Indian Earthworm Pheretima Posthuma Research Articles

Combine anthelmintic activity of herbal extracts

Aim: The aim of this study was to study phytochemical analysis and anthelmintic profiling of combination of Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) and Brassica nigra (black mustard). Results: Extract of combination of A. barbadensis Miller and B. nigra Linn. produces anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The plant possesses significant activity at 30 mg/mL concentration measured by time taken for paralysis/death of the earthworms. Conclusion: The seeds of B. nigra Linn. and gel of A. barbadensis Miller have potent anthelmintic activity of conventionally used drug. This study might be efficacious against other species of helminth. Further, studies using in vivo models and to isolate active constituents from extract are required to carry out and established the effectiveness and pharmacological rational for the use of A. barbadensis and B. nigra as anthelmintic drugs.

In- vitro Pharmacological investigation and Molecular Docking validation of Rhodiola rosea root against Bacterial and Helminthiasis infections

The present study's objective was to identify the phytoconstituents present in methanolic extract of Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) with a help of Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract was subjected for the antibacterial (Escherichia coli ) and anthelmintic (adult Indian earthworms-Pheretima posthuma)in-vitro activities followed by the validation of the same by subjecting the bioactive compounds obtained in GCMS analysis to molecular docking studies for anthelmintic and antibacterial protein targets. Six compounds with molecular formula C12H14O4NF3, C9H14O2Si, C29H44O12, C18H30O, C12H23O2N, and C17H32O were identified in GCMS analysis. Different extract concentrations viz 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/ml and 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 µg/ml for anthelmintic activity and anti-bacterial activity respectively. For anthelmintic protein target, results of molecular docking (presented by 3D & 2D model) revealed that the identified compounds (binding energy -6.05 to -8.40 Kcal/mol) exhibited a comparable binding affinity as that of albendazole(binding energy -9.54 Kcal/mol) except C3 (binding energy +33.42 Kcal/mol) compound. antibacterial protein target, compounds' binding affinities were found to be in the range -4.49 to -6.68 Kcal/mol, while chlorobiocin was found to be -4.75 Kcal/mol. The extract exhibited dose-dependent in-vitroanthelmintic (150 and 200 mg/ml) and antibacterial activity (150 and 200 µg/ml. The minimum lethal amount of extract concentration for anthelmintic activity was found to be 150 μg/ml. At this concentration, Pheretimaposthuma died in 33.56 ± 2.15 min while with a standard dose of albendazole, the lethal time was found to be 22.75 ± 1.63 min. Finally concluded that the identified bioactive compounds from R. rosea have the potential anthelmintic and antibacterial activity as justified by in-vitro biological evaluations and molecular docking studies.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND ISOLATION OF ACTIVE MOLECULE FROM VITEX ALTISSIMA LEAVES

Objective: The objective of this work is to investigate the antibacterial, anthelmintic activity of the leaves of Vitex altissima and isolation of the bioactive molecule.
 Methods: The agar disk diffusion method is implemented to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the plant leaves of V. altissima, using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts. Exactly 1 mg of each extract is dissolved in 1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide. The circular Whatman filter paper of diameter 5 mm was dipped in each extract and placed over solidified agar medium. The zone of inhibition was measured. The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of the plant have been used to carry out the anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma. The column chromatography technique is used for the isolation of bioactive molecules.
 Results: The results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited a remarkable zone of inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts produce zero percentage zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli bacteria. The ethanol extract showed potent anthelmintic activity. The spectral data confirm that the structure of the bioactive molecule is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
 Conclusion: The preliminary results of the study revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of the plant exhibited a broad zone of inhibition against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and ethanol extract showing significant anthelmintic activity. Spectral data confirmed the structure of the bioactive molecule. The obtained bioactive molecule is responsible for exhibiting potent antibacterial activity.

Synthesis, Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New 2‐Arylidene‐1‐(4‐methyl‐6‐phenylpyrimidin‐2‐yl)hydrazines

AbstractA series of eighteen novel 2‐arylidene‐1‐(4‐methyl‐6‐phenylpyrimidin‐2‐yl)hydrazine derivatives were synthesized by simple condensation of 2‐hydrazinyl‐4‐methyl‐6‐phenylpyrimidine with benzaldehyde derivatives with an anticipation to find new biochemical hydrazones. Detailed structural analyses were delineated by means of their IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS analysis. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation was carried out against two gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121 and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96) and two gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli MTCC 1652 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 741). In vitro anthelmintic evaluations were also carried against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma (Annelida) using albendazole as reference drug.

Anti-Helminthic Activity of Leucas zeylanica Linn Leaves

The present study was examining the anti-helminthic activity of Leucas zeylanica leaves. For the present investigation, L. zeylanica leaves were collected in the month of January 2017 from Sai Nagar colony of the Karimnagar district. The leaves were dried and made into fine powder and subjected to acetone and ethanolic extraction by soxhlation, the phytochemical screening was done for extracts and the results showed that ethanolic and acetone extracts of the powdered leaves of L. zeylanica showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. Proteins and amino acids are absent. The extracts were studied for anti-helminthic activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma, acetone and ethanolic extracts showed the dose-dependent activity by paralysis followed by the death of earthworms. The observation of result shows that the anti-helmintic activity of ethanol extract is more potent compare to the acetone extract. The earthworms were more sensitive to the extracts of ethanol at 20 mg/ml concentrations as compared to the reference drug albendazole (10 mg/ml).

IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF IPOMEA AQUATICA

Objective: The present study was aimed at the evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of ipomeaaquatica against Indian earthworm Pheretimaposthuma.Methods: Four concentrations (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml) were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time of the death of worms. In this study, Albendazole was used as a standard drug.Results: Ethanolic leaf extract of ipomea aquatic showed significant activity at higher concentrations when compared to standard group (Albendazole).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomeaaquaticahas shown more significant anthelmintic activity when compared to Albendazole against Indian earthworm Pheretimaposthuma.

In-Vivo Anthelmenthic Activity of Various Extracts of Eclipta Alba Leaves

Different extracts of E.alba were taken for anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Two concentrations (100 and 150 mg/ml) of various extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole (20 mg/ml) was used as reference standard. Dose dependent activity was observed in the plant extracts but ethanolic extract exhibited more activity as compared to others.

Evaluation of In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Spirulina Powder

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the In-vitro antihelmenthic activity of Spirulina Powder. Currently, our understanding on the underlying mechanisms for Spirulina's activities, especially the antihelmenthic, is limited. The Spirulina Powder was taken for anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheretimaposthuma. The results were expressed in terms of time required for paralysis and death of Pheretimaposthuma. Albendazole was used as a standard control group. Spirulina Powder shows the significant activity at 150 mg/ml concentration.

Comparative evaluation of anthelmintic and antibacterial activities in leaves and fruits of Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) desr. and Garcinia indica (Dupetit-Thouars) choisy

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity and antibacterial activity of the extracts from the leaves and fruits of Garcinia indica (Dupetit-Thouars) Choisy and Garcinia cambogia(Gaertn.) Desr. using the Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Two concentrations (25 and 50 mg/mL) of various extracts such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water were tested. Albendazole at the concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/mL was used as the standard reference. Significant anthelmintic effects of the fruits and leaves of G. cambogia and G. indica (P<0.05) were observed and the results were expressed in terms of paralysis and death time. All the extracts showed the dose dependent paralysis and death of earthworms. Among all the extracts used, methanol extract exhibited the highest activity. G. cambogia leaf extract (50 mg/mL) had 30% faster paralysis effect on earthworms than the standard reference. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of the fruits and leaves showed significant (P<0.05) activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. At a concentration of 500 µg/mL, G. indica fruit extract presented higher zones of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Hence, it could be concluded that the leaves and fruits of G. indica and G. cambogia contained active anthelmintic and antibacterial phytochemicals, which could find their applications in pharmaceuticals.

In-vitro Anthelmintic and Antioxidant Activity of Helicteres isora Linn. Fruit Extracts

In-vitro anthelmintic activity of methanol and petroleum ether extracts of Helicteres isora fruits were determined by the evaluation of time for paralysis and death (min.) against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma. Various concentrations of extracts were tested in the bioassay (10, 20, and 50 mg/ml). Albendazole at concentration 20 mg/ml was included as standard reference while normal saline (0.9 % NaCl) solution as control. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals scavenging assays. The both methanol and petroleum ether extracts showed dose dependent anthelmintic activity. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity was obtained with the methanol extract (IC50 42.95 µg/ml), while petroleum ether extract showed less free radical scavenging activity (IC50 89.81 μg/ml) as compared to standard ascorbic acid (IC50 23.75 µg/ml). Hydrogen peroxide decomposition activity of methanol and petroleum ether extracts were showed in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 36.61 µg/ml and 74.40 µg/ml respectively, while IC50 value for ascorbic acid was 9.64 ìg/ml. Methanol extracts showed potent anthelmintic and antioxidant activity than petroleum ether extracts.

Evaluation of cytotoxic and anti-tumor activity of partially purified serine protease isolate from the Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma

ObjectiveTo isolate, partially purify and evaluate the cytotoxic and antitumor activity of a serine protease from the chosen Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. MethodsWhole animal extract was prepared and purified its protein constituents by size and charge based chromatographic separation techniques using Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-Cellulose resin respectively. Average molecular weight of the protein isolate was determined and analyzed for its cytotoxic property against Vero cells in different dilutions (1: 20 and 1: 40) and anti-tumor activity by MTT assay (a colorimetric assay) using breast cancer cell line MCF-7, with tamoxifen as standard. ResultsOne of the protein constituents after purification was characterized as serine protease by Caseinolytic plate diffusion assay. Average molecular weight of this purified isolate was determined, by SDS-PAGE analysis with standard protein ladder, as of 15 kDa. The performed tests suggested that the 15kDa fraction has potent cytotoxic activity and satisfactory antitumor activity as well In vitro. ConclusionsExact molecular mechanism of the cytotoxic and antitumor activities is yet to be explored and currently we are working on ultra-purification and biophysical characterization of this fraction. Further investigation into the mechanism(s) of cytotoxic and antitumor activities at molecular level would be useful in treatment of various classes of cancer and viral infections in future.

Investigation of in-vitro anthelmintic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Boerhavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae) including pharmacognostical and phytochemical screening

The present study clearly indicated that the crude ethanol extract of Boerhavia diffusa did produce anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The plant possesses significant anthelmintic activity at 100 mg/ml concentration measured by time taken for paralyze/death of the earth worms. The current investigation leads to conclusion that the leaves of B. diffusa have potent anthelmintic activity of conventionally used drug. The results did not, however, exclude the possibility that doses of the extract with lower anthelmintic activity in this study might be efficacious against other species of helminths. Further studies using in vivo models and to isolate active constituents from extract are required to carry out and established the effectiveness and pharmacological rational for the use of B. diffusa as an anthelmintic drug.

In-vitro anthelmintic activity of seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. against Pheretima Posthuma

Among the most common infections of digestive system in human beings are helminth infections. In developing countries, they pose a large threat to the society. Such parasitic diseases cause severe morbidity, including lymphatic filariasis, onchoserciasis and schistosomiasis. Different extracts of the plant material were tested against adult Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma (Pheritimidae) as test worms. Various concentrations (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml) of all extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as the standard reference drug. Results showed that the aqueous extract is more potent as compared to other extracts as it took less time to cause paralysis and death of the earthworms as compared to standard reference drug. Key words: Anthelmintic activity, Pheretima posthuma, piperazine citrate, Zanthoxylum armatum

Evaluation of Bauhinia variegata Linn Stem Bark for Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Properties

This research work was taken up to investigate the anthelmintic and antimicrobial potential of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn. The crude ethanolic extract of the plant was evaluated for anthelmintic activity using Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli as test worms. Various concentrations (10-100 mg/ml) of ethanolic extract were tested in the bioassay, which involved determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Piperazine citrate (10mg/ml) included as reference standard. Antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanolic extract was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution method by using some bacterial and fungal strains of microorganism. Ciprofloxacin (5μg/ml) and Cotrimazole (25μg/ml) were used as reference standard for the antibacterial and antifungal studies respectively. The ethanolic extract showed promising anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities and results were comparable with the standards included in the study.

Major constituents and anthelmintic activity of volatile oils from leaves and flowers of Cymbopogon martini Roxb.

The major volatile constituents of leaves and flowers of Cymbopogon martini from the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation were identified by GC/MS. Five constituents were identified from the volatile oil of leaves and flowers, which constituted about 82.49 and 75.63% of the total amount, respectively. A monoterpene, piperitone (6.00%), was identified in the flowers of C. martini; in addition, flowers were found to contain more olefinic terpenes, namely geraniol (69.63%), compared with leaves (53.41%). Leaves contain bicyclic monoterpene, nerol (24.76%) and α-pinene (4.32%). Anthelmintic activity of these oils was evaluated on adult Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma and results showed that the volatile oil of C. martini flower required less time to cause paralysis and death of the earthworms.