity of selected medicinal plants against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on chitin flakes as substrate

The aim of the study is to assess the antibiofilm activity of ethanolic extracts of few Indian traditional herbal plants against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm along with phytochemical analysis of plant extracts and identification of active compounds. Broth micro-dilution method was followed for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) study of the plants against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Chitin was used as a substrate for biofilm formation and antibiofilm activity of plant extract was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the chitin flakes were analysed to determine the inhibitory effect of the plant extract on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Curcuma longa showed the best antibacterial activities where MIC and MBC were 0.4 mg/ml and 1.60 mg/ml respectively. Viability cell counts of both planktonic and sessile condition of Staphylococcus aureus showed that C.longa ethanolic extract have an antibiofilm activity. The major compounds of C.longa extract was found to be curcumin, which responded for antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. Curcuma longa rhizome and its active compound curcumin can be a potential natural source of antibiofilm agents against infectious biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus.

Prophylaxis and treatment aspect of COVID-19 with the use of Indian traditional plant-based medicine: A hypothetical review

HCoV (human coronavirus) is a retrovirus containing an enveloped virus belongs to Coronaviridae family. Coronavirus (CoV) family is composed of numerous viral strains and responsible for the cause of common cold, breathing problem, and fever. The chronic CoV infection may cause pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in human beings. The known strains of HCoV are HCoV-OC-43, -229E, and -HKU1. The more extensively known strain is SARS-CoV which caused a worldwide threat with the sky-scraping number of deaths with high mortality rate in 2003. In the year of 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) nominated a sixth type of HCoV infection recognized as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which affected Middle East region of the world and showed a high fatality rate. In a similar way, currently coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been pandemic and fatal worldwide, which has been originated at China during December 2019. At present, there is no vaccine or treatment to cure COVID-19 infection. In such a time, the pharmaceuticals should promote and encourage natural product drug discovery programs. They should inspire the academic organizations to perform committed research activities to develop natural and alternative therapeutics. Till the date numbers of Indian traditional plants have been reported showing their antiviral potential, immunemodulating potential, and respiroprotective effects. In this review, such kinds of potent antiviral traditional plants are listed and described in very detailed manner along with their active phytoconstituents as well as mechanism of actions. In the current pandemic situation of COVID-19, these traditional plants can be a rich source to develop and design novel natural medicines, therapies, or vaccines against HCoV-2.