Indian Made Foreign Liquor Research Articles

ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL IS COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN GENERAL HOSPITAL SETTINGS – A FIVE-YEAR EXPERIENCE IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE

Background: Alcohol withdrawal seizures (AWS) are dened as adult-onset seizures that occur in the setting of chronic alcohol dependence. alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a combination of varied physiological manifestations that occur as a response to the sudden cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption. A total of 250 consecutive patients presenting wit Materials and methods: h seizures to either emergency room or out-patient to department of General Medicine, SVS Medical College Mahabubnagar, Telangana state for ve years from rst August 2014 to 31st July 2019. All the cases were thoroughly investigated with neuroimaging and electroencephalogram apart from a detailed history and clinical examination. 74 cases (29.6%) fell in the category of alcohol withdrawal seizures. Patients were initially screened for alcohol use, using AUDIT, a 10-item questionnaire designed to detect hazardous and harmful drinkers that has been validated and is extensively used. The data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 package for Windows. 42 male and 32 female were included in this Results: study. The mean age was 22.26 [10.46] while mean duration of alcoholism was 14 years [8.98]. 41 were from rural background, 60 were earning while 14 were dependent; 24 cases were unmarried and 42 were from nuclear family. 62 cases used to consume Indian made foreign liquor (IFL). These demographic differences did not have any change the presentation pattern of AWS. Anxiety agitation (51) was most noted followed by disorientation (48) and headache (46). GTCS was noticed in 68 (91.89 %) and focal ts were recorded in only 6 patients. Five cases of GTCS turned to status epilepticus as only focal convulsion landed in status epilepticus. CT scan of brain demonstrated atrophy in 22. All the cases responded well to parental benzodiazepines. Conclusion: 74 Cases of seizures were reported in this present study. 32(43.24%) female cases also presented with seizures as against no case in female reported earlier. Cerebral atrophy was recorded in this series in 22 while only 8 had seizure like activity in EEG recording.

Effect of lock down due to COVID-19 pandemic on the alcohol use and abuse among a tribal community in South India.

Alcohol consumption in the tribal communities is found to be rising, as Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL) is easily accessible through state-run outlets. During the first coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown, despite IMFL being non-available, there were not any reports of alcohol withdrawal among the tribal men who were enrolled in our substance abuse clinic. This is a community-based, mixed-method study to document the changes during the lockdown in the drinking pattern and behavior of families and communities of men who consume alcohol. The quantitative part of the study was done by interviewing 45 alcohol-dependent men and documenting their alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) scores during the lockdown. The qualitative part captured the changes in familial and social behavior. Focused group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among community members and leaders. In-depth interviews (IDs) were done among men with harmful drinking patterns and their spouses. There was a significant reduction in the consumption of IMFL among the men interviewed as depicted by the low mean AUDIT score (16.42, P < 0.001). Trivial withdrawal symptoms were found among them (67%). Around 73.3% could access arrack. The community perceived that arrack was brewed and sold at a higher cost within days of lockdown. Familial conflicts reduced. Certain community leaders and members could proactively curb the brewing and selling of arrack. The study uniquely brought out in depth the information at the individual, familial, and community contexts. It is imperative to develop policies to protect indigenous populations by different rules governing the sales of alcohol.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIQUOR PROHIBITION IN BIHAR ON THE EFFICIENCY CRITERIA

The State of Bihar implemented a State wise liquor ban on manufacturing, possession, sale and consumption of Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL), Foreign Made Foreign Liquor (FMFL) and Beer on April 5, 2016, through the “Bihar Prohibition and Excise Act, 2016” to empower women and control domestic violence faced by them due to excessive drinking. The present study is based on a critical analysis of the abovementioned legislation and its potential impact on the economy of Bihar. The impact analysis shall be based on data collected from different sources. The study will analyse the State’s economic capacity and its resources used towards effective implementation of the alcohol ban in the last four years. The study’s findings can help decide whether the abovementioned law is an economically efficient solution or not for a resource starved State like Bihar. The study will also shed light on the unintended consequences of the Bihar alcohol prohibition policy on the socio-economic environment of the State. Consequently, based on the findings, the policymakers can understand the impact of the policy on revenue, social and other economic expenditures of the State government, employment and economic growth of Bihar. At this point, it is imperative to understand that the economic impact of prohibition policy cannot be undermined. In order to assess the full range of economic implications of the liquor ban policy, the government of Bihar needs to understand that the implementation should not evoke contradictory responses from policy targets. This will make the alcohol prohibition policy well-designed and help control spill-over effects and other externalities attached to it.

Association of the Types of Alcoholic Beverages and Blood Lipids: A Community-Based Study

Although light-to-moderate alcohol consumption is considered beneficial, alcohol in binge doses or high cumulative lifetime consumption leads to cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and structural damage to various organs. Alcohol is known to alter blood lipid concentrations; however, the association of the types of alcohol, including the rice-based fermented alcohol, on the lipid profile has not been investigated extensively. We sought to determine the effects of cumulative lifetime consumption of Haria, an Indian rice-based fermented drink, Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL), and a combination of the two on the blood lipid profiles of male participants from India. The effect of Haria alone on the blood lipids was also examined in the female group. A community-based study involving male (n = 86) and female (n = 31) participants, aged 20–60 from Jharkhand, India, was conducted to analyze the effect of different alcohol types on the levels of total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The male and female participants who regularly consumed rice-based fermented alcohol showed no alteration in their lipid profile. However, IMFL and combination of IMFL and Haria consumption were associated with increased serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL levels (p < 0.05), and decreased HDL levels (p < 0.05). High cumulative lifetime consumption of rice-based fermented alcohol does not alter the blood lipid levels and appear as a safe alcoholic beverage. The consumption of other forms of alcohol, including whiskey, rum, brandy, and vodka, changed the blood lipid profile.

Prevalence of tuberculosis among tribes aged 15 and above in Tamil Nadu. A community based cross-sectional study

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in India, particularly with very limited information on TB among the tribes. This cross sectional descriptive study aims to estimate the prevalence of TB among tribal groups; understand the socio cultural determinants as risk factors for TB, and understand the knowledge attitude and practices regarding TB among Tribal population. Materials and methodA multistage cluster sampling design was adopted. Tribal population >70% formed the sampling frame for selection of villages. Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling method was used to select villages within the districts Villupuram, Namakkal, Nilgiris. The required sample size was estimated to be 2400 adults aged ≥15 years with an assumed prevalence of 387/100,000 bacteriological positive cases with a precision of 15% at 95% confidence level and design effect of 1.3. ResultsA total of 2945 respondents were included in the analysis wherein approximately 87% were tribes and around 13% were non tribes. The point prevalence of TB estimated among the tribes was 196/100,000 population, and the period prevalence was reported to be 1605/100,000. About 46% of the respondents were found to be illiterate, 19.7% had their own cultivation and 31.5% reported that they consume alcohol, about 60% of them reported to consume alcohol used Indian Made Foreign Liquor. About 85% people in the 3 study sites have heard about TB, among them 66% did not know the causation and approximately 31% reported TB to be spread through air. ConclusionThe present study could be beneficial for the prevention of TB in tribal population and emphasize the necessity for health education efforts to promote knowledge about TB among tribes. This study provides important information on the burden of TB and would help design an innovative model for policy makers and health managers to address TB in the tribal population of Tamilnadu.

Trends in alcohol consumption and expenditure: Analysis of household data from nationally representative sample from India.

Alcohol consumption in India has been rising at an increasing rate. A better understanding of current trends of consumption and expenditure is necessary for tackling future challenges. To determine association between household income and amount of alcohol consumed, type of beverage consumed, and expenditure on alcohol in Indian households across different income-groups for rural and urban areas. Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Consumption Expenditure Survey by National Sample Survey Organization for 2011-12 in a nationally representative sample of over 65,000 households. We used estimates of average household Monthly Per Capita Consumer Expenditure (MPCE) including distribution of households and persons over the MPCE range, break-up of average MPCE by commodity group. Households in India, on average, consumed 0.18 L of all alcoholic beverages per month (0.22 L in rural areas; 0.10 L in urban areas). The absolute quantity of alcohol consumed was higher among higher income-groups in both rural and urban areas. Country liquor was used by a majority across India; was used seven times more than toddy and beer, and 3.5 times more than Indian Made Foreign Liquor. Households' expenditure on alcohol was Rs.16.46 (US$0.26) per month, which was 0.98% of average total household MPCE. Fraction of average total household MPCE on alcohol in rural areas (1.14%) was almost double that of urban areas (0.62%). It increased steadily from lowest (0.5%) to highest (1.7%) income group in rural areas whereas in urban areas, it varied a little (0.5-0.8%) across income groups.

Characterization of country liquor for forensic purposes: A preliminary study

Alcohol is one of the most frequent toxic substances encountered in forensic laboratories. It forms a huge workload and therefore a quick and sensitive method to differentiate various types of liquor brand is necessary. In the present study, an attempt has been made to characterize the country made liquors in Punjab by using Head Space Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). Analyses were performed on five brands of Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL) and four brands of country liquor. Many compounds of acid, ester, alcohol and other compounds were profiled. Benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol were found only in country made liquors and can be used to discriminate the country made liquors from IMFL brand.

Prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption among males attending primary health care setting using AUDIT in rural Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Background: Alcohol consumption is one of the public health problems in India which acts as major attributable risk factor for majority of morbidity and mortality among adults. The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of alcohol consumption and its associated factors in rural area by using a WHO tool, AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and to identify extent and pattern of alcohol consumption.Methods: This study was cross-sectional study. Three hundred sixty four male patients ≥15 years of age, attending OPD in a primary health care setting were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire and AUDIT.Results: The overall prevalence of ever consumed alcohol was found to be 49.7%; of which 38.2% were current drinkers and 11.5% were former drinkers while rest 50.3% were life time abstainers. Educational status, occupation, tobacco use and positive family history were significantly associated with alcohol consumption; while type and size of family, socioeconomic status were found insignificant association. About 53.9% preferred country-made liquor while 23.8% Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL). Enjoyment (45.3%), relaxation or stress buster or social cause (29.5%), peer pressure (25.2%) being the reasons for alcohol consumption. In 33% of consumers, daily drinking and in 36% consumers, 1-5 times per week frequency for alcohol drinking was seen respectively. Three fourth of them purchased alcohol from local shops. Out of 364 subjects 75% belongs to AUDIT score of low risk, 11.2% with alcohol use in excess of low risk, 3.6% with harmful and hazardous drinking and 10.2% with dependent drinking.Conclusions: In our study, alcoholism is found to be more common among illiterates, non-formers, among tobacco users and those having positive family history. Socio economic status and age is not the bar for alcohol consumption.

An overview of Indian alcohol industry

India is the third largest global spirits market by volume in the world, just behind China and Russia. In some states, certain alcoholic beverages like wine and beer can be sold in supermarkets that further increase the availability. The Indian alcohol industry is a high-risk industry, on account of the high taxes and innumerable regulations governing it. The Indian liquor industry comprises the Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL), country liquor, foreign Liquor Bottled in Origin (BIO), illicit alcohol, beer and wine segments. The overall IMFL market is increasing at the rate of 9 to 10 per cent annually and growth rate of 11.9 per cent in the last financial year (2011-12). Country liquor produced in local licensed distilleries and is made of cheap raw material, primarily rectified spirits of grains or molasses. The production cost for country liquor is low; the excise duties are also lower than they are for other liquor. Beer has become a popular beverage in the country only over the last two decades and it's growing at a rate of about 17 per cent per year. Imported liquor forms a very small part of alcohol consumption in India and growing at the rate of 25 per cent annually. Illicit alcohol also evades all national and state-level taxes and duties, thus, making it very cheap and affordable. South India dominates the alcohol market in India, with that region accounting for about 60 per cent of total IMFL sales and 45 per cent of total beer sales. The state governments receive a large part of their cash flow from this industry. The state governments should be allowed to make state-specific rules, which should be in conformity with the national legislation.

Surrogate Advertising Strategies: as an Effective Promotional Tool for Beverage Companies

These days there are several advertisements on T.V. Channels, newspapers and OOH media in India, creating awareness and persuasion of beverage companies, especially IMFL (Indian made foreign liquor). There are in the phase of mineral water, Soda water, etc. Some IMFL companies sponsor various awards and sports events to push their wares.

Patterns of alcohol consumption among male adults at a slum in Kolkata, India.

Globally, alcohol-abuse is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Consumption of alcohol has increased in India in the recent decades. It is imperative to know the patterns of alcohol consumption among different types of consumers to launch a well-planned nationwide programme for the prevention and control of this devastating social pathology. This community-based, cross-sectional study was undertaken to identify the patterns of alcohol intake among different types of alcohol consumers and to assess the clinical signs of chronic harmful alcohol-use. A predesigned, pretested, semi-structured alcohol-use disorders identification test (AUDIT) questionnaire was used for interviewing males, aged >18 years, selected by random sampling from an updated household list of a randomly-selected sector of the service area of the Urban Health Centre in Chetla, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Written informed consents were obtained from all the respondents. Relevant clinical examination for chronic harmful alcohol-use was done according to the AUDIT clinical screening procedures. The results revealed that 65.8% (150/228) were current consumers of alcohol; 14% were alcohol-dependents; 8% were hazardous or harmful consumers, and 78% were non-hazardous non-harmful consumers. The mean age of the respondents at the initiation of drinking alcohol was 20.8+5.9 years. Eighty-six percent of dependents (n=21) took both Indian-made foreign liquor and locally-made alcoholic beverages. The proportions of alcohol consumers who drank alone among alcohol-dependents, hazardous or harmful consumers, and non-hazardous non-harmful consumers were 71.4%, 50%, and 7.7% respectively, and the difference was significant (p<0.01). Forty-one percent of the consumers drank at public places and workplaces, which may be socially harmful. About 38% of the dependents purchased alcohol from unlicensed liquor shops. Only 16% expressed concerns for their drinking habit mainly to the past illness. The proportion of the concerned respondents was higher in the hazardous and harmful drinking patterns than in the non-hazardous non-harmful drinking pattern, and the difference was significant (p<0.05). About 62% of the dependents had clinical signs of chronic alcohol consumption. The presence of a considerable proportion of alcohol-dependents, the low mean age at initiation of drinking alcohol, and the habit of drinking in public places and workplaces are the main areas that need special emphasis by intervention programmes.

Cultural context and impact of alcohol use in the Sundarban Delta, West Bengal, India

Hazardous alcohol consumption is a worldwide problem with many locally distinctive features across cultures, but studies to guide policy in developing countries are notably lacking. This community study aimed to clarify local patterns of alcohol use in six villages of West Bengal, India. It considered the variety of local alcoholic preparations, who consumed them, when, and where. It sought to determine how social changes in the region influence changing patterns of acceptable and problem use of alcohol. Ethnographic methods included participant observation and focus group discussions. The qualitative data analysis of field notes and transcripts included a review of full texts and a computer-assisted analysis of thematically coded segments with reference to a structured agenda. We found that drinking is an integral feature of the cultural landscape. Locally brewed rice beer ( handia), palm wine ( tadi), distilled country liquor ( chullu), and so-called Indian-made foreign liquor (IMFL) are consumed in these villages. Each is identified with particular segments of society and settings in these communities. Reported effects of problem drinking included social disturbances, family discord, and domestic violence. Increasing problem alcohol use was attributed by villagers to social changes resulting from development, which were otherwise valued, such as improved transportation and communications. In a field dominated by Western and urban studies, this research clarifies features of alcohol availability, use, and acceptance in a neglected rural area of India. It illustrates the limitations of western clinical models of dependence and the importance of clarifying sociocultural conditions that define locally acceptable and problem use.