Traditional Indian Medicinal Plant Research Articles

Effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Abelmoschus moschatus against multidrug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilm—An insight into antibiofilm therapeutics

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) frequently develops biofilms, assisting UPEC persistence and resulting in antimicrobial resistance. Thus, biofilm inhibition is important in UTI treatment. This study investigated the antibiofilm efficacy of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Abelmoschus moschatus (AMHE), a traditional Indian medicinal plant, against multidrug-resistant (MDR) UPEC in vitro. Nine clinical MDR-UPEC and E. coli (ATCC25922) were screened for biofilm production by safranine staining. Water:ethanol (3:7) was used to prepare AMHE. Phytocomponents in AMHE were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MIC-b) of AMHE were determined by spectrophotometry. Growth curve and time-kill kinetics were performed using standard protocols. Metabolic activity and biofilm biomass were determined by MTT assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy. GraphPad Prism v8.0.2 was used for statistical analysis. An array of phytoconstituents in AMHE, including sesquiterpenes, polyphenols, fatty acids, and phytosterols, were identified. All E. coli isolates at 24 and 48 h of static growth exhibited significant biofilm production (p ≤ 0.0001) with cumulative AMHE MIC; 0.8–3.2 mg/ml and MIC-b; 1.6–6.4 mg/ml, respectively. The highest significant (p ≤ 0.0001) reduction in biofilm biomass and metabolic activity at respective 0.5 MIC of AMHE was observed in 3 selected strains without any effect on planktonic growth compared to untreated controls, which suggested its antibiofilm efficacy. Additionally, presence of farnesol, farnesyl acetate, ambrettolide along with other phytoconstituents in AHME might be responsible for the potential antibiofilm attributes. Therefore, future investigations on AMHE might pave the way towards developing effective antibiofilm therapeutics against UPEC biofilm.

Efflux Pump Inhibition-Based Screening and Anti-Infective Evaluation of Punica granatum Against Bacterial Pathogens.

Drug efflux pumps contribute to bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR), reducing antibiotic effectiveness and causing treatment failures. Besides their role in MDR, efflux pumps also assist in the transportation of quorum sensing (QS) signal molecules and increased the tolerance of biofilms. Recently, the search for efflux pump inhibitors from natural sources, including anti-infective plants, has gained attention as a potential therapy against drug-resistant bacteria. In this study, 19 traditional Indian medicinal plants were screened for their efflux pump inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli TGI. The promising extract, i.e., Punica granatum was subsequently fractioned in the solvents of increasing polarity. Among them, at sub-MIC active EPI fraction was PGEF (P. granatum ethyl acetate fraction), further investigated for anti-infective potential against Chromobacterium violaceum 12,472, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Serratia marcescens MTCC 97. PGEF was also evaluated for in vivo efficacy in Caenorhabditis elegans model. Major phytocompounds were analyzed by mass spectroscopic techniques. At respective Sub-MIC, PGEF reduced violacein production by 71.14% in C. violaceum 12,472. Moreover, PGEF inhibited pyocyanin (64.72%), pyoverdine (48.17%), protease (51.35%), and swarming motility (44.82%) of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Furthermore, PGEF reduced the production of prodigiosin and exoprotease by 64.73% and 61.80%, respectively. Similarly, at sub-MIC, PGEF inhibited (≥ 50%) biofilm development in all test pathogens. The key phytocompounds detected in active fraction include 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, trans-p-coumaric acid 4- glucoside, (-)-Epicatechin 3'-O-glucuronide, and ellagic acid. Interestingly, PGEF also demonstrated anti-infective efficacy against the PAO1-infected C. elegans test model and highlighting its therapeutic potential as an anti-infective agent to combat drug-resistant problems.

Phytochemical analysis and high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography guided quantification of Boeravinone B from Boerhaavia diffusa root extracts: Assessment of in vitro safety analysis

AbstractAn Indian traditional medicinal plant, Boerhaavia diffusa (Punarnava), is reported for its diuretic activity and helps in impaired kidney function. The present study indicates that alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, and glycosides are absent in the petroleum ether extract and present chiefly in the methanolic extract of roots. The phytosterols were found to be present in the ethyl acetate extract, while other phytochemical constituents, that is, alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides, were absent. From high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, the results indicated that out of all the three extracts and two marketed formulations, ethyl acetate root extract (LEA) has the highest amount of Boeravinone B content. Further, different root extracts of B. diffusa and two marketed formulations were evaluated on the human embryonic kidney cell line to understand pharmacological safety. From the results, it was observed that LEA and petroleum ether root extracts showed a higher percentage of cell survival and a better safety profile up to the dose of 1 mg/mL. The overall results indicated that further preclinical evaluation of B. diffusa is needed to understand the mechanism behind nephroprotective potential which can further expedite the drug discovery process of nephroprotective molecules.

Phytoconstituents of Ashwagandha as potential inhibitors of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP): an in silico investigation

Amylin or human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is a small peptide co-secreted with insulin. Its peripheral aggregation on the lipid bilayer leads to fibril formation. The formation of hIAPP fibrils is hypothesized to rupture the membrane of β -cells, which culminates in β-cell death. Following additional studies, amylin fibril formation is a hallmark of T2DM and is also implicitly responsible for Alzheimer’s disease. This study reports the virtual screening of 1000 phytoconstituents of traditional Indian medicinal plants to get potential inhibitors of amylin, which will likely restrict and block amyloid aggregation, preventing the progression of T2DM and Alzheimer’s illness. The compounds having drug-likeness properties (acquired from ADMET calculations) and highest binding affinities (from molecular docking) are subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate the temporal stability of the conformations of the complexes. This study discovers that Withaferin A and Withacoagulin have the highest binding affinity for amylin, and their stability with amylin was verified further by parameters such as RMSD, RMSF, number of H-bonds and MMPBSA. Individual principle component analysis (PCA) confirms the stable complex formation of amylin with Withaferin A and Withacoagulin. We strongly believe that wet-lab experiments and clinical trials will help to validate our computational findings. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Global output of Boswellia serrata research (1969-2020): An Indian traditional medicinal plant with potential therapeutic value

Global output of Boswellia serrata research (1969-2020): An Indian traditional medicinal plant with potential therapeutic value

Traditional Indian Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review of Active Constituents and their Pharmacological Effects

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects millions of people worldwide. The use of natural products for the treatment of psoriasis has gained interest due to their potential to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation. Traditional Indian medicinal plants offer a promising source of natural products for the treatment of psoriasis. This article provides a comprehensive review of Indian medicinal plants that have been traditionally used for the treatment of psoriasis, along with their active constituents and reported pharmacological activities. In addition, we discuss the molecular pharmacology of psoriasis and the limitations of current allopathic treatment methods. Finally, we highlight the potential therapeutic effects of individual active constituents found in Indian medicinal plants, with a focus on their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This review provides a basis for further research on the use of traditional Indian medicinal plants for the treatment of psoriasis.

Phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and their biomedical implications

The list of most useful Indian traditional medicinal plants includes Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, popularly known as Night jasmine. It is widely distributed in the sub-Himalayan regions and south of the Godavari.Each component of the plant has some significant medicinal value and can therefore be used for profit. The present review article illustrates an updated account of the analysis of different pharmacophores from the plant, N. arbor-tristis, and their potential biomedical applications. The significant pharmacological activities of different parts of the plant such as seeds, leaves, flowers, bark, and fruits, have been studied. Numerous phytochemicals contained in this plant including glycosides, flavonoids, essential oils, oleanic acid, carotene, tannic acid, lupeol, friedelin, benzoic acid, and glucose, have been studied and tested for their potential anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, anti-leishmaniasis, anti-pyretic, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, and anti-histaminic activities of N. arbor-tristis. Further, extensive research is required to unravel their effective medicinal applications against varied serious diseases.

Identification of Kaempferol as Viral Entry Inhibitor and DL-Arginine as Viral Replication Inhibitor from Selected Plants of Indian Traditional Medicine against COVID-19: An in silico Guided in vitro Approach.

Indian traditional medicinal plants are known for their great potential in combating viral diseases. Previously, we reported a systematic review approach of seven plausible traditional Indian medicinal plants against SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking was conducted with Biovia Discovery Studio. Three binding domains for spike glycoprotein (PDB IDs: 6LZG, 6M17, 6M0J) and one binding domain of RdRp (PDB ID: 7BTF) were used. Among 100 phytoconstituents listed from seven plants by the IMPPAT database used for virtual screening, the best six compounds were again filtered using Swiss ADME prediction and Lipinski's rule. Additionally, a pseudovirion assay was performed to study the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S1-protein with the ACE 2 receptor to further confirm the effect. Chebulagic acid (52.06 Kcal/mol) and kaempferol (48.84 Kcal/mol) showed increased interaction energy compared to umifenovir (33.68 Kcal/mol) for the 6LZG binding domain of spike glycoprotein. Epicatechin gallate (36.95 Kcal/mol) and arachidic acid (26.09 Kcal/mol) showed equally comparable interaction energy compared to umifenovir (38.20 Kcal/mol) for the 6M17 binding domain of spike glycoprotein. Trihydroxychalcone (35.23 Kcal/mol) and kaempferol (36.96 Kcal/mol) showed equally comparable interaction energy with umifenovir (36.60 Kcal/mol) for 6M0J binding domain of spike glycoprotein. Upon analyzing the phytoconstituents against RdRp binding domain, DL-arginine (41.78 Kcal/mol) showed comparable results with the positive control remdesivir (47.61 Kcal/mol). ADME analysis performed using Swiss ADME revealed that kaempferol and DL arginine showed drug-like properties with appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters. Further in vitro analysis of kaempferol by pseudovirion assay confirmed an acceptable decrease of the lentiviral particles in transfected HEK293T-hACE2 cells. The study highlights that kaempferol and DL-arginine could be the significant molecules to exhibit potent action against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.

Investigating the Protective Effect of Leaves of Calotropis procera (Aiton) for In-vivo Anti-oxidant and Antiulcer Activity using Pylorus Ligation Method

Background: Calotropis procera (Aiton) (Apocynaceae) is a traditional Indian medicinal plant and used in folk medicine for the past decade for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore the current investigation was undertaken to explore the gastroprotective effect of C. procera (Aiton) leaves extract using pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Methods: The crude powder material was successively extracted with different solvents and concentrated at reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The current investigation was carried out by a pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Omeprazole, 20 mg/kg and 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg ethanol extract of C. procera (Aiton) leaves were administered orally for 15 consecutive days, on the last day six hours after pylorus ligation animals were sacrificed and the amount of gastric juice, pH, total and free acidity, ulcer index, and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with antioxidant parameters and total protein were also studied. Results: Pretreatment of C. procera (Aiton) leaf extract at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, significantly (p < 0.001) decrease the volume of gastric juice, free and total acidity as well as gastric lesions, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine. On the other hand, the pH of gastric juice, mucin content, and total protein was also significantly decreased. Moreover, pretreatment of C. procera (Aiton) significantly (p < 0.001) boost the enzymatic activity and level of different antioxidant markers and attenuated the pylorus ligation-induced level of MDA (p < 0.05) in experimental animals. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that the ethanol leaf extract of C. procera (Aiton) extract possess considerable antiulcer and antioxidant potential. For further research findings, it is necessary to explore the mechanism of action for anti-ulcer activity.

Extraction and Quantification of Pigments from Indian Traditional Medicinal Plants

Extraction and Quantification of Pigments from Indian Traditional Medicinal Plants

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effect of Aqueous Extract of Bauhinia variegata L. Leaves

Abstract: Natural products have the potential to modulate the immunity of human beings either by stimulating or depressing it and the approach was being used over time by medicinal practitioners to treat ailments. This present study was planned to ascertain the immunomodulating potential of one of the Indian traditional medicinal plants Bauhinia variegata L. The aqueous extract of powdered leaves of Bauhinia variegata L. was prepared by using the decoction method and the extract was then dried and made free from solvent. The extract of Bauhinia variegata L. (BVAE) was screened for immunomodulating activity by hemagglutination reaction for humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity study for cellular immune responses. The sheep RBC (5X109 cells/ mL) was used as antigen and levamisole was used as the standard drug in both studies. The extract of plant material (BVAE) showed a dose-dependent response in these studies. BVAE at 400 mg/ kg dose among all the doses of plant material showed significantly (p<0.05) high antibody titer 7.13±0.17) in humoral immune response and potential delayed-type hypersensitivity response (0.96±0.06) in the cellular immune study. Whereas, the standard drug levamisole showed the most significant (p<0.01) higher antibody titer (7.87±0.19) and delayed-type hypersensitivity response (1.24±0.04). Though the standard drug showed a better response the plant material also showed the potential immunomodulatory effect in the present study. Hence, the findings of this study proposed the immunomodulatory effect of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia variegata L., and 400 mg/kg dose of the extract was found to be potent among other doses. Keywords: Bauhinia variegata, Cellular immune response, Haemagglutination, Humoral study, Immunomodulation.

Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser (Rubiaceae) extracts: promising prospects for anticancer and antibacterial potential through in vitro and in silico studies

Neolamarckia cadamba is an Indian traditional medicinal plant having various therapeutic potentials. In the present study, we did solvent-based extraction of Neolamarckia cadamba leaves. The extracted samples were screened against liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and bacteria (Escherichia coli). MTT cytotoxic assay was performed for in vitro analysis of extracted samples against the HepG2 cell lines and the normal human prostate PNT2 cell line. Chloroform extract of Neolamarckia cadamba leaves showed better activity with IC50 value 69μg/ml. DH5α strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was cultured in Luria Bertani (LB) broth media and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were calculated. Solvent extract chloroform showed better activity in MTT analysis and antibacterial screening and it was taken for characterization of phytocomposition by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identified phytoconstituents were docked with potential targets of liver cancer and E. coli. The phytochemical 1-(5-Hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione shows highest docking score against the targets PDGFRA (PDB ID: 6JOL) and Beta-ketoacyl synthase 1(PDB ID: 1FJ4) and their stability was further confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation studies.

Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV2 Mediated Depression, Therapeutics, and Consequences: A Comprehensive Narrative.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to emerging and reemerging diseases, which was first identified and reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 was similar to the SARS virus, a β-coronavirus. The epidemiological studies suggest that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 mainly occurs from an infected person to others through close contact with the respiratory droplets or by having contact with SARS-CoV-2 adhering to objects and surfaces. The incubation period ranges from 5 to14 days. The symptoms include fever, dry cough, tiredness, aches, chest pain, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, headache, difficulty in breathing or short breath, loss of taste, smell, rashes on the skin, and sore throat. Some reports indicated that males exhibited lower scores than females, the younger populations displayed increased symptoms, Chinese/Taiwanese people registered only scarce symptoms, and Canadians experienced more symptoms. The results of several studies suggested that while COVID-19 had a significant effect on depression, job instability affected anxiety and depression. The diagnostics to detect the presence of coronavirus involve ELISA and RT-PCR. There is no specific treatment available to eradicate COVID-19. The therapeutics used to treat COVID 19 exhibited severe side effects. Recently, some Indian traditional medicinal plants have shown promise in reducing the risk of viral infection and also boosting the immunity of an individual. This paper presents an overview of the current status of depression in the SARS CoV2 infected people and the measures required to overcome COVID-19 induced depression in patients even after recovery.

Cytotoxicity evaluation of Amaranthus extracts compared with AS20 on MCF-7 cancer cells

Advancement in oncology research is striving to find new and effective therapies for treating cancer, limiting the drawbacks of conventional treatments like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. Many plant-derived active ingredients such as saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and polyphenols are used in cancer treatments which are FDA approved. Amaranthus is a traditional Indian medicinal plant used to treat a variety of diseases. It was previously found to contain phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids among other bioactive phytochemicals. In the present study, we hypothesized that AS20, a polyherbal formulation derived from Amaranthus leaves and inflorescence has higher anticancer properties than individual extracts such as leaf methanol and inflorescence acetone extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We also hypothesized that AS20 would induce higher levels of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We discovered that AS20 had a considerably lesser maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) compared to individual plant extracts of Amaranthus spinosus using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. AS20 had a lower IC50 than leaf methanol and inflorescence acetone extract respectively. Paclitaxel (a chemotherapeutic drug which can be used in cancer treatment) was used as a positive control and showed similar IC50 value like AS20. These findings indicated that AS20 did not show a significantly lower IC50 value compared to the chemotherapeutic drug Paclitaxel. Fluorescence staining methods such as Hoechst, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and acridine orange with propidium iodide (dual staining) showed that AS20 caused 51% cell death in MCF-7 cells compared to 4% cell death in untreated MCF-7 cells after 48 hours of exposure, indicating successful drug activity in inducing apoptosis.

A Review on Biological Activities of Indian Traditional Medicinal Plant: Calotropis Gigantea

India, which is aptly referred to as the world's botanical garden, is the country that produces the most medicinal herbs. The Apocynaceae/Asclepiadaceae family member, Calotropis gigantea sometimes known as the Crown Flower, has special therapeutic characteristics that can be used on its own or in combination with other drugs to treat common illnesses. There is a surprising therapeutic diversity in herbal medications. Entire dried plant is employed as rejuvenating, parasitic worm expellers and mucus explusors in ayurveda. While latex of it cures vertigo, baldness, hair loss, and rheumatoid arthritis, and to treat asthma root in dry form is used, leprosy. Calotropis is employed as a homoeopathic remedy in addition to its conventional purposes. Significant medicinal benefits can be obtained from the plant's extracts from its many components. It is necessary to objectively investigate these treatments in order to determine their active principles and comprehend their pharmacological properties, such as prophylactic protective, NSAID, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, antiulcer ,helps in treating Covid-19, antimalarial, antipyretic, wound healing activity, cytotoxic properties, anti-asthmatic , procoagulant , CNS and anticonvulsant activity, pregnancy interceptive, anticancer, analgesic, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, insecticidal, and hepatoprotective. It provides data about the mythical importance, herbal relevance, origin, pharmacogenetic illustration, herbal constituents, biological activities, and ethnopharmacological noteworthiness of Calotropis gigantea is summarized in the current review.

Indian traditional medicinal plants in ophthalmic diseases.

Traditional herbal plants have been in use since ancient times to treat ophthalmic conditions; so, the aim of this study is to evaluate some potent Indian traditional medicinal plants used in ophthalmic diseases in order to summarize their potential effect in ophthalmology along with their mechanism of action. Databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were extensively explored. Additionally, relevant textbooks and literatures were consulted to summarize most of the considerable scientific literature for the review. Search term included ophthalmology, glaucoma, cataract, trachoma, conjunctivitis, traditional medicines, Unani drugs, and ayurvedic drugs were used. Around 80 review articles were consulted from the year 1982 to 2021. The traditional medicinal plants are easily available, cost-effective and have no associated side effects in comparison to current conventional treatments. Moreover, these drugs in oppose to modern medicine, have an inherent potential to accelerate the body's own immunity to fight against any infection. A large volume of scientific studies has reported the beneficial effects of traditional drugs in ophthalmology. This review, therefore, describes the potential benefits and uses of some traditional medicinal plants used in ophthalmic diseases.

Evaluation of phytochemicals from Indian traditional medicinal plants as antihiv-1 Drugs

According to a global estimate, the growing infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) causing development of a dreaded disease i.e., Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been a major health risk resulting into loss of lives of about 25 million people in the last 25 years. The information available on basic biological processes in the HIV life-cycle suggest that it destroys a subpopulation of T-lymphocytes containing CD4 receptor and CXCR4 or CCR5 as a coreceptor on their surface. These molecules on cell surface are required by the virus for docking and internalization. Since the availability of a suitable vaccine against this virus is currently far from reach and the presently available synthetic anti-HIV therapeutics exhibit severe toxicity and induce emergence of drug resistant mutations, it was imperative to explore plant-based principles targeting specific steps in the viral life-cycle. Moreover, the advancement in separation, purification and chemical characterization technologies for identification of natural compounds has offered promises for the usage of medicinal plants in modern drug discovery. With a few newly discovered natural products demonstrating anti-HIV potential in comparison to a vast number of previously known natural products exhibiting activity against HIV, a multiplex approach is required for exploring cost effective, safe, and efficient plant based anti-HIV drugs with very small LD50 value exhibiting efficacy at nanomolar / picomolar range. This article illustrates an updated account of information on the anti-HIV-1 efficacy of some bioactive molecules isolated from different medicinal plants. Furthermore, the article highlights some chemical compounds isolated from weeds showing activity against functions of viral reverse transcriptase (HIV-1RT), protease and integrase enzymes.

Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology in the Exploration of the Multi-Targeted Therapeutic Approach of Traditional Medicinal Plants

Metabolomic is generally characterized as a comprehensive and the most copious analytical technique for the identification of targeted and untargeted metabolite diversity in a biological system. Recently, it has exponentially been used for phytochemical analysis and variability among plant metabolites, followed by chemometric analysis. Network pharmacology analysis is a computational technique used for the determination of multi-mechanistic and therapeutic evaluation of chemicals via interaction with the genomes involved in targeted or untargeted diseases. In considering the facts, the present review aims to explore the role of metabolomics and network pharmacology in the scientific validation of therapeutic claims as well as to evaluate the multi-targeted therapeutic approach of traditional Indian medicinal plants. The data was collected from different electronic scientific databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, ACS publication, PubMed, Springer, etc., using different keywords such as metabolomics, techniques used in metabolomics, chemometric analysis, a bioinformatic tool for drug discovery and development, network pharmacology, methodology and its role in biological evaluation of chemicals, etc. The screened articles were gathered and evaluated by different experts for their exclusion and inclusion in the final draft of the manuscript. The review findings suggest that metabolomics is one of the recent most precious and effective techniques for metabolite identification in the plant matrix. Various chemometric techniques are copiously used for metabolites discrimination analysis hence validating the unique characteristic of herbal medicines and their derived products concerning their authenticity. Network pharmacology remains the only option for the unique and effective analysis of hundreds of chemicals or metabolites via genomic interaction and thus validating the multi-mechanistic and therapeutic approach to explore the pharmacological aspects of herbal medicines for the management of the disease.

Identification of potential inhibitors of brain-specific CYP46A1 from phytoconstituents in Indian traditional medicinal plants.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42485-022-00098-x.

Method development and validation for quantification of six bioactive compounds (andrographolide, columbin, piperine, gallic, paracoumaric and oleanolic acids) by HPTLC.

During the spread of pandemic diseases, immunity boosting herbal drugs are taken as a preventive medicine. Kapacurak Kuṭinīr Cūraṇam is a Siddha drug used for flu like viral infections, cold and fever. Developing an analytical method to estimate the content of active phytoconstituents in such antiviral immune boosting drug will be useful in the phyto pharmaceutical industry. A precise, reliable and sensitive ordinary phase high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for identification and simultaneous estimation of six bioactive components namely like andrographolide, columbin, gallic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, piperine and oleanolic acid from any Indian traditional medicine, medicinal plant, drugs and food materials etc. The separation was achieved on silica gel 60F254 TLC plates using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:3:0.5, v/v) as mobile phase. The gallic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, piperine markers were estimated using the densitometric scanning in absorption mode at 254nm. The densitometric scanning was done after derivatization (vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent) at λ=520nm for andrographolide, columbin and oleanolic acid. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a correlation coefficient in the concentration range 1-5μg per band for the bioactive markers with respect to area. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and quantitation of limit (LOQ). Developed method was accurate, precise and fast to ensure the quality of Kapacurak Kuṭinīr Cūraṇam.