Indian Code Research Articles

A comparative analysis of an RC low-rise building with the seismic codes of countries lying in the Himalayas: China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan

The Himalayan region is one of the most seismically active areas in the world due to its tectonic setting. This vulnerability poses significant risks to buildings, resulting in substantial loss of life, property, and infrastructure. This study investigates the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete (RC) low-rise building using the seismic codes of countries situated along the Himalayan belt: China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. These countries, despite sharing a common geological seismic threat, have developed a distinct code and standards for construction. This inconsistency concerns the effectiveness and suitability of seismic design practices in this region, hence prompting a comparative study. This study begins by reviewing the development of seismic codes in these countries. Subsequently, a prototype RC low-rise building was modeled and analyzed using finite element software, employing the linear static method of analysis according to each country's seismic codes. This study focused on key seismic responses, including the fundamental period, base shear, displacement, and story drift. The analysis revealed significant differences in seismic responses among the codes. Notably, the Chinese seismic code resulted in the highest values for the parameters studied, followed by the Nepalese, Pakistani, and Indian codes. The comparison revealed that the base shear from the Chinese code was the highest, being 3.10 times greater than the Indian code, 1.66 times greater than the Nepalese code, and 1.86 times greater than the Pakistani code. Similar ratios for displacements and story drifts were found in the study.

Revisiting design wind speed and cyclonic factor for east coast of India

It is very much challenging to estimate the accurate design wind speed for engineering structures of India, those experiencing extreme wind events such as cyclones. However, there are different categories of structures based on their importance level and a trade-off always exists between structural safety and economy. Indian code IS15498 specifies uniform cyclonic factors. However, a wide variation has been found while considering different return periods and threshold wind speeds above which cyclones have been modelled. Accordingly, a cyclonic factor (k4) has been calculated using three distinct approaches. These include the Gumbel distribution with the Generalized Least Squares Method (GLSM), the Generalized Extreme Value distribution with the Least Squares Method, and the Peaks over Threshold approach employing the De Haan method. These methods were applied to the dataset of peak values from all cyclone events to determine the design wind speed and, subsequently, the cyclonic factor. The analysis shows that Gumbel distribution with GLSM provides the best results with 1.03 value of cyclonic factor. Reverse Weibull can also be used to fit the extreme wind speed data. The outcomes from all approaches consistently underscore the necessity of a cyclonic factor for the east coast of India.

Seismic Behaviour of Steel Building with And Without Bracing System by Performance Point

Steel structures have been playing an important role in the construction industry in recent years. It is necessary to create a model that performs well under seismic loading. Seismic performance of multi-storey steel framed buildings is designed as per the provisions of the Indian Code (IS 800 -2007). The ductility of the structure can be increased by adding steel support to the structure. There are different types of support for retrofitting. X-brace, diagonal brace, V-shaped brace, inverted V-shaped brace etc. There are many ways to prepare steel supports such as: The frame of the building is designed with or without different types of connections such as diagonal, X-brace, V-brace and inverted V-brace, which will be considered in this study. The performance of each frame was examined by nonlinear static analysis (pushover analysis) using the ETABS-2021 software package. The comparison of braced and unbraced frames was based on the examination of base shear forces, hinge consequences and lateral displacements of different frames. Compare the response curves and performance points of different frames with and without support systems to know the relationship between the various frames involved.

Comparison of Stability Analysis of Building by Euro and Indian Code

Comparison of Stability Analysis of Building by Euro and Indian Code

The effect of physical properties of pond ash as a partial replacement of sand in the mortar mix

The major focus of the present study is the use of pond ash to replace fine river sand in the production of plaster. In this study, the physical, mechanical, and microstructure characteristics of mortar are investigated for different replacement levels of sand with pond ash. The results show that the dry density of pond ash mixes is reduced by increasing the replacement level, which is due to the higher water absorption and pond ash’s porousness. It is worth mentioning that at a replacement rate of 20%, compressive and flexural strengths are higher than those of control specimens. On the other hand, drying shrinkage is 31% lower than the control, but the achieved strength is more than the required strength as per the Indian code. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy shows that a rise in silicon content (12%) for samples having a 20% replacement of pond ash has a high C–S–H gel density, thus exhibiting higher compressive and flexural strengths. X-ray diffraction results show that the lower strength of 40% pond ash replacement is due to the presence of sodium sulfate. Hence, the results indicate that fine pond ash can be partially replaced with fine river sand for internal plaster and to produce mortar and blocks.

Method to identify if torsional mode of a building is its first mode

Torsionally flexible buildings (that have torsional mode as fundamental mode) twist during earthquake shaking, and may collapse partially or completely depending upon the direction and level of shaking. The problem is aggravated when the building is torsionally unsymmetrical. Some design codes (like Eurocode, Indian Code) explicitly prohibit the design of such buildings. This paper presents a simple approximate method to identify torsionally flexible RC Moment Frame and RC Structural Wall buildings at the initial proportioning stage itself without carrying out a detailed structural analysis. It is possible to identify whether or not the first mode is torsional mode of a building (i.e., torsionally flexible building) if Natural Period Ratio τ>1 by modelling the building with rigid diaphragm and distribution of mass & stiffness along the height of building, and estimating: (1) radius of gyration of rotational mass rm of each floor plan geometry by lumping the masses of slabs, beams and all vertical elements at each nodes, (2) radius of gyration of twisting stiffness rKθ of all vertical elements using their translational and torsional stiffnesses (considering flexibility of adjoining beams and vertical elements accounting for both flexural and shear deformations), and (iv) τ (=rm/rKθ). The method is validated with 3D Modal Analysis (using τ =Tθ/T, where Tθ is Uncoupled Torsional Natural Period and T Uncoupled Translational Natural Period) of hypothetical buildings using a commercial structural analysis software. Also, parameters are identified that lead to τ>1, and solutions suggested to avoid torsional flexibility in buildings. Further, the method helps identify vertical stiffness irregularity in buildings. Draft provisions are suggested for inclusion in seismic codes. Also, poor performance of multi-storey building (with τ>1) is demonstrated using nonlinear static and nonlinear time history analyses.

PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE RCC STRUCTURE USING STAAD.PRO SOFTWARE

RCC structure has become crucial to the construction industry in recent decades. A structure must be designed with strong seismic performance in mind. A multi-story reinforced concrete building's seismic performance is planned in compliance with the current Indian code (IS 456 -2000). The study of each structural members performance is conducted using nonlinear static analysis. This paper study about a popular method to ascertain the performance level of a building is through pushover analysis, which yields results that indicate whether collapse occurs at the member or structure level. Performance-based design is used to evaluate the performance level of buildings subjected to earthquakes. Various approaches in nonlinear static analysis were developed to study the performance of a building. This assessment has taken into account a non-existing solid Rcc structure that is assumed to be located in Zone IV, as defined by IS 1893:2000, a classification of seismic zones in India. During the entire inquiry, brick work infills have been considered to be non-structural individuals. Systems for inelastic static static study include the Secant Method, the Displacement Coefficient Method, and the Capacity Spectrum Method. Pushover Analysis, a non-direct static approach, was used to examine the structure's weak points, building on static testing. The structure was recreated in SeismoStruct Version 5.2.2 using M20 cement and Fe415 steel support, as predicted in STAAD Pro v8i. After that, the research is carried out for 150% of the predetermined objective displacing for the structure to track individual yielding and the sufficiency of the core quality. The degree of damage suffered by the structure during the objective displacing is thought to represent the damage the structure would experience under configuration level ground shaking. Key Words: Pushover analysis, RCC structure, Pushover curve, drift velocity, STAAD.PRO, Earthquake structure.

Exploring thermal comfort in rural houses of Chhattisgarh state, India: A comprehensive survey and adaptive model analysis

Thermal comfort studies in India are very much at an emerging stage. According to Indian codes, in the summer, the comfortable temperature range for residential buildings is 23–26 °C. The recommended Indian residential comfort range does not consider the impact of India’s enormous cultural and geographical heterogeneity. Additionally, there seems to be very little effort to conduct a thermal comfort field survey in India’s rural regions. In recent years, houses in rural India have been converted from kutcha (mud houses) to pucca (concrete houses). This work is aimed at proposing an adaptive thermal comfort model for the premonsoon season in the rural area of Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. The model was achieved using a field study survey conducted in 80 rural area houses in the months of June and July. Regression analysis, the Griffiths method, and the Fanger method have been adopted to analyze thermal comfort. Based on the regression analysis, the comfort band (voting −1 to +1) is established in the range of 28.39 °C to 32.31 °C, with 30.30 °C as the neutral temperature. The study has been carried out to assess the influence of gender, age, controls, and fan usage on thermal comfort perception in rural households.

Enhancing material properties of agro-industrial waste sugarcane bagasse ash—Way towards sustainable development

The present study deals with a comprehensive characterization of Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and its effect on pozzolanic reactivity. Utilizing SCBA as pozzolanic material reduces the ash disposal problem and enhance the properties of cementitious composites. The ash is pre-treated by two methods: sieving followed by incineration; and incineration followed by ball mill grinding inorder to increase the fineness or specific surface area, reduce loss on ignition and increase amorphous reactivity of sugarcane bagasse ash. The first method is energy intensive method, as the duration of sieving is only 15 min and incinerated at lowest temperature of 400 °C. The second method is a selective pre-treatment method, where incineration is done first to reduce LOI, followed by grinding for 60,120 and 180 min. The effect of processing methodology is studied by considering energy consumption, enhanced particle morphology of SCBA and pozzolanic reactivity of SCBA. The physio-chemical characterization is done by standard American, Indian codes. Enhanced micro-structural characterization is done by Lazer particle size analyzer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test associated with Electro Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) test, Thermo-gravimetric (TGA) studies. Further, the treated ash is tested for its pozzolanic reactivity by strength activity index and Frattini test. It is observed that sieving has consumed less energy of 11.5 kWh/t compared to grinding. However, the samples sieved couldn't perform well in pozzolanic reactivity due to the inert silica present in it. The particle morphology is enhanced compared to raw SCBA. SCBA samples incinerated and grinded have shown a maximum strength activity index of 82.99 % and 92.6 % with an energy consumption of 30.4 kWh/t and 45.6 kWh/t for grinding. The Frattini test results are in co-relation with strength activity index with a factor of 80.52.

Preserving earthquake-resilient traditional buildings in Northern India

ABSTRACT In the northern and northeastern hilly regions of India, traditional buildings mainly fall within seismic Zones V and VI, according to the Indian code IS1893 Part 1, 2023. These areas are highly earthquake-prone. Surprisingly, historical research indicates that these centuries-old traditional structures have shown impressive resilience to earthquakes over the years. This paper is dedicated to preserving traditional buildings in earthquake-prone regions by conducting a thorough survey, identifying them, and categorizing them as either resilient or vulnerable structures. Specifically, the paper focuses on resilient structures such as Kath-Kunni, thathara, Assam-type, dhajji-dewari, and taq buildings. Although these structures exhibit seismic resilience, they possess certain vulnerabilities unique to each typology. Given that the study area is classified as highly susceptible to earthquakes by the code, it is crucial to reinforce these vulnerable aspects. Consequently, this paper provides strengthening measures for all these typologies against seismic forces.

Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC building due to Fire load

Fire hazard is perceived to be one of the most destructive hazards faced by mankind in any urban environment as a primary or a secondary consequential event. In recent decades there has been substantial increase in adaptation of RC buildings for residential, commercial & office purposes. Therefore, the building fire appears as a more frequent hazard in comparison with other natural or man-made events. The occurrence of fire is unpredictable and high frequent event, that has potential to create a disaster (resulting in huge loss of property and life). Therefore, there is an imminent need for its consideration during analysis, design of new buildings and in assessment of structural integrity for existing buildings. This aids in providing a safe and functional fire-resistant building during its design life. The recent incidents that have occurred in Hyderabad city (Deccan Mall & Swapnalok complex etc), Telangana state, India, in particular is an epitome of this disaster. However, the existing codes of practice for Indian code designed buildings (BIS) in particular do not address assessment of the building structural behaviour subjected to fire load. Moreover, progressive collapse mechanism of any building can initiate due to loss of critical structural components due to any unforeseen event like explosion, accident, etc. Further, there are more likelihood of triggering of a fire hazard, eventually resulting in cascading failure of a structure. Hence, an attempt has been made to assess the structural integrity of structure during initiation of progressive collapse subjected to fire load. The hypothetical G+3(ground + three floors) reinforced concrete building designed as per IS456:2000, modelled and analysed using the structural finite element software (SAP2000). Progressive collapse analysis of the building is performed as per the GSA guidelines and subjected to simultaneous application of fire load (as per ISO 834 standard fire curve as the input fire load) on all its structural components. Further the performance of the building under fire scenarios were assessed in terms of its resistance duration using the Structural fire software (SAFIR). The outcomes of the study clearly pronounce the structural vulnerability of the building components in resisting the fire exposure for certain duration of time, quantified in terms of response parameters (Bending moments, Shear forces, Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR), etc).

Seismic assessment of confined masonry against URM and RC-framed buildings on sloping ground in hilly regions: performance-based analysis and application of the Indian code

Seismic assessment of confined masonry against URM and RC-framed buildings on sloping ground in hilly regions: performance-based analysis and application of the Indian code

Analytical Study Of Load Rating On RCC Box Girder Superstructure Under The Effect Of IRC Loadings

It is observed that over the course of time structural components weakens and their ability to carry the self weight along with the superimposed load decreases. Consequently, it becomes very much important and vital to periodically assess the strength, stability and the performance of the bridge and other structure in order to ascertain their remaining residual strength and to ensure safety. There are different experimental methods available which uses the concept of Non-Destructive testing in order to ascertain the performance and the condition of any structure at any point of time. There are numerous experimental method which are used to perform the Load Rating Analysis but there is no provision to perform the same rating analysis analytically as per the Indian code on bridge related software. This paper generally deals with providing an analytical solution which can be used in order to estimate the residual strength of the bridge structure and perform the Load Rating Analysis analytically on Midas Civil Software. The study basically involves the modelling and Analysis of 2 Reinforced Concrete Box Girder Superstructure, each of span length 40m situated in Lucknow analyzed as per the Indian Standard Codes. Both of the bridge model represents the condition of the bridge structure at a specific time period. The time gap between the analysis of the two models is assumed to be 70 years. The bridge model is modelled and analyzed with the help of Midas Civil Software and the Load carrying capacity of the structure is evaluated based on the different statistical parameters such as Vertical Displacement, Shear Force and Bending Moment. At last a comparative study is conducted between the two models. The analysis revealed that the Bridges Lose their load bearing capacity and strength after a time period of 70 years. A considerable increase in the value of vertical displacement and bending moment was observed beyond the safe and permissible limit of the structure. The analytical approach demonstrated in this study can be applied to various bridge structure such as RCC and PSC Tee Beam Bridge, I Girder bridge, cable stayed bridge etc.

Assessing Seismic Behavior in RC Buildings with Varied Vertical Aspect Ratios: A Comparative Study

Limited space in cities due to urbanization and population growth has given rise to tall and distinctively designed buildings. This study focuses on how a building's vertical aspect ratio (height-to-width ratio) affects the seismic performance of residential concrete buildings. In earthquake-prone Nepal, seismic analysis is crucial for buildings in high-risk areas. We investigated the impact of vertical aspect ratio and the presence of masonry infills and soft stories in reinforced concrete frame buildings. Rectangular base models were analysed at 3, 5, and 7 stories. These models were categorized into bare frames, infill frames, and infill frames with soft stories at the ground level. Linear analysis, non-linear analysis, and design of the building have been performed as per the relevant Indian codes of practice. The effect of infills on dynamic characteristics, yield patterns and capacity has been studied with the help of Non-Linear Analysis. The result of the analysis indicates that the structures have lesser capacity and higher drift with the increase in vertical aspect ratio. It also has been observed that infills contribute to a large increase in the stiffness and strength of the structure, so the deformation capacity of the structure gets reduced.

Pushover Analysis of Structures Subjected to Combined Actions of Earthquake and Wind

Abstract: This paper puts forward a framework to investigate the structural performance of buildings subject to the combined action of earthquakes and wind. The study uses a pushover analysis to determine strength capacities of low- and medium-rise concrete structures to compare versus their strength, as inferred from the Indian code for seismic design. The analysis addresses soil-structure interactions through the scrutiny of fixed-base and flexible- base conditions of three soil types ranging between dense and soft. The parametric study covers micro me- topological winds whose mean value spans between 0.5 m/s and 20 m/s. The simulated multi-load scenarios induce ductility levels going from 1 to 6 to totalize 288 case studies. The proposed framework reveals that consideration of earthquake and wind simultaneous effects could modify performance levels used for design through enhancing ductility demands. This evidences that, under current design recommendations, structures located in earthquake prone areas susceptible to unexpected levels of damage.

Ethics in Research and Publications.

The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive overview of the ethical issues and the processes involved in research and publishing in India. The study examines the present ethical norms, guidelines, frameworks and developments in India, providing insights into the nation's current status of research and recommendations for publication. This document will be a useful starting point and reference document for those embarking on research and publication in Orthopaedics in India. A survey of the literature was done, which included scholarly papers, reports, rules, and policies pertaining to Indian publishing norms and research ethics. the document starts with a general introduction to ethics, followed by the evolution of ethics in research and the current International as well as Indian codes of ethics. Subsequently, the discussion is divided into two broad headings of ethics in research and ethics in publishing. Under each heading, there are many specific areas in orthopaedics that would require the application of a unique set of ethics. These areas are discussed separately as subheadings. The review draws attention to the complexity of ethical issues in Indian and international research and publishing in orthopaedics. Where available, specific guidelines about the topic in India or international guidelines are discussed. The importance of informed consent, data integrity, plagiarism, authorship disputes, and conflicts of interest are only a few of the key results. It is obvious that ethical norms and regulations, such as those offered by the University Grants Commission (UGC), the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and the Council of Publication Ethics (COPE) are crucial in determining how research is conducted and how papers are published. The types of studies discussed include research in humans and animals, research with stem cells, metal implants and devices, orthobiologics, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, computer modelling, virtual reality, 3D printing and bioprinting, tissue banking and data management. The roles of different personnel in research and publications are discussed. Ethics in research and publishing play a crucial role in establishing the authority and standard of scholarly work in India. This study underlines the key concepts of ethics that guide various types of studies and the publication process. It also highlights the requirement for frameworks and guidelines for certain unique areas of research in orthopaedics.

Behavioural studies on binary blended high strength self compacting geopolymer concrete exposed to standard fire temperature

The production of Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete (OPCC) results in high carbon emissions and energy demand, necessitating the search for eco-friendly alternatives. Geopolymers, which utilize waste materials, are identified as a suitable alternative. Industrial by-products such as Fly Ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), and Metakaolin (MK) are used as precursor materials for binary blended High Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (HSGC) production. Two HSGC mixes and one normal strength self-compacting mix are developed for comparison. This study aims to look at the residual strength characteristics of NSGC and HSGC specimens. Binary blended NSGC, HSGC, and temperature exposure are the key factor examined in the present study. The current study aimed to evaluate the residual strength of NSGC and HSGC exposed to temperature exposure using the ISO 834 guidelines. HSGC specimens are divided into four groups based on curing and cooling type: ambient curing, oven curing, air cooling, and water cooling. Mechanical properties such as Compression Strength, Tensile Strength, and Flexural Strength before and after exposure to elevated temperature are evaluated. Microstructural investigations are conducted to examine the internal structure of the binary blended HSGC mixes. The experimental results are validated using Indian code (IS 456), American code (ACI 318), European code (EC2), and Australian code (AS 3600). Compressive strength of the HSGC specimens was severely reduced when subjected to 1029 ℃, resulting in the formation of wider cracks attributed to the degradation of the gel structure. The oven-cured specimens possess 72 to 80% loss in strength, whereas ambient-cured specimens possess 77 to 86% loss in strength. The findings reveal that the binary blended mix FA/MK = 1 exhibits higher strength loss (%) compared to FA/GGBS and FA. Ambient-cured HSGC specimens exhibit higher mass loss than oven-cured HSGC mixes, and water-cooled samples show higher strength loss and wider cracks compared to air-cooled specimens. The scientific value of this study lies in the the fire performance and residual mechanical properties of binary blended HSGC mixes developed under various curing and cooling methods. Also, the experimental results are validated with multiple international codes (American, Australian and Indian Standards). These findings contribute to the understanding on the behaviour of HSGC under elevated temperature conditions by providing valuable insights for the development of eco-friendly concrete alternatives with improved fire performance.

Computation of Surface Wave Parameters and Peak Particle Velocity

In recent times, the rise in terrorist activities has underscored the critical need for designing structures with blast resistance capabilities. However, many Indian codes currently in place do not adequately address the issue of blast loads. This knowledge gap poses a significant challenge to engineers who must ensure the safety and security of structures against such threats. In light of this, the objective of this study is to provide an educational resource to bridge this gap by exploring various methods for calculating blast loads on structures. This paper delves into the subject matter, discussing different methodologies and approaches for estimating blast loads on structures, with a specific focus on the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) guidelines. To illustrate the practical application, a numerical example is presented, demonstrating the computation of blast loads on structures using the UFC guidelines. Notably, the results reveal that the surface blast load exhibits an exponential variation along the front wall of the structure. Furthermore, the study introduces the concept of peak particle velocity (PPV) as a parameter for identifying the threshold vibration level that would cause no structural damage. The methodology suggested by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) is adopted to calculate the PPV and the corresponding results are presented. By providing insights into blast load computation and the determination of safe vibration levels, this study contributes to enhancing the understanding and preparedness of engineers when it comes to designing structures that can withstand and mitigate the destructive effects of blasts.

Study of Earthquake & Analysis of Multi-storied Building Using E-Tab

Abstract: Structural Analysis is a branch which includes in the determination of conduct of constructions to anticipate the reactions of various underlying segments because of the impact of loads. Every single construction will be exposed to possibly one or the gatherings of loads, the different sorts of loads typically considered are dead loads, live loads, wind load IS:875-1987 Part1, 2, 3, seismic load (IS:1893-2016). ETABS (Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building System) is a product which is joined with all the significant forces that are static, dynamic, Linear and non-direct, and so on. This Computer programming's are additionally being utilized for the computation of forces, bending moment, stress, strain &deformation or diversion for a complex underlying framework and this software is utilized to design and plan the structures. The study of this project is to analyse & design of Reinforced Concrete building using Etabs. By this project, it has been checked that the displacement of the building seems to be within permissible limit'. The Structure has been designed as per Indian Codes & by laws provided by that area. In this paper, an analysis has been done on the storey height of a building situated in zone V, keeping the base dimensions constant, to find the maximum bending and shear forces at the design for earthquake load, using the software ETABS. For earthquake loads, both dynamic and static analysis has been done. The analysis for seismic loads has been carried out. Thereafter, the graphs for different values displacement at all the storey drifts, due to earthquake load (EQ) have been plotted.

To Study the Properties of Concrete Mix on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Burnt Bricks

These days, materials such as over-burned bricks blast are employed as an alternative to coarse aggregates. This paper investigates the physical features of concrete formed with burned bricks blast. Natural rock is by far the most common coarse aggregate used in concrete, however not all types of rock appropriate for concrete production are available everywhere. Due to a paucity of aggregate from natural sources in India's north-eastern states, brick aggregate concrete is commonly utilised for ordinary concrete. Due to advancements in concrete technology and to meet the requirements for durability, As a result of the need to utilise standard concrete, which only uses stone aggregate, construction costs have increased as materials are carried from other states. Making good quality concrete with the finest sand (grading zone – IV as per Indian code IS:383-1970) is difficult enough, but the natural coarse aggregate is scarce locally. Burnt brick aggregate has a high-water absorption rate (12 to 20% by mass), which makes it difficult to utilise in practical work. As a result, an attempt has been made to provide a viable solution for real-world use. To test various strength characteristics, an experimental investigation was done. In our project, waste material was employed as a coarse aggregate while simultaneously keeping the strength of the concrete. The effects of a percentage replacement of stone aggregates with burn brick aggregates on the compressive strength of concrete are presented in this study. Concrete cubes of M25 grade samples containing various percentages of brick aggregate, such as 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, are made 7-, 14-, and 28-days tests were performed.