Indian Journal Research Articles

Virtual Resources for Student Feedback in Higher Education: A Systematic Review, 2023

The following article presents a systematic review of the virtual resources used for feedback, which is essential for strengthening student learning. The objective was to analyze each resource used between the years 2018 to 2023. For the systematic review, databases such as Scielo, Latindex, Scopus, and Dialnet were searched using the Boolean codes "AND" and the terms "digital feedback," "feedback," "higher education," and "virtual resources." The inclusion criteria for the articles in the methodology were: a) Research published in indexed journals; b) Articles showing the use of ICT for feedback; c) Articles published between 2018 and 2023. The exclusion criteria for filtering were: a) Illegible articles; b) Articles not found in indexed journals; c) Articles not corresponding to research sources; d) Review articles; e) Articles discussing concepts, classification, and types. In conclusion, both virtual tools and virtual environments were found. Received: 5 July 2024 / Accepted: 30 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

Bibliometric Mapping of Dating Violence in Scopus and Web of Science

Introduction: Dating violence is a complex and multifaceted problem that affects people around the world. The objective was to evaluate the scientific production on dating violence in the Scopus and Web Of Science databases. Method: Scoping review was used as a method to analyze manuscripts in indexed journals. The search equations were designed with Boolean terms and operators. For the analysis of co-occurrences between authors and keywords, the Biblioshyni package was used. Results: The study covered the last 10 years, included 3077 publications from 735 journals, with a citation rate of 20.65 per document. 10499 authors participated, 92.95% of these were original articles and the most prominent authors are Miller E., Gibbs A., Decker M.R., and Silverman J.G., with the United States leading in production (49.89%). The Journal of Interpersonal Violence was the most prolific journal with 403 papers. Important thematic clusters were identified, such as violence in young couples, risk factors and interpersonal relationships, and aggression, in addition, an evolution from the approach of human and sexual relationships and violence in women was evidenced. The collaborative network showed strong connections between key authors such as Silverman, Miller, McCauley, Campbell, Stockman, Jewkes, and Gibbs. Conclusions: International collaboration and the concentration of studies in high-impact journals, mainly in the United States, underscore the need for multidisciplinary and culturally adapted approaches to effectively address and prevent dating violence. Received: 11 July 2024 / Accepted: 1 November 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

Visibility of Russian university journals in the systems of national and international scientific and technical information

Current limitations of access to some international journal platforms and bibliographic systems for Russian researchers result in increased role of national journals for communication and knowledge spreading both at domestic and international levels. Consequently, correct information on Russian journals indexation in various bibliographic systems including underestimated open access databases seems to be topical. The analyzed sample includes journals published by Russian universities as the less studied ones compared to serials published by research institutes. We studied journals published by three types of Russian universities, i.e. Federal, National Research and Basic. Rapid increase in the number of new journals in recent years is demonstrated caused by financial support under different programs. Indexing of journals in Web of Science, Scopus, Dimensions and Lens was studied over a period of 2018–2022. In the Dimensions and Lens we also studied the completeness of indexing as these databases index content using other approaches as compared to Web of Science and Scopus. A share of journals indexed by authoritative Russian journal lists Russian Science Citation Index and White List was revealed. The best positions were detected among journals published by National Research universities. However, Basic universities demonstrate positive growth, as well. The obtained results enabled us to conclude that journals published by Russian universities can be regarded as significant strategic information resource for representing Russian research results to international community.

Exudados gomosos de Prosopis spp. localizados en Ecuador: potencial prebióticos en la alimentación animal

Fiber-rich plant foods have been tested as prebiotics (adjuvant to the growth and activity of the gut microbiota) in animal production, due to their high inulin and fiber content, in order to reduce the use of antibiotics and microbial resistance. The gummy exudate produced by Acacia senegal is a source of nutritional fiber that has been tested as a prebiotic in animal feed. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential use of novel sources of Prosopis spp. gummy exudates as prebiotics in animals of zootechnical interest based on a systematic literature review in indexed journals of the use of gum-hydrocolloids as an alternative supplement in animal feed. The scientific articles reviewed show the benefits of using the gummy exudate of Acacia senegal as a prebiotic in the production of broilers, turkeys, rabbits, and pigs. The gums obtained from Prosopis spp. present physicochemical and nutritional characteristics analogous to those published for gum arabic. Therefore, based on the bibliographic reports consulted, the gummy exudate obtained from Prosopis spp trees located in Ecuador could present a nutritional profile with excellent fiber content, oligosaccharides, essential minerals, and phenolic compounds, which would enhance its use as a promising prebiotic in animal feed, improving the function of the intestinal barrier, favoring the growth of beneficial microbiota, significantly reducing the populations of pathogenic bacteria, optimizing animal welfare and production. Keywords: dietary fiber, hydrocolloids, animal production, alternative growth promoters.

Academic journal website from the user’s perspective

Professional community recommendations on the content of academic journal websites mostly include criteria for indexing in databases, however these recommendations do not consider the authors’ and reviewers’ perspective on the website contents and design. To address this, we analyzed these recommendations through a survey of 198 Russian academic journal authors and reviewers, using a continuous sampling technique. The survey took place in April and May 2024. The questionnaire was based on the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing by COPE, DOAJ etc. The survey also focused on the journal website content, design, mobile version, and publication strategy of academic journal website users. We analyzed the survey results for two partially overlapping sets of authors who published in journals indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Russian Citation Science Index Core, or in journals listed by the Higher Attestation Commission of Russian Federation. The study revealed that both COPE’s recommendations and users of academic websites value information regarding aims and scope of the journal, copyright fees, review policies, timelines for the editorial and publication process, and licensing. However, Russian authors and reviewers put less emphasis on website sections that address ethical principles and authorship criteria. They prioritize having an online editorial office, security certification, scientific journal indexing and abstracting information, additional educational materials, and the ability to customize the website for devices with different screen sizes. We also discuss the importance of HTML meta tags for promoting the journal’s website. The findings of the research may contribute to promotion of Russian academic journals in international databases, improve the efficiency of communication between authors, reviewers and editors, and develop a set of recommendations that complement international publishing conventions.

Development overview and research hotspots of Information Science & Library Science based on SSCI data

This study uses the scientometric method to analyse the literature to summarise the development overview and research hotspots in the field of Library and Information Science (LIS), aiming at sorting out the knowledge structure of the discipline and providing references and information for deepening its research and development. This article takes 85 Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals in the field of LIS as the research object, from which 116,570 articles from 1900 to 2023 are collected as the basis of data analysis. It employs the scientometric method based on visualisation software to analyse four dimensions of the LIS discipline: annual publications, journal outputs distribution, production and cooperation, and present focus and research hotspots, finding that the overall development of the discipline is stable and shows some new topics.

USO DA CETAMINA COMO ESCOLHA NO TRATAMENTO EM ADULTOS E IDOSOS COM DEPRESSÃO RESISTENTE AO TRATAMENTO

Introduction: Increasingly, there has been a rise in the diagnosis of depressive disorders among the elderly, making this issue alarming as it directly affects their quality of life and functional capacity. In addition to these aspects, this situation increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Antidepressants, either alone or in combination with other medications, can be used to treat this type of depressive disorder. Currently, there are several classes of antidepressants available, but in the case of patients with mood disorders, the response to common antidepressants may be unsatisfactory. Studies indicate that a relevant alternative for treating resistant depression (RD) is the use of ketamine. Objective: To gather and analyze information on the pharmacological approach of ketamine in the treatment of resistant depression in the elderly. Methodology: Articles published in indexed journals in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), National Library of Medicine/NLM (MEDLINE), and National Library of Medicine/NLM (PUBMED) databases were evaluated, in addition to official sites such as the Ministry of Health of Brazil and the World Health Organization, covering the period from 2014 to 2024. Results: After completing the data collection phase, 29 relevant articles were identified for analysis of the proposed theme. Discussion: Based on the results obtained and the objectives of this review, it is possible to highlight the most relevant aspects of the topic in question. Thus, a positive response to treatment-resistant depression (TRD) was observed in patients treated with ketamine. Conclusion: The use of ketamine in patients with depressive disorders demonstrates rapid and lasting antidepressant effects, making it a viable treatment alternative.

The application of social network analysis in applied linguistics research: a systematic review

Abstract Social network analysis (SNA) has recently drawn increasing scholarly attention in applied linguistics research in response to the social turn in the field. In this review, we analyze and identify the methodological characteristics and topical concerns of articles addressing SNA in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we identify a total of 60 articles published between 1980 and 2023. Our analysis reveals that a growing body of research is adopting qualitative and mixed methods to examine the relationships between social networks and language learning, teaching and use. These findings confirm that social context constitutes an essential part of the ecosystem intertwined with various cognitive, social, and psychological factors, which have a synergistic impact on language learning and teaching. While these studies show that social networks afford learners with valuable linguistic, emotional, and social resources, they reveal that networks may also exert negative influences in their learning behaviors in some contexts. We conclude the review with recommendations for future research to broaden the scope of investigations and consider exploring how different types of social networks at meso- and macro-levels may influence the learning and teaching of language.

Awareness and Attitudes Towards Open Access Predatory Publications Among the Academic Staff Members of Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka

The scholarly community is now dealing with a serious issue with predatory journals. It might be difficult for authors to identify predatory publications apart from reputable ones. The purpose of this study is to investigate the academic staff members of the Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka on awareness of predatory publications and open access. The research methodology used in this study to gauge participants' knowledge of "open access" and "predatory publishing" was a questionnaire survey. Data collection involved the use of a pretested questionnaire. The permanent academic staff members affiliated with the Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, university of Jaffna comprised the study's population. A link to an online survey was shared with every one of the faculty's fifty-two academic staff members. The response rate of the study was 67.30 %. MS Excel was used for the data analysis to describe the data in frequencies, percentages and rank orders of responses.Socio demographic details shows that, highest number of respondents are female (57.14%), completed master/MPhil (51.42%), senior lecturer (57.14%) and interested in marketing (28.57%) as their research discipline. Respondents expressed their priority order for the factors considered to select journal to submit manuscript for publications, journal indexing is the highest priority. All the respondents have an idea about the open access publishing system. Respondents are expected to publish in open access journals because of high visibility, increasing citation number, prestigious journals and fast publication process in a frequency order. The result of the survey shows that, 97.15% of the respondents are knowledgeable about predatory publishing. Majority of the respondents are characterized, the predatory journals are, no insufficient peer review process, and Beall’s list of predatory journals used by the high number of respondents to differentiate legitimate journals from predatory journals. More than half of the respondents are satisfied with the services provided by the library to avoid publishing in predatory journals. Responses are summarized for each of the 8 statements about the impact of publishing in predatory journals. Almost all the statements are agreed by the respondents other than the statement of “Articles published in predatory journals are poor in quality”. Highest agreement found for the statement 3 which is “Predatory publications are not considered for any academic reward” in which 14out of 35 were strongly agreed and followed by the statement 2 “many researchers published articles due to lack of awareness about predatory publication” (13 out of 35). Finally respondents are suggested to organize more awareness session on open access publishing and journal selection to avoid predatory publishing.

Reasons for retraction of clinical research articles in PubMed indexed medical journals from 2012 to 2022

Background: Misconduct in the publication of research articles is a serious concern for the scientific community. This study was conducted with the objective to assess various reasons for retraction of clinical research articles published in PubMed indexed journals from all over the world since 2012 to 2022. Methods: A search was performed on the PubMed database for retracted research articles using filters for “retracted publication”. A total of 314 eligible research articles were assessed for studying basic details. The study outcome measures were to evaluate the reasons for the retraction and authors’ and journal editors’ responses to retractions. Results: Of the original research articles retracted, 150/242 (61.98%) were clinical trial publications. Of the total 314 retracted research articles, the most retractions were in 2014 (47, 14.96%) and 2013 (40, 12.73%) while the fewest retractions were in 2012 (3, 0.95%) and 2022 (9, 2.86%). The most common reasons for retraction were data errors or data analysis errors (120/314, 38.21%) followed by plagiarism (37/314, 11.8%), duplicate publication (35/314, 11.1%), ethical concerns (23/314, 7.3%) and methodological flaws (22/314, 7%). These concerns were raised mainly by the editor or editor-in-chief (228/314, 72.61%), followed by authors (29/314, 9.23%). Out of 228 editorial concerns on publications, authors of only 91/228 (39.91%) agreed and 17/228 (7.45%) completely disagreed with the editorial decision. Conclusion: Authors need to be more careful about data analysis errors, fabricated or falsified data, and plagiarism while submitting their research papers. On the part of editors, detecting misconduct at the submission and peer review stages will help lower the retraction rate and avoid citation of such articles by other authors.

Barriers and Opportunities in the Discoverability and Indexing of Student-Led Academic Journals

Introduction: Student-led journals are not commonly included in academic indexes and databases. This study explores the barriers that indexing requirements may present for student journals, as well as editors’ attitudes toward discoverability strategies and opportunities. Methods: An environmental scan of select eight indexes looks at potential barriers to inclusion and at indexing rates among Canadian student-led journals (n = 202). A survey of Canadian student editors (n = 47) and follow-up interviews (n = 7) focus on editors’ attitudes toward discoverability, indexing challenges, and opportunities. Results: Only 15% (n = 30) of Canadian student journals are indexed in at least one of the seven indexes included in this study, and 74% (n = 146) of open-access journals appear in Google Scholar, with Open Journal Systems (OJS) having the highest Google Scholar indexing rate (97%) as a platform. Student editors generally prioritize reaching their audiences via social media, word of mouth, and targeted promotion. For editors who seek indexing, the biggest challenges come from confusing inclusion criteria and processes, lack of knowledge and comfort, and lack of capacity for such projects. Discussion: Most reviewed indexes have some requirements that may be challenging, but not exclusively to student journals. The main challenge comes from editors’ self-perception of not belonging in academic indexes, lack of understanding about the process, and insufficient capacity for discoverability and promotional activities. Conclusion: The lack of discoverability puts student journals at risk of being invisible to readers and potential authors. Although academic indexing may not be a high priority for student editors, regular outreach and support from libraries and faculty advisors could help editors better use various discoverability opportunities.

We need to rethink the way we identify diamond open access journals in quantitative science studies

Abstract With the announcement of several new diamond open access (OA) related initiatives and the creation of the Global Summit on Diamond Open Access, diamond OA is now at the forefront of the OA movement. However, while working on our recent Quantitative Science Studies publication and data sets, we noticed that temporarily waiving article processing charges (APCs) was a commonly used strategy by big publishers for some of their journals. In the absence of an index of diamond journals, most studies have operationalized the identification of diamond journals as a subset of gold journals that do not charge an APC. While this is a pragmatic approach, we fear that it could undermine the value of the research in understanding what we believe is more commonly understood by diamond OA. This letter discusses the need for bibliometric research to apply more nuance in how it operationalizes diamond OA beyond the absence of APCs. We call on the publishing sector to be more transparent in the costs of publishing. Ultimately, we argue that transparency and a long-term commitment to no-APC publishing are necessary for diamond OA to succeed, and that the research community needs to apply this standard when seeking to understand the model.

Analysis of research trends on tax morale in indexed journals in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the research trends on tax morale in taxation journals indexed in Indonesia from 2019 to 2024. The method used is a systematic literature review by collecting data from various journals accredited by the Science and Technology Index (SINTA). The results show a significant increase in the number of publications discussing tax morale, especially in 2020, influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors such as trust in the government, social norms, and strict sanctions were found to have a positive impact on tax morale and tax compliance. The study also found that tax morale can be an effective tool for improving tax compliance through a holistic approach, including tax education, tax audits, sanctions, and incentives. This study provides important contributions to the taxation literature by presenting an in-depth analysis of tax morale research trends and their implications for tax policy in Indonesia. These findings are expected to help policymakers design more effective and sustainable taxation strategies.

From Thesis to Scientific Articles: Publication of Neonatal Research in Ecuador

Objective: To determine the proportion of scientific articles published by health professionals in Neonatology services in Ecuador in the last 20 years. Theoretical framework: Perinatal research is a priority in public health. Writing a thesis allows students to acquire research skills. Publishing these findings in indexed journals ensures their validity and relevance, becoming references for future studies, systematic reviews, hospital protocols and clinical guidelines. Method: Bibliometric study that examined the temporal evolution, research design, language, affiliations, keywords, journals and academic degrees of thesis writers. The search was carried out in databases and repositories from the last 20 years, using Zotero, Mendeley, Rayyan and R for the analysis. Results and Discussion: It was identified that 13% of the theses were published in indexed journals in Ecuador. (79%) corresponded to postgraduate studies in pediatrics and neonatology. Almost half (48.97%) were published in local journals and the majority (63.69%) in Spanish. The low rate of scientific publication is a common problem in Spanish-speaking countries. Ecuador contributes only 0.11% of world publications. Research implications: Strengthen research training for students and encourage other professionals involved in newborn care to publish their theses. Originality/Value: The publication of theses as scientific articles contributes to the advancement of knowledge. This process broadens the scope of research, enhancing its impact and application in clinical practice and evidence-based decision-making.

A Systematic Review of Flipped Learning in EFL Education

Research on flipped learning in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education has garnered substantial scholarly attention in recent years. This systematic review aims to elucidate the potential of flipped learning within the framework of foreign language education. A total of thirty articles from Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals, published between 2018 and 2022, were included in this review based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis focused on examining the research contexts, methodologies and foci, learning management systems, learning theories, and learning activities. The findings indicate that the majority of studies predominantly involved higher education students, with a significant number employing a quasi-experimental research design. Furthermore, the flipped learning process was largely informed by constructivist learning theory. The results suggest that the primary advantage of flipped learning lies in its capacity to enhance students' writing, speaking, and overall academic performance. Additionally, the review underscores that the integration of emerging technologies, such as augmented reality, automatic recognition, and artificial intelligence chatbots, into learning activities serves as an effective strategy for improving students' language skills and engagement.

Lipidomics in Periodontal Disease Research: A Systematic Review.

Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent oral pathology in the human population, which has a significant local and systemic impact. Currently, multi-omics analyses, including lipidomics, are fundamental to obtaining an in-depth molecular understanding of the individual. Lipidomics is dedicated to the study of lipid species and their interactions in various health contexts. This specific multi-omics analysis is important for understanding the alteration of metabolism and signaling in disease, identifying biochemical markers, and potential therapeutic targets. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the existing scientific literature on lipidomics in periodontal disease and thus determine which molecules have already been analyzed and their potential in this specific disease. This study followed the recommendations of the PRISMA 2020 methodology. The inclusion criteria used were articles published in indexed journals between 2000 and 2023, written in English, and establishing an exclusive relationship about lipidomics in human periodontal disease. The articles were searched in three different databases. Considering the criteria defined, only six articles were selected and zed individually in detail. In four of the six studies, differences in the lipidome of individuals with periodontal disease were identified. Furthermore, phosphoethanolamine ceramide was found to have potential as a diagnostic biomarker. Finally, the therapeutic potential of a lipoxin A4 analogue was also identified. These results reinforce the need for future research in this area so that the consequences of this disease on the lipidome can be identified.

‘Tortured phrases’ impact the integrity of the environmental literature

In environmental science, it is necessary to accurately describe processes, methods and phenomena using established technical terms and jargon. Any significant deviation from such terms might leave readers and peers confused, while confusion can lead to misinterpretations, opening up the possibility of errors. During peer review and prior to publication in a peer-reviewed environmental journal, it is thus incumbent upon editors and peer reviewers, and to a lesser extent copy editors, to verify that terminology in a scientific paper is accurate. In this brief communication, 61 papers with cases of ‘tortured phrases’, which are terms that have – for some reason – come to replace established jargon, are described in indexed environmental literature, frequently in indexed journals that are generally associated with reputable publishers. Of the 61 papers, 13 have been retracted, suggesting an erosion of the papers’ integrity. Awareness of this phenomenon and these cases allows editors and peer reviewers of environmental journals to be more careful when screening and vetting submitted papers, but should also serve as a lesson for authors to be more careful when writing their papers, avoiding the temptation to automatically incorporate text that online text thesauruses may provide, or to use non-standard terms.

An Overview of Leishmania In Vitro Cultivation and Implications for Antileishmanial Screenings against Promastigotes

The quest for new drug candidates targeting neglected parasitic diseases has become increasingly urgent over the past decades. Advancements in formulating and optimizing drug delivery systems begin with basic research, including direct assays to evaluate the activity of molecules against parasitic stages maintained in laboratories; i.e., promastigotes. In the context of leishmaniasis, an endemic disease worldwide, the cultivation of Leishmania parasites can vary significantly across different laboratories. Factors such as culture media composition, pH, supplementation, and temperature can lead to varied drug responses in in vitro activity assays. This study aims to compile the parameters used in Leishmania spp. promastigotes cultivation protocols described in scientific articles published in indexed journals over the past ten years. The data reveal a lack of uniformity among Leishmania culture protocols, suggesting a potential bottleneck in comparing the leishmanicidal potential of in vitro drug candidates reported by different research groups. This condition is crucial to consider, because viability/inhibition assays should begin with fully-grown, healthy promastigote cultures capable of homogeneous division, thereby producing more reproducible results.

The Rhetorical Model of Indonesian Research Article Introductions (RAIs) in the Law Discipline: Problems and Opportunities

The issue of internationalizing academic works into English Scopus-indexed journals has been becoming a growing concern in Indonesia in the last few years. However, investigating rhetorical models of local research articles is still very limited in the Indonesian context to date, while finding this foundation that underpins the global issue may overcome and create awareness for Indonesian academics for the likelihood of publishing their academic papers into reputable journals. This paper attempted to investigate the rhetorical model of Indonesian Law RAIs because none has investigated it in this selected discipline. The purpose is to discover whether or not it is different from earlier findings in English and Indonesian models. The data in the present study are 15 Indonesian Law RAIs published in accredited Science and Technology Index journals (SINTA 2). For the analysis, the study employed a genre-based study using two rhetorical models as primary code analysis. The results revealed that the Indonesian Law RAIs in the present study have a different rhetorical model from the English model, the CARS model. The main difference is the ways of establishing a niche. This finding implies that it may become an obstacle for Indonesian authors in this discipline, on the one hand, but may become an opportunity for them to publish their academic works in reputable journals, on the other hand.

Analysis of registered clinical trials in Italy regarding dermatology (2003-2022): a cross-sectional study on historical trend and prospects for industry investments.

This cross-sectional analysis intends to evaluate trend and outlook of industry clinical research in Italy regarding dermatology and its prospects for the next few years. A computerized search of ClinicalTrial.gov database was carried out considering the 20-year period 2003-2022 using the following string: "Skin Diseases OR Skin cancer OR Skin Neoplasms OR Skin Infection OR Skin Lesion OR Skin Ulcer OR Skin Laxity OR Skin toxicity OR Dermatologic Complication OR Skin abnormalities". During the last 20 years 690 Industry Clinical Trials (IndCTs) were conducted in Italy regarding dermatological investigations, almost entirely funded by non-Italian pharmaceutical companies, involving 4497 centers, and recruiting an average of 13.0 subjects per site. The number of controlled and randomized studies has grown quite regularly and in the last 5 years they represented 79.6% of IndCTs initiated. Countries most frequently sharing with Italy international protocols were Spain (75.0%), Germany (71.8%), France (68.5%), the USA (67.4%), and the UK (54.8%). These data point to a historical involvement of Italy in dermatology IndCTs lower than in the major European countries. However, the war in Ukraine has deprived IndCTs of the contribution of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, meaning a mean of about 40 new IndCTs per year in a population of 200 million inhabitants. In contrast, many indicators point to Italy as a country with potential in dermatology wider than used in the past: an efficient health care system accessible to any citizen or resident, 4.6 million dermatological interventions per year, low density of IndCTs concerning dermatology, good production of scientific papers in indexed medical journals, relatively low cost of services and labour and geopolitical stability. The European Clinical Trials Information System's (CTIS), mandatory for the EU member states since early 2023 allows common, simplified, and harmonized regulatory procedures over the life cycle of clinical trials in Europe (EMA, 2023) and plays in favor of Italy's greater competitiveness in clinical research.