Peltiphyllum Research Articles

Occurrence, Distribution, Conservation, Ethanobotanical and Pharmacological aspects of endangered medicinal herb belonging to Genus Rheum

Rheum is normally known by the name Indian rhubarb, an endangered species of Northern Himalaya and belongs to Polygonaceae family. It is stout perennial herb distributed through the northern Himalayas at a height of 2800 to 3600 M. Rhubarb is efficiently used in Unani, Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine system. Rhubarb is known to be a common ingredient in almost all Ayurvedic medicines related to gastrointestinal diseases. The common phytoconstituents of this species are derivatives of hydroxyanthraquinone like Emodin, Rhein, Aloe-emodin etc. Brief review of literature shows that the component Emodin has the anticancerous property and a great potential to inhibit cell proliferation. Rheum also has antimicrobial, antifungal and antibacterial activity. Along with medicinal uses, this herb is used in cosmetics, dyes and as food colouring agent. Rheum is highly diverse in its genetic constitutes. According to IUCN, this species is rapidly declining in its natural habitat. Thus the regeneration through tissue culture holds a major place for conservation; explants used for regeneration can be shoot tip or excised leaf. The only study about its genetic diversity and population structure in India is in Jammu and Kashmir which shows the way for study in other States also.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTHRAQUINONES OF RHEUM AUSTRALE D. DON

Anthraquinones are phenolic compounds known best for their laxative activity. Rheum australe D. Don (Indian rhubarb, Polygonaceae) is a prominent medicinal plant with anthraquinones as the bioactive compounds, among a few others. The online literature search was carried out to collect data on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of anthraquinones, particularly those isolated from R. australe. Anthraquinones are commonly found in the genera of Rheum, Senna, Aloe, Frangula, and Rubia, which can be quantitatively and qualitatively determined using both conventional and advanced analytical methods. The anthraquinones of R. australe were found in free and glycosidic forms, which were best extracted by the microwave-assisted extraction method. Various chromatographic techniques were commonly conducted to isolate the pure compounds. In addition to its laxative activity, anthraquinones of R. australe also showed potential antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties.

Investigating the Combined Effect of Natural and Metal Salt Mordants on Coloring Potential of Indian Rhubarb (Rheum emodi) Natural Dye

ABSTRACTSynthetic dyes produce wide range of shades, but some of them especially azo dyes have been recently discovered to cause severe human health and environmental problems. This has motivated research activities in the exploitation of dyes from natural products for the coloration of different textile materials. In the present investigation, Indian rhubarb (Rheum emodi) was used as a source of natural dye for the development of deep and bright shades on premordanted woollen yarn samples. Dyeing experiments were carried on wool samples pretreated with different combinations of natural and chemical mordants such as 2.5% myrobalan + 10% alum, 2.5% myrobalan + 2% iron, and 2.5% myrobalan + 0.5% tin. The light, wash, and rub fastness properties of dyed woollen yarn samples were evaluated along with the determination of lightness (L*), chroma (c*), hue angle (h°), and strength (K/S) values using 8% concentration of Indian rhubarb dye.

Dye extraction from Rheum emodi for colouring silk using natural mordants

Applicability of natural dyes has increased several folds in the past few years due to the eco-friendly approach of the people. This paper concerns with the dyeing of silk fabric with colorant extracted from Rheum emodi (commonly known as rhubarb, himalayan rhubarb, Indian rhubarb) in the presence of selected five natural mordants. Extract using hot percolation with methanol was (27.55%) found suitable and maximum absorption (?max) was observed at pH of 10 in aqueous solution. A wide range of shades ranging from yellow to olive green were obtained. As per the visual evaluation Concentration (0.1%), dyeing time (60 min.), mordant concentration (2%) and pre mordanting method were observed optimized for dyeing. From the results of fastness grade for sunlight and washing it is concluded that the samples mordanted with Harda (Terminalia chebula) and Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) were excellent followed byAnar (Punica granatum), Bahera (Termirudia belerica) and Katth (Acacia Catechu).

In Vivo Protective Effects of Gallic Acid Isolated from Peltiphyllum Peltatum Against Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Erythrocytes

Gallic acid has been identified as an antioxidant component of the edible and medicinal plant Peltiphyllum peltatum. The present study examined its potential protective role against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes. Oxidative stress was induced by NaF administration through drinking water (1030.675 mg m(-3) for one week). Gallic acid at 10 mg kg(-1) and 20 mg kg(-1) and vitamin C for positive controls (10 mg kg(-1)) were administered daily intraperitoneally for one week prior to NaF administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase), and the level of reduced glutathione were evaluated in rat erythrocytes. Lipid peroxidation in NaF-exposed rats significantly increased (by 88.8%) when compared to the control group (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with gallic acid suppressed lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities and glutathione levels were reduced by NaF intoxication by 54.4%, 63.69%, and 42% (p<0.001; vs. untreated control group), respectively. Pre-treatment with gallic acid or vitamin C significantly attenuated the deleterious effects. Gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum and vitamin C mitigated the NaF-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes.

Protective Role of Gallic Acid Isolated from Peltiphyllum Peltatum Against Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat's Heart

Protective Role of Gallic Acid Isolated from Peltiphyllum Peltatum Against Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat's Heart

Protective Role of Gallic Acid Isolated from Peltiphyllum Peltatum Against Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat’s Heart

In the present study, the nephroprotective effect of gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum was examined in sodium fluoride (NaF) treated rats. Nephrotoxicity was induced by 1-week intoxication of NaF at 600 ppm through drinking water. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione as well as activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in renal tissues homogenates were determined. The serum biochemical markers of renal injuries including creatinine, serum urea, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid levels as well as the levels of phosphate and calcium were also assessed. Intoxication with NaF caused a significant increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (46 % versus to control) and reduced the glutathione concentration (47 %) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (46 %) and catalase (41 %) in renal tissues homogenates. NaF intoxication also induced significant alterations in the kidney biochemical markers increasing the levels of urea, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphate and decreasing the levels of calcium. Daily administration of gallic acid (20 mg/kg) for 1 week before NaF intoxication brought the antioxidant–oxidant balance similar to the NaF-untreated group. Silymarin, used a standard antioxidant agent, also showed a nephroprotective activity. We concluded that NaF caused nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in renal tissues and daily administration of gallic acid for 1 week prior to intoxication inhibited toxicity and oxidative stress.

SCREENING APPROACHES FOR METHANE MITIGATING POTENTIAL OF TANNIN-CONTAINING PLANTS UNDER IN VITRO RUMEN ENVIRONMENT

The aim of the present study was to conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate (principalcomponent analysis, PCA) approaches in the screening of tannin-containing plants from variouscollection sites for their CH4 mitigating properties. Plant samples were obtained from various collectionsites in different countries, i.e. Indonesia (n = 27 species), Mongolia (n = 14), Switzerland (n = 16) andGermany (n = 3). The plants were incubated in vitro with buffered-rumen fluid at 39oC for 24 h. Totalgas production was recorded as an indicator of feed quality and emission of CH4 was measured. Resultsshowed that, based on bivariate screening, generally, plants possessed low CH4 production had lowquality or low total gas production except Rhus typhina, i.e. 43 ml/200 mg DM. The loading plot of PCAshowed that all phenolic fractions were in the opposite direction with CH4 and total gas production.Plants clustered together in reverse direction to that of CH4 were Bergenia crassifolia root and leaf,Swietenia mahagoni, Clidemia hirta, Peltiphyllum peltatum, Acacia villosa and R. typhina. It wasconluded that, for tannin-containing plants, screenings based on univariate, bivariate and multivariateapproaches in relation to ruminal CH4 emission led to similar results.

Hepatoprotective effect of gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum against sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress

In the present study, the possible protective effects of gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated. Rats were intoxicated with 600ppm NaF through drinking water for one week. Gallic acid (10 and 20mg/kg) and the positive control, silymarin (10mg/kg) were administrated for seven days prior to NaF intoxication. 24h after the treatment period, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione levels were measured in the liver. Serum biochemical markers including: alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lipase and α-amylase activities and triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total protein and albumin levels were determined. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with gallic acid normalized the sodium fluoride-induced alterations in serum parameters and oxidative stress in hepatic tissue. Fluoride intoxication resulted in an increased level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (53.05±2.23nmol MDA equiv./g tissue) in the liver homogenates in comparison with control group (25.03±1.27nmol MDA equiv./g tissue). Pretreatment with gallic acid at 20mg/kg demonstrated significant mitigation in TBARS level (33.95±2.51nmol MDA equiv./g tissues). Fluoride intoxication did also suppress the superoxide dismutase and catalase activity of hepatic tissue homogenates by 33.87% and 66.87%, respectively. Treatment with gallic acid resulted in a dose-dependent mitigation of the fluoride-mediated suppression of antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, gallic acid prevented the NaF-induced abnormalities in the serum and hepatic biochemical markers.

Protective effect of gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum against sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress in rat’s kidney

In the present study, the nephroprotective effect of gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum was examined in sodium fluoride (NaF) treated rats. Nephrotoxicity was induced by 1-week intoxication of NaF at 600 ppm through drinking water. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione as well as activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in renal tissues homogenates were determined. The serum biochemical markers of renal injuries including creatinine, serum urea, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid levels as well as the levels of phosphate and calcium were also assessed. Intoxication with NaF caused a significant increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (46 % versus to control) and reduced the glutathione concentration (47 %) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (46 %) and catalase (41 %) in renal tissues homogenates. NaF intoxication also induced significant alterations in the kidney biochemical markers increasing the levels of urea, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphate and decreasing the levels of calcium. Daily administration of gallic acid (20 mg/kg) for 1 week before NaF intoxication brought the antioxidant-oxidant balance similar to the NaF-untreated group. Silymarin, used a standard antioxidant agent, also showed a nephroprotective activity. We concluded that NaF caused nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in renal tissues and daily administration of gallic acid for 1 week prior to intoxication inhibited toxicity and oxidative stress.

Multifunctional small molecular weight compounds from Peltiphyllum Peltatum: From antioxicant to neuroprotection and antidiabetic effects

An imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences is considered to be an important pathogenic factor for the development of a variety of disease conditions including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, diabetes and inflammation [1]. While antioxidant compounds offer some benefit in these disease conditions, multifunctional compounds acting at multiple targets of these diseases have tremendous therapeutic potential. In this communication, a case study on one ornamental and edible plant native the USA, Peltiphyllum peltatum, is presented. The leaves [2,3] and rhizomes of this plant are source of various antioxidant flavonoids (aglycones and glycosides) and gallic acid derivatives. The differenzial activity of these isolated compounds in cellular and cell free antioxidant assays together with potential neuroprotection and antidiabetic effects are discussed.

Antimicrobial activity of wool yarn dyed with Rheum emodi L. (Indian Rhubarb)

This work is an attempt to examine the effect of Rheum emodi L. as dye and its dyed wool yarns against two bacterial (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal (Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis) species. The dyeing was carried out using 5% and 10% o.w.f. dye concentration in presence and absence of ferrous sulphate, stannous chloride and alum mordants. The colour strength, CIELab values and fastness properties of dyed samples were also assessed. FTIR spectra of untreated, mordanted and dyed wool yarn were investigated to study the interaction between fibre, mordant and dye. The structural morphology of wool yarn was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The susceptibility tests for R. emodi L. were carried out in terms of disc diffusion, growth curve and viability assays against all the tested microorganisms. Dyed samples showed very effective antimicrobial properties showing more than 90% microbial reduction in both bacterial as well as fungal population.

Protective Role of Gallic Acid on Sodium Fluoride Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain

Gallic acid is known as a potent antioxidant active compound of the edible and medicinal plant Peltiphyllum peltatum. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of gallic acid against sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Gallic acid (10 and 20mg/kg) and vitamin C (10mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administrated for 1week prior to sodium fluoride intoxication. After the treatment period, brain tissues were collected and homogenized, and antioxidant parameters were measured in the homogenates. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in sodium fluoride intoxicated rats (42.04±2.14nmol MDA eq/g tissue, p<0.01 vs. normal) increased compared to the normal rats (35.99±1.08nmol MDA eq/g tissue). Pretreatment with gallic acid at 20mg/kg was exhibited significant reduction in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level (37.06±1.4nmol MDA eq/g tissue, p>0.05 vs. normal). This increasing in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level was accompanied with a decrease in the level of reduced glutathione (6.74±0.28μg/mg of protein, p<0.001 vs. normal), superoxide dismutase (53.24±1.62U/mg of protein, p<0.001 vs. normal) and catalase (70.73±2.94μmol/min/mg of protein p<0.001 vs. normal) activities in sodium fluoride intoxicated rat. Gallic acid at 20mg/kg was significantly modified the level of reduced glutathione (11.02±0.53μg/mg of protein, p<0.05 vs normal) and catalase activity (89.22±3.67μmol/min/mg of protein, p>0.05 vs. normal) in rat brain. However, gallic acid at 20mg/kg was significantly more effective in retrieving superoxide dismutase (124.78±5.7U/mg of protein) activity than vitamin C (115.5±4.97U/mg of protein).

Antioxidant and Anti‐α‐glucosidase Compounds from the Rhizome of Peltiphyllum peltatum (Torr.) Engl

The antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase and anticholinesterase effects of the alcohol extract of fresh underground rhizomes of Peltiphyllum peltatum were studied. A potent antioxidant activity accompanied by a selective α-glucosidase effect was observed for the crude extract. Further activity-guided fractionation (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water) resulted in the identification of the ethyl acetate fraction with the highest antioxidant effect. Gallic acid, methyl-3-O-methyl gallate, catechin, gallocatechin, bergenin and 11-O-galloylbergenin were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction. While all the isolated compounds did show a variable degree of radical scavenging effect, 11-O-galloylbergenin was identified as the selective α-glucosidase inhibitor. The isolation, structural elucidation and biological effects of these compounds are discussed.

Methyl-3-O-Methyl Gallate and Gallic Acid from the Leaves of Peltiphyllum peltatum: Isolation and Comparative Antioxidant, Prooxidant, and Cytotoxic Effects in Neuronal Cells

Methyl-3-O-methyl gallate (M3MG) is a rare natural product with close structural similarity to gallic acid. In the present report, the isolation of M3MG from Peltiphyllum peltatum leaves and its comparative antioxidant, prooxidant, and cytotoxicity to neuronal SH-SY5Y cells are discussed. When tested in concentrations up to 1 mM, M3MG consistently showed antioxidant activity without prooxidant effect both in cell and cell-free assay models. In contrast to M3MG, gallic acid showed a copper-dependent prooxidant effect that resulted in DNA damage, increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells. The identification of M3MG in P. peltatum leaves is furtherz evidence of the great antioxidant potential and nutritional value of the plant.

RUMINAL FERMENTATION KINETICS OF MORINGA AND PELTIPHYLLUM SUPPLEMENTS DURING EARLY INCUBATION PERIOD IN THE IN VITRO READING PRESSURE TECHNIQUE

This experiment was aimed to observe rumen fermentation kinetics of alternative supplements, i.e.Moringa oleifera and Peltiphyllum peltatum leaves added to maize silage diet as compared to aconventional supplement (barley-soya). A total of six treatments were investigated in the present study,which consisted of: maize silage (A), M. oleifera (B), P. peltatum (C), maize silage + concentrate (56:44,w/w; D), maize silage + M. oleifera (56:44, w/w; E), and maize silage + concentrate + P. peltatum(47:37:16, w/w/w; F). The feeds were incubated in vitro in three replicates (completely randomized)using the Reading Pressure Technique system. Approximately 800 mg of the feeds were mixed by 75 mlof buffered rumen liquor. The incubation was carried out up to 12 h in bottles and gas pressure wasrecorded and released in regular intervals. Repeated sampling was conducted for analysis offermentation products at 1, 6 and 12 h of incubation period. The results showed that the nutritionalquality of Moringa and its fermentation pattern was comparable to that of barley-soya concentrate. PlainMoringa incubation resulted the highest production of iso-SCFA and soluble protein concentrationamong all treatments after 12 h incubation (P<0.05). Incubation of sole Peltiphyllum peltatum highlyhampered the fermentation rate. Production of iso-SCFA both for plain Peltiphyllum and its mixturewere comparatively low. Supplementation of Peltiphyllum increased significantly soluble proteinconcentration during 12 h incubation (P<0.05). Peltiphyllum also had a very low C2+C4/C3 ratiocompared to other treatments. It could be concluded that Moringa oleifera is a potential alternativesupplement to replace either partially or completely concentrate as a conventional supplement, andPeltiphyllum peltatum supplementation could reduce excessive protein degradation and fermentation ofthe concentrate in the rumen.

THE USE OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS IN IDENTIFYING AND INTEGRATING VARIABLES RELATED TO FORAGE QUALITY AND METHANE PRODUCTION

This research was aimed to explore the use of multivariate statistics i.e. principal componentanalysis (PCA) in identifying and integrating variables related to forage quality and ruminal methaneproduction, and in classifying forage species into both characteristics. Seventeen plants were used as adatabase for the above mentioned purposes. Plant samples were determined for their chemicalcomposition, cumulative gas production (represents the nutrient degradation) and methane productionafter 24 hours of fermentation period using the Hohenheim gas test. The results showed that the PCAcould clearly identify factors related to forage quality and methane production and separated them intodifferent principal components (PC). The obtained PC1 was related to methane production andsubstantially influenced positively by crude protein, NDF, ADF (positive), total phenols, total tannins,condensed tannins and tannin activity (negative). On the other hand, the obtained PC2 was related tocumulative gas production (forage quality) and substantially influenced by crude protein (positive),NDF, ADF and condensed tannins (negative). Classification and screening of forages that have highquality and low methane production are possible using the PCA technique. Rhenum undulatum,Peltiphyllum peltatum and Rhus typhina were found to have such desired characteristics.

Tannins determined by various methods as predictors of methane production reduction potential of plants by an in vitro rumen fermentation system

Relationships between chemical constituents, including values obtained with tannin assays ( i.e., total phenols, total tannins, condensed tannins and tannin activity using a tannin bioassay) for plant materials ( n = 17), and methane production parameters at 24 h of incubation in the in vitro Hohenheim gas method were established. The methane production reduction potential (MRP) was calculated by assuming net methane concentration for the control hay as 100%. The MRP of Bergenia crassifolia leaves and roots, and Peltiphyllum peltatum leaves, was >40%. Amongst the chemical constituents, neutral detergent fibre had a high correlation ( r = 0.86) with methane concentration. There was negative relationship between total phenol, total tannins or tannin activity and methane concentration. However, a positive relationship existed between these tannin assays and the MRP, with r-values ranging from 0.54 to 0.79 ( P<0.05). A very weak relationship ( r = 0.09) occurred between condensed tannins and MRP. Similar results to those with MRP were obtained with the percent increase in methane on addition of polyethylene glycol. The highest correlations, 0.79 and 0.92 ( P<0.001), were between tannin activity determined using the tannin bioassay and the MRP, or the percent increase in methane on addition of polyethylene glycol, respectively, suggesting that this tannin assay could be used to identify plants possessing antimethanogenic properties. Leaves of Rheum undulatum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, B. crassifolia, Rhus typhina and P. peltatum, and roots of B. crassifolia have considerable potential ( i.e., >25%) to decrease enteric methane production from ruminants.

Activity-guided Isolation and Identification of Antioxidant Components from Ethanolic Extract of Peltiphyllum Peltatum (Torr.) Engl

Activity-directed fractionation and isolation procedures were used to identify the antioxidant components of Peltiphyllum peltatum. Fresh leaves were extracted with ethanol and subsequently fractionated into light petroleum, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction, which showed the strongest antioxidant activity, was subjected to Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, followed by repetitive preparative TLC, to afford the major antioxidant principle, quercitrin, together with other antioxidants (isoquercitrin, catechin and gallate) as minor principles. The identities of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR and MS) and by direct comparison with authentic samples and literature values. Quercitrin displayed a potent protective effect of DNA from UV generated hydroxyl radical damage.

Antioxidant and cytoprotective activity of leaves of Peltiphyllum peltatum (Torr.) Engl.

The antioxidant potential of fresh leaves of Peltiphyllum peltatum (Torr.) Engl. (Saxfragaceae) was analysed by measuring scavenging potential against 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH ), reducing power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and protection of cultured cells from a lethal dose of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). In all chemical assays used, the crude ethanolic extract of leaves of P. peltatum, which contained 21.8 ± 1.7% (w/w, n = 3) of total phenols, was as effective as the standard antioxidant compound, rutin. Fractionation of the crude extract with solvent of increasing polarity (namely, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water) led to identification of the active fractions (ethyl acetate and butanol fractions). The crude extract and its active fractions, but not rutin, protected cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages from a lethal dose of H 2O 2.