Indian Names Research Articles

Ethnic minorities and the leadership glass cliff: Insights into a field experiment

AbstractUsing a resume study, we investigate hiring discrimination for leadership positions against job applicants with Chinese and Indian names before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We submitted more than 8000 job applications to job advertisements in Australia. We find hiring discrimination against applicants with Chinese and Indian names for non‐leadership positions before and during the pandemic. However, hiring discrimination has not increased during the pandemic. Importantly, and consistent with the glass cliff theory, hiring discrimination has largely vanished for leadership positions during the pandemic, for which discrimination was most pronounced before the pandemic.

Enhanced conditional random field‐long short‐term memory for name entity recognition in English texts

SummaryNamed entity recognition (NER) is an essential topic in the real world during the advanced development of technologies. Hence, in this article, develop enhanced conditional random field‐long short‐term memory (ECRF‐LSTM) for NER in the English language. The proposed ECRF‐LSTM is the combination of conditional random field‐long short‐term memory (ECRF‐LSTM) and chaotic arithmetic optimization algorithm (CAOA). The proposed research concentrated to perform NER for Indian names from the given input database for Indian digital database management and processing. The Chaotic AOA leads to fast convergence and helps to avoid the local optima. The proposed method is working with three phases preprocessing phase, the feature extraction phase, and the NER phase. In the initial stage, the datasets are collected from the online system. In the preprocessing phase, the removal of the URL, removal of special symbol, username removal, tokenization, and stop word removal are done. After that, the essential features such as domain weight, event weight, textual similarity, spatial similarity, temporal similarity, and relative document‐term frequency difference are extracted and then applied to train the proposed model. To empower the training phase of the CRF‐LSTM method, CAOA is utilized to select optimal weight parameter coefficients of CRF‐LSTM for training the model parameters. The proposed method is validated by statistical measurements and compared with the conventional methods such as convolutional neural network‐particle swarm optimization and convolutional neural network respectively. The proposed method achieves 98.91 accuracy, 97.36 sensitivity, 97.19 specificity, 97.54 precision, and 97.63 recall which is better than the existing methodologies.

Hybrid LSTM technique for phonetic

Demographic Details is empirically obtained data depicting different elements of a population. Various phonetic-based retrieving strategies are utilized, yet they are useless when trying to appeal to Indian name lists. The purpose of this research is to find Indian names with identical accents but distinct spellings based on data entries acquired from demographic databases. This study document contains the phonetic-based pronunciation technique, Long Short Term Memory, and K-Mean method Hybrid LSTM approach to identify Indian names using databases. The suggested Hybrid LSTM method is compared to a recurrent unit GRU-based technique in order to assess the precision of name prediction for Indian names. The hybrid LSTM model is produced by combining the K-Mean technique and the LSTM technique. When obtaining entries of Indian Names from sources, the constructed LSTM approach provides improved precision. If, as is the case in this instance, the demographic data collected from Indian Names from demographic sources has inaccurate data due to misspelled names, the provided method can be utilized to decrease data redundancy and acquire accurate data.

Who Tells Your Story? Analyzing a Century of Utah History

Who Tells Your Story? Analyzing a Century of Utah History

Reflection of Indian Culture in Shashi Deshpande’s A Matter of Time

Shashi Deshpande is a well-known name in the field of Indian literature and is a contemporary writer from Karnataka. She portrays in her novel "A Matter of Time" the truth of Indian society in Indian families. The importance of culture for Indian women is also discussed. Her novels are distinguished for their genuine depictions of the Indians and their history. She used Indian names and the role of Indian Middle Class Women in her novel A Matter of Time through the character Sumi. She talks about Indian Women, Indian Culture, Indian Religion, Indian Family, Religions and Beliefs, Family Traditions, and Emotions, among other topics. A Matter of Time is a multi-generational novel that moves around the plight and predicament of Indian women whose lives are deeply rooted in Indian beliefs, superstitions, conventions and traditions.
 Women have been living and breathing silently for thousands of years under the umbrella of patriarchy and with their "gazing." With the foundation of patriarchy, the disparity between man and woman, in its unwritten form, has developed through language, customs, rituals, myths and practises. Myths, rituals, and customs contribute to the evolution and establishment of human society. They are naturally developed, but are indeed societal buildings and help in developing patriarchal ideologies. They are believed to be natural. They are, therefore, essential to women's subjugation in our society.

Buddhist and Indian Elements in the Onomastics of the Iranian Manichaean Texts

The use of names and terms of Indian origin bears witness to encounters of Iranian-speaking Manichaeans with Indian religious traditions and cultures, but the importance of an impact of Indian religions on Manichaeism is still subject of scholarly discussions. This paper focuses on Buddhist and Indian elements in Manichaean onomastics. Recent research in the context of the project *Iranisches Personennamenbuch* has provided, for the first time, a complete collection of proper names in the Iranian Manichaean texts from the Turfan region. The transmitted Iranian, hybrid, and non-Iranian names of Manichaean and non-Manichaean historical persons, literary, and mythological figures reflect the ethnic, religious, and multilingual diversity of the peoples along the Silk Roads. The results of this study enable us to analyse the various influences in Manichaean onomastics. Here this refers to proper names of Indian origin, loan-translations, Buddha and Bodhisattva names, names from the Buddhist tradition, and the like. This paper shall show which Indian names occur in Iranian Manichaean texts and how they have been adapted to the Manichaean context.

Naming Mount Barcroft.

Background: The University of California White Mountain Research Center is located on Mount Barcroft, a 13,040-ft (3975-m) peak on the California White Mountain range. This report describes how the peak got its name honoring Sir Joseph Barcroft of Great Britain. Materials and Methods: Several publicly available webpages were the sources for this study. Results: On October 16, 1951, the United States Board on Geographic Names approved "Mount Barcroft" as the name for a peak on the California White Mountain range enabling the building of a facility dedicated to high-altitude research. The process of naming, however, was far from smooth. Objections came from the members of the Sierra Club, editors of a local newspaper, and a few citizens of California delaying the approval process. At least six other names had been proposed, three of which were from a Native American Indian language. Those who opposed the name "Mount Barcroft" argued that Barcroft never visited the United States, let alone the White Mountain region, and there was a paucity of Native American Indian names for geographic features in the United States. Conclusions: Despite oppositions and controversies, however, a much-deserved scientist was duly honored by an agency of the United States federal government.

Cutter-Sanborn: Three-Figure Author Table Supplemented with Indian Names

Cutter-Sanborn: Three-Figure Author Table Supplemented with Indian Names

Racial discrimination in Britain, 1969-2017: a meta-analysis of field experiments on racial discrimination in the British labour market.

Field experiments represent the gold standard for determining whether discrimination occurs. Britain has a long and distinguished history of field experiments of racial discrimination in the labour market, with pioneering studies dating back to 1967 and 1969. This article reviews all the published reports of these and subsequent British field experiments of racial discrimination in the labour market, including new results from a 2016/17 field experiment. The article finds enduring contours of racial discrimination in Britain. Firstly, there is an enduring pattern of modest discrimination against white minorities of European heritage in contrast to much greater risks of discrimination faced by the main non-white groups, suggesting a strong racial component to discrimination. Secondly, while there is some uncertainty about the magnitude of the risks facing applicants with Chinese and Indian names, the black Caribbean, black African and Pakistani groups all face substantial and very similar risks of discrimination. Thirdly, there is no significant diminution in risks of discrimination over time either for Caribbeans or for South Asians as a whole. These results are broadly in line with those from the ethnic penalties literature, suggesting that discrimination is likely to be a major factor explaining the disproportionately and enduringly high unemployment rates of ethnic minorities.

DE-IDENTIFICATION OF PROTECTED HEALTH INFORMATION PHI FROM FREE TEXT IN MEDICAL RECORDS

Medical health records often contain clinical investigations results and critical information regarding patient health conditions. In these medical records, along with patient health information, patient Protected Health Information (PHI) such as names, locations and date information can co-exist. As per Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), before sharing the medical records with researchers and others, all types of PHI information needs to be de-identified. Manual de-identification through human annotators is laborious and error prone, hence, a reliable automated de-identification system is need of the hour. In this work, various state of the art techniques for de-identification of patient notes in electronic health records were analyzed for their performance, based on the performance quoted in the literature, NeuroNER was selected to de-identify Indian Radiology reports. NeuroNER is a named-entity recognition text de-identification tool developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This tool is based on the Artificial Neural Networks written in Python and uses Tensorflow machine-learning framework and it comes with five pre-trained models. To test the NeuroNER models on Indian context data such as name of the person and place, 3300 medical records were simulated. Medical records were simulated by extracting clinical findings, remarks from MIMIC-III data set. For collection of all the relevant Indian data, various websites were scraped to include Indian names, Indian locations (all towns and cities), and Indian Hospital and unit names. During the testing of NeuroNER system, we observed that some of the Indian data such as name, location, etc. were not de-identified satisfactorily. To improve the performance of NeuroNER on Indian context data, along with the existing NeuroNER pre-trained model, a new pre-trained model was added to handle Indian medical reports. Medical dictionary lookup was used to reduce number of misclassifications. Results from all four pre-trained models and the model trained on Indian simulated data were concatenated and final PHI token list was generated to anonymize the medical records to obtain de-identified records. Using this approach, we improved the applicability of the NeuroNER system to Indian data and improved its efficiency and reliability. 2000 simulated reports were used for transfer learning as training set, 1000 reports were used for test set and 300 reports were used for validation (unseen) set.

Aqueous pollutants in water bodies can be photocatalytically reduced by TiO2 nano-particles in the presence of natural organic matters

Increasing use of man-made products containing TiO2 nano-particles (TNPs) has resulted in accumulation of TNPs in the environment. Harmful effects of TNPs on aquatic life are well-documented, but little is known about their activity as photocatalyst under sunlight in natural water bodies. The present study investigates photocatalytic activity of TNPs in the presence of some natural organic matters (NOMs) having antioxidant properties (Sapindus mukorossi and Ocimum tenuiflorum, Indian names: Aritha and Tulsi), and aqueous pollutants (azo dyes and Cu(II)) under sunlight, simulating conditions prevailing in a natural water body. Both the NOMs acted as hole-scavengers and promoted photocatalytic reduction (PCR) of pollutants manifested by formation of aromatic amines from azo dyes and disappearance of Cu(II). 81.5 and 85.2% decolourization of initial 50 mgL−1 RB5, and 78.81 and 83.32% decolourization of initial 50 mgL−1 MO were obtained in the presence of 2%(v/v) extracts of Tulsi and Aritha, respectively, at TNP dose of 1 gL−1 and pH 3. Similarly, 53 and 73% of 10 mgL−1 Cu(II) (chelated with EDTA) were removed respectively, at pH 8. Under similar conditions, >90% of unchelated Cu(II) was removed in the presence of both NOMs. PCR of RB5 occurred even at high concentrations of the two most common anions in natural water bodies; chloride and sulphate, but the extent of decolourization and formation of aromatic amines reduced with increasing concentrations of anions. The present study suggests that TNPs in contaminated natural water bodies receiving NOM (e.g. through domestic/industrial discharges) can aid to natural purification process by causing reductive transformation of pollutants over a wide range of pH and anion concentrations.

What makes a successful Indian American political candidate?

ABSTRACTIndian American candidates have been increasingly visible in recent elections in the U.S., even as Indian Americans and other South Asian Americans remain an under-represented population across American government. In this research note, we report results of an experiment to test how voters react to several characteristics of hypothetical Indian American candidates: religion, use of ‘given’ Indian names or ‘Americanized’ nicknames, gender, and party. Through a survey-based experiment testing variations on a fictional candidate profile, we find that candidates who identify as Hindu or Sikh are evaluated less positively than Christian candidates. However, these moderately negative effects are primarily limited to Republican respondents. A candidate’s use of given name or nickname does not have significant effects for candidate relatability to respondents or for respondent vote intention.

The Literary Translation into Spanish of Native American Proper Names: A Perspective on the Transcultural Construction of Identity

Translation plays an important role in the transcultural conceptualization of the characteristics of names (form, function, meaning, naming practices in the world…), especially when it includes names that look unusual from the Eurocentric, Western point of view. This paper analyzes such a situation in relation to the Spanish translations of Native American proper names in the literature by these cultural groups: it explores the diversity of names in the source language and culture and compares it to the target texts in order to observe the choices and decisions made by translators. The analysis also includes a revision of the scholarly ideas about the translation norms concerning Indian names and finally leads to an interpretation of the broader context of the transcultural reception of the indigenous Other in Spain.

Need for Customized Soundex based Algorithm on Indian Names for Phonetic Matching

In any digitization program, the reproduction of the handwritten demographic data is a challenging job particularly for the records of previous decades. Nowadays, the requirement of the digitization of the individual’s past records becomes very much essential. In the areas like financial inclusion, border security, driving license, passport issuance, weapon license, banking sectors, health care and social welfare benefits, the individual’s earlier case history is a mandatory part of the decision making process. Documents are scanned and stored in a systematic method; each and every scanned document is tagged with a proper key. Documents are retrieved with the help of assigned key, for the purpose of data entry through the software program/ package. Here comes the difficulty that the data, particularly the critical personal data like name and father name etc., may not be legible for the reading purpose and the data entry operators type the characters as per their understanding. The chances of error is of high order in name variations in terms of duplicate characters, abbreviations, omissions, ignoring space between names and wrong spelling. Now the challenge is that, result of data retrieval over these key fields may not be proper because of the wrong data entry. We need to explore the opportunities and challenges for defining the effective strategies to execute this job without compromising the quality and quantity of the matches. In this scenario, we need to have an appropriate string matching algorithm with the phonetic matching. The algorithm is to be defined according to the nature, type and region of the data domain so that the search shall be phonetic based rather than simple string comparison. In this paper, I have tried to explain the need for customized soundex based algorithm on phonetic matching over the misspelt, incomplete, repetitive and partial prevalent data.

Negotiating nation: Native participation in the cartographic construction of the Trans-Mississippi West

Since the 1970s, historians of cartography have resituated the map as a form of discourse that contains power, rhetoric, and value. Unlike the critical investigations into Euro-American maps, however, explorations of Native maps have remained positivist activities: attempts to find “authentic” Indian world-views. It has become a truism that Indian understanding and depictions of place were incompatible with cartographic representations of the expanding American state. In this interpretation, the creation and circulation of a map of America inherently meant the erasure of indigenous ways of understanding their place—literally—in the geographic creation of the American republic. Yet for much of the nineteenth century, nothing in the process of mapping the expanding American state inherently excluded Native people. This article argues that Indian names and naming practices were essential to the cartographic creation of the American west. By analyzing the toponyms inscribed on what a specialist for cartographic history at the Library of Congress has called the “most important map of the American West prior to the Civil War”, this article will demonstrate how this essential process of state-building was a reflection of both Euro and Native American mapping practices and typified the syncretic nature of how the American West was mapped.

Finding a Roommate on Craigslist: Racial Discrimination and Residential Segregation

This study uses experimental methods to investigate covert racial discrimination in “roommate wanted” ads on Craigslist. Roommate relationships include significant social dimensions, and are an important site through which segregation may be reproduced or broken down, but have received very little attention by researchers. We develop fictitious racially-coded female names and identities for white, black, Hispanic, Chinese, and Indian room-seekers, along with Hispanic, Chinese, and Indian room-seekers with “Americanized” first names. We implement a field experiment and respond to over 1,500 “roommate wanted” advertisements on Craigslist across three metropolitan areas. Our emails express interest in the roommate-wanted ad, and mention that the sender is college-educated and employed full-time. We monitor response rates in the aggregate and within Census tracts of varying racial and economic characteristics. We find severe discrimination against African Americans, Hispanics, and Chinese-origin individuals. Asians with Americanized first names are treated equally to whites, while traditional Indian names and Americanized Latina names face moderate levels of discrimination. Patterns of discrimination by neighborhood race and class characteristics yield better access to upward mobility for Asian Americans than for underrepresented minority group members. Our findings reveal an important social mechanism that constricts integration and opportunity, shed new light on Asians’ and Latinas’ place in the US race system, reveal important interactions of race and presumed nativity, and show the ongoing relevance of race.

Content based Caption Generation for Images Embedded in News Articles

In current digital world Content based Image retrieval is becoming critical problem as size of data on Internet increasing rapidly. When the image is embedded in news article it is retrieved by manipulating words annotated to that image, text placed surrounding to that image etc. Many times this annotation, caption generation is done manually. It reduces accuracy, increases time span and makes it as tough task. We proposed a new approach for generating caption for such images. Approach presented here focuses on important terms occurring in news like named entities, using term weighting find out weighted terms which helps in describing news. On other hand by image processing we find out who’s in picture as it helps in making accurate caption by using face recognition and it will increase image retrieval. Some of experiments presented here shows performance of face recognition algorithms on standard datasets and also on own developed face dataset, also we train NER model on Indian names which gives better results. As it covers text and image content it helps in generating better caption and also for improving image retrieval accuracy.

California Indian Languages by Victor Golla (review)

Reviewed by: California Indian Languages by Victor Golla Catherine A. Callaghan California Indian Languages. Victor Golla. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011. Pp. vii + 380. $57.50 (cloth). “Anyone who has paid the slightest attention to the aboriginal languages of California knows that there were a lot of them.” This is the lead sentence to page 1 of the introduction to this excellent and comprehensive book. Its scope is far greater than its title suggests. By “California,” Victor Golla means “the California area.” Geographically, this comprises those languages spoken from approximately 31° 30′ N in Baja California to 43° N in south-central Oregon—a region considerably larger than California, since it includes all those language families which may have had a toehold in the state, such as Takelma, usually considered an Oregon language. This was one of the most linguistically complex regions in the world, encompassing an area nearly a thousand miles long and sometimes more than two hundred miles wide where at least seventy-eight mutually unintelligible languages were spoken. This number represents nearly a third of the languages of North America north of Mesoamerica. Part 1, “Introduction: Defining California as a Sociolinguistic Area,” focuses on the consequences of the tribelet as the basic political unit. The tribelet consists of the chief’s village plus a few smaller settlements. Common language was sometimes a unifying factor between tribelets, but it was secondary since villages speaking the same language were occasionally enemies, as was the case among some of the Eel River Athabaskan tribelets. Part 2, “History of Study,” details the documentation of California Indian languages in full historical context from European contact to the present, including information on where surviving documents are housed, and parts of this section will make the linguistic scholar weep. The Jesuits were originally in charge of missions in Baja California. It was their policy to learn, record, and preach in local languages. Most of their extensive records were lost when King Carlos III of Spain expelled the order in 1767, with the result that we know little of the languages around the lower part of the peninsula except for a sketch of Waikuri, which was probably a language isolate. Other languages spoken nearby included Monqui and Pericu, but so little data on them have survived that we can say almost nothing about them. As far as the languages are concerned, things fared better in Alta California, where the Spanish missions were established by the Franciscans, some of whom ignored orders from the King of Spain and translated prayers and catechisms into aboriginal languages. A few went even further, most notably Fray Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta, a missionary from 1808 to 1840 who wrote extensively on these languages. His crown jewel was a grammar and phrase book of Mutsun, the language of San Juan Bautista. A century later, J. P. Harrington was able to reelicit Arroyo’s surviving corpus from Ascención Solorsano, the last fluent Mutsun speaker. Father Geronimo Boscana, a missionary at San Juan Capistrano, wrote a lengthy scholarly treatise on the aboriginal religion and culture as well as material on the language. As we progress through time, additional historical figures connected with California languages come alive under Golla’s skilled pen. We learn that the Frenchman, Alphonse Pinart, who collected extensive vocabularies of Mission Indian languages during the nineteenth century, devoted much of his fortune to the project and died in poverty. We also learn that the naturalist Clinton Hart Merriam, who collected the Indian names for [End Page 295] plants and animals throughout a good part of California in the early twentieth century and listed them with their English and Latin identifications, had earlier helped found the American Ornithologists’ Union and had traveled on an expedition to Alaska with John Muir. Unfortunately, Merriam insisted on transcribing Indian words in an orthography based on that of Webster’s dictionary, to the dismay of contemporary linguists. However, his Miwok transcriptions were accurate enough to trigger my consultants’ memories for forgotten items. Consequently, I was able to list the words in my dictionaries with both phonemic accuracy and Merriam’s precise Latin definitions. The most significant of...

Some differences in research publications of Indian scientists in India and the diaspora, 1986–2010

The diaspora of a less developed country, who reside outside their country of origin, can contribute to the parent country through financial or knowledge transfers, connections, or on return of talented persons. The knowledgebase of the diasporas is therefore of interest to the parent country. Scientific publications of the Indian diaspora are an indicator of the existing knowledge base of Indians overseas. Samples drawn from Web of Science (1986---2010), using a selected list of unique Indian names, are analyzed with the objective of comparing and identifying distinguishing features of the diaspora. While both Indian and diaspora samples have increased over time, publication output from Indians overseas has increased more rapidly. English was by far the most frequently used language. A major difference was found in the type of publication with many more proceedings papers and meeting abstracts by the diaspora, showing increasing importance of rapid publication of novel results. Number of articles was about the same in both samples, but a more detailed look at the top 100 journals qualifies the nature of the journal space used, which again shows major differences. Articles in Nature and Science confirm the differences in the high impact range. We end with a discussion of limitations which includes effects of changing database coverage with time.

Charudattam (Kathakali Julius Caesar) (review)

Reviewed by: Charudattam (Kathakali Julius Caesar) Graeme Vanderstoel Charudattam (Kathakali Julius Caesar). Adapted and composed by Sadanam Harikumaran. Sadanam Kathakali Academy, Kerala, India, 17 January 2010. Since its premiere at the National Drama Festival in 2001, Sadanam Harikumaran’s kathakali adaptation of Julius Caesar, Charudattam has been performed over two dozen times, in and outside Kerala, but still to date not overseas. Harikumaran is unusual in the present-day world of kathakali: he is at once actor, vocalist, playwright, composer, and designer of new forms of makeup and costumes. He is also principal of the Sadanam Kathakali Academy, where his play was staged on 17 January 2010. Harikumaran wrote six kathakali plays based on Indian epic puranas before turning to Shakespeare. “Why Julius Caesar?” I asked, to which he replied: “Most kathakali plays are man-woman love stories. I wanted to do a political play when the good and bad are not as obvious at the beginning as they usually are in kathakali.” Harikumaran named his adaptation Charudattam (Play of Charudatta, as he names Caesar). All the characters are given Indian names; however, for clarity I will here use those of Shakespeare. As author of a kathakali play, Harikumaran is composer of the text and music as well as choreographer and director. For the premiere, rather than acting, he was the lead vocalist so he “could manage the stage.” He has played the role of Brutus a number of times. At this performance Harikumaran had planned to perform Brutus, but the lead vocalist who knew the text was not available, so once again he was vocalist and another actor took the Brutus role. All the characters in Charudattam except one are in standard kathakali [End Page 569] makeup. Sadanam Suresh as Julius Caesar and Sadanam Manikandham as Brutus were both pacca, noble “green” face roles. Harikumaran created the makeup for Cassius and variation of the headdress (Fig. 1). The new makeup has been the most controversial. Kathakali audiences are accustomed to standard roles, and any deviations usually draw criticism and concern. Certainly with the new makeup they are left wondering about the qualities of Cassius’s character: Is he good, bad, or otherwise? Some thought katti makeup used for those having a noble streak but with major faults, for example the demon-king Ravana, would have been more appropriate. Julius Caesar is the one of the shortest Shakespeare plays at well under three hours. Nowadays kathakali performances are usually a few scenes from a longer play edited to about three to four hours in length. Shakespeare’s play has nineteen scenes; Harikumaran reduces that number by half. He reduced the number of characters from Shakespeare’s nineteen and dozens of supernumeraries to nine, more typical in a kathakali play. So, Brutus’s wife, Portia; Octavius’s first appearance; street scenes; ghosts; and omens (apart from Calpurnia’s dreams) were cut. Even then Charudattam lasted three hours and fifteen minutes. With so much omitted, why still so long? Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Sadanam Narayan Namboodiri as Cassius in the new makeup Sadanam Harikumaran created for Charudattam, his adaption of Julius Caesar for kathakali. (Photo: Graeme Vanderstoel) One of the glories of kathakali are the interpolations that allow actors to follow standard embellishments of the text or create their own, accompanied [End Page 570] by the drummers, with the vocalists playing only their handheld gong and cymbals. A few lines of text can become more than half an hour of improvisation by the actor. The aim is to convey the rasa (essence) of a character, and great actors are masters in doing so. Calpurnia’s dream scene is embellished when Caesar (Sadanam Suresh) declares his love in an extended sequence while she sleeps. Sadanam Sreenath, who plays Calpurnia, only recently added this fine Shakespearean woman to his large repertoire of streevesham heroines (female roles performed by male actors). Calpurnia awakes in terror. Harikumaran’s text changes the dream, and Calpurnia in gesture-language follows this new text: “I dreamt of many serpents emerging from your garlands. I saw them biting you and ripping you apart. Your jeweled crown turns into a thorny headdress. The cleansing waters of...