Indian Adult Earthworms Research Articles

Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Lactuca Sativa leaf extract against Pheretima posthuma

The growing issue of anthelmintic resistance necessitates the exploration of alternative and natural treatments. Lactuca sativa (), commonly known as lettuce, is traditionally used for its medicinal properties, but its efficacy as an anthelmintic has not been extensively documented. This study aimed to assess the in vitro anthelmintic activity of leaf extract using Indian adult earthworms. Earthworms were divided into five groups and treated with hydroethanolic extract of leaf at concentrations of 10, 20, and 50 mg/mL, albendazole 10 mg/mL as a standard, and normal saline as a control. The anthelmintic activity was measured based on paralysis and death times. The results demonstrated that the anthelmintic activity of the extracts was concentration-dependent manner. The extract 50 mg/mL exhibited superior activity with a paralysis time of 28.16 minutes and a death time of 36.33 minutes, compared to albendazole, which had a paralysis time of 24.50 minutes and a death time of 31.66 minutes. The study concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of leaf (HELS) possesses significant anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworms.

Phytochemical investigation and in vitro anthelmintic evaluation of extracts of Wild Cinchona (Neolamarckia cadamba Roxb.) fruits

Neolamarckia cadamba Roxb., a plant commonly used in Indian traditional medicines, has been recognized for its anthelmintic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of N. cadamba fruit extracts againstAscaridia galli (roundworm), Raillietina spiralis (tapeworm), and Pheretima posthuma (Indian adult earthworm). The hydro-methanolic extract of N. cadamba fruits exhibited superior anthelmintic activity compared to the ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Furthermore, the contents of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in the fruit extracts were quantified. The quantitative analysis of total phenolic content of extracts revealved that hydromethanolic extract contains higher quantity of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in comparision to the ethylacetate extract. These findings support the observation that hydro-methanolic extract of N. cadamba fruits exhibited superior anthelmintic activity compared to the ethyl acetate extract because polyphenolic compounds are well established for their anthelmintic activity.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anthelmintic Activity of Phyllanthus Emblica Linn

Phyllanthus emblica is a deciduous shrub used in the Ayurvedic medicinesystem and has been reported to boost defense against ailments. The different parts of these plants are used to manage a large number of health conditions such as liver disease, heart disease, ulcers, anemia, humanoids, and other diseases. The ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus emblica was evaluatedfor its anthelmintic activity against the Pheretima posthuman(Indian adult earthworm).The fresh leafextract of thesewith different concentrations (30 mg/ml, 60 mg/ml, and, 100 mg/ml) was tested in invitro, to investigate the paralysis and death times of worms.The ethanolic extract showed concentration-dependent anthelmintic activity at all doses. Normal saline served as the control group while albendazole (20 mg/ml) served as the reference medication. The Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus emblica was found to possess vermifuge (paralysis) and vermicidal (death) activity at all dose levels.

Phytochemical Screening and Comparative Anthelmintic Activity of Psidium guajava L. Leaves extract against Pheretima posthuma

Objective: Psidium guajava L. (Family: Myrtaceae.), commonly known as Guava, is a well-known traditional medicinal plant used in treatment of vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, flatulence, gastroenteritis, abdominal distention and hyperglycemia. The present study was carried out to evaluate Phytochemical and Comparative in vitro anthelmintic activity of P. guajava leave extracts against Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Methods: The traditional medicinal plant is used to control gastrointestinal infections. The phytochemical analysis and anthelmintic effects of extracts (Chloform, aqueous & methanol) and the standard drug (Piperazine citrate) were tested against Indian adult earthworm. The time taken to paralyze and death time of earthworm was considered for anthelmintic effects. Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavanoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. Methanolic extract of P. guajava leave extract was showed significant anthelmintic activity among all extracts. Methanolic extract have been found the highest rate of paralysis (1.8200.242 min) and death (5.5730.315 min) of earthworm against the standard drug Piperazine citrate. Conclusion: The wormicidal activity of P. guajava leaves extract suggests that it could be effective against parasitic infections of humans and validate the traditional use of P. guajava as a natural therapy for treatment of anthelmintic infection. Keywords: Anthelmintic activity; Psidium guajava; Earthworm; Pheretima posthuma; Ethnomedicine

Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of new thiazole derivatives as anthelmintic agents

A series of 2-amino substituted 4-phenyl thiazole derivatives has been synthesized by the conventional method. The thiazole derivatives have been synthesized by three steps. The obtained five derivatives have been purified by recrystallization process by using methanol as solvent and column chromatography [IVd Compound] and have been characterized by melting point, TLC, FTIR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral data. All the five derivatives have been evaluated using in silico studies by using different softwares (Lipinski’s Rule of 5, OSIRIS molecular property explorer, Molsoft molecular property explorer, PASS and docking studies). These compounds have then been evaluated for anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earth worms ( Pheretima postuma ). All the compounds show significant anthelmintic activity. The compound IVc and IVe are shown to be potent compounds when compared with the standard drug (Mebendazole). Molecular docking studies have guided and prove the biological activity of the sythesised compounds against beta tubulin protein (1OJ0).

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Chenopodium album and in-silico prediction of mechanistic role on Eisenia foetida

Helminths born diseases are related to pitiable management practices and improper control strategies. The medicinal plants contain various phytoconstituents that are liable for their anthelmintic activity. The aerial parts of the Chenopodium album were successively extracted with microwaves assisted extraction using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, hydroalcoholic and aqueous solvents to get respective extracts (CAPE, CAEE, CAME, CAHE, and CAAE). All the extracts were analyzed for preliminary phytochemical screening for the identification of phytoconstituents. The anthelmintic activity was analyzed on Indian adult earthworms Eisenia foetida using piperazine citrate (PCT) as a standard drug. All the extracts (apart from CAAE) lead to paralysis and fatality of the earthworms. CAEE extract exhibits highly significant anthelmintic activity at a 10 mg/ml concentration by causing paralysis and fatality of earthworms and was more potent than PCT suspension. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, paralysis and death time for CAEE was recorded as (10.08 ± 1.11) and (65.28 ± 2.09) respectively, while for standard piperazine citrate, it was recorded as (22.96 ± 1.12) and (65.09 ± 1.23). The CAEE exhibits two major compounds by LC-MS, i.e., NG and DG, that are mainly accountable for the Chenopodium album anthelmintic activity. The plant possesses GABA-mimetic action and thereby leads to flaccid, reversible paralysis of the body wall muscle.

Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of New Thiazole Derivatives as Anthelmintic Agents

Pharmacological agents that kills parasites are essential drugs in some tropical countries. In this study, a series of 2-amino substituted 4-phenyl thiazole derivatives (4a-e) have been synthesized by the conventional method. The thiazole derivatives were synthesized by three steps. The obtained five derivatives were purified by recrystallization using methanol as a solvent or column chromatography. They were characterized by melting point, TLC, FTIR, 1H NMR and MASS spectral data. Compounds 4a-e were evaluated in silico by using different software’s (Lipinski’s Rule of 5, OSIRIS molecular property explorer, Molsoft molecular property explorer, and PASS & docking studies). These compounds were then evaluated for their possible anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earth worms (Pherituma postuma). All the compounds displayed significant anthelmintic activity. Compound 4c and 4e were more potent compounds when compared with the standard drug (mebendazole). Molecular docking studies guided and proved the biological activity against beta tubulin protein (1OJ0). In conclusions, these new molecules have promising potential as anthelmintic for treatment of parasites. 

Quality Control Standardization and Comparative Anthelmintic Activity of Different Extracts from Evolvulus alsinoides L

The main objective of this investigation was to perform physicochemical and phytochemical standardization and to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of different extracts of the whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides. Quality control standardization of the whole plant was carried out following the World Health Organization guidelines. Further, 6 different extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides were prepared with n-hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water. High performance thin layer chromatography analysis was performed to quantify the content of luteolin in these extracts. In vitro anthelmintic activity was screened on Indian adult earthworm due to its similarities to intestinal roundworms of humans. Doses of 100 mg/ml of each dried extract were mixed with PBS and earthworms were placed in them. Paralysis and/or death of earthworms were taken as a criterion for anthelmintic activity. Most of the physicochemical parameters were found to be within the prescribed limits of World Health Organization guidelines, while, the plant material did not show the presence of any aflatoxins. Ethanol extract of Evolvulus alsinoides showed potent anthelmintic activity and the maximum amount of luteolin was also found to be present in the ethanol extract compared to other extracts. Thus, the potent anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of Evolvulus alsinoides could possibly be attributed to the presence of luteolin.

In-vitro Screening for Anthelmintic Potential of Crotalaria retusa on Pheretima posthuma

Objective: Aim of the present study is to evaluate the anthelmintic potential of Crotalaria retusa leaf extract on Pheretima posthuma. Methods: Extracts of Crotalaria retusa leaves prepared by Soxhlet method. The extracts were screened for phytochemicals such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, steroids, etc. aqueous (AECR) and ethanolic (EECR) extracts were tested for anthelmintic activity using Indian adult earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). Results: The observation showed that EECR gave shorter paralysis and death time at 100 mg/mL as compared to AECR. Mean±SEM values were calculated for both extract and standard. EECR showed anthelmintic activity in a dose-dependent manner taking the shortest time for paralysis. Conclusion: The result demonstrated that both the investigational extracts showed significant anthelmintic activity (P<0.05) for the time taken for paralysis and death when compared to standard drug mebendazole. Keywords: Crotalaria retusa, Anthelmintic, Pheretima posthuma, phytochemical.

Synthesis, Characterization and Anthelmentic Activity of Indole Derivatives

Indole is a planar molecule with a conjugated system of 10 p electrons. It exists in resonance form with resonance energy of 47-49 K cal/mole. It is a very weak base with Pka value 3.63. In structure a, b, and d the benzenoid 6-p system is preserved. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were established on the basis of physical, chemical, analytical data. The purification of the compounds was carried by purification methods like recrystallization. Physical constant like melting point, boiling point etc, of the new compounds were determined. All the intermediates and final synthesized products were inspected visually for physical appearance. It was physically characterized on the basis of organoleptic properties like color, odor and taste. This determination was obtained using a digital capillary melting point apparatus (Cambell Electronics, Bombay, India) by capillary fusion method. All the synthesized materials were further identified and confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC). UV/Visible spectra enables us o study the absorption pattern of the molecule and determination of lmax which is useful for the quantitative estimation of the compound. The IR spectrum of all the synthesized materials was recorded, which showed stretching and bending vibration levels of molecules in potassium bromide pellet by FTIR Spectrophotometer. The synthesized compounds were screened for Anthelmintic activity by using Mathew et al method and Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima Posthuma). All substituted quinoxaline compounds have been screened for their anthelmentic activity. From the screening results it was observed that the presence of electron withdrawing group made the substituted quinoxaline compounds to exhibit moderate to significant anthelmentic activity in comparison to standard drug albendazole. Compound QX1 and QX5 exhibited promising anthelmentic activity. However other two compounds (QX2 & QX4) of the series also exhibited moderate to weak activity against the Pheritma phosthuma. Keywords: Pheritma phosthuma, Indole, Anthelmentic activity.

Assessment of Anthelmintic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Musa sapientum Stem: An In-Vitro Approach

Many medicinal plants claimed to possess anthelmintic activity. Musa sapientum belonging to the Musaceae family is a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the tropical and sub tropical. Its common names includes banana. Some standard drugs such as piperazine citrate, albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole possess some side effects such as nausea, vomiting, stomach and abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and temporary hair loss etc. But the herbal drug shows fewer side effects. Musa sapientum L. (Musaceae) are mainly grown in the tropical and subtropical countries and are widely used for its nutritional values all over the world. Preliminary phytochemical investigation includes the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to study anthelmintic activity. The activity was checked in ethanolic extract with three different concentrations (100, 200, 300mg/ml) and compared with the standard drug Albendazole (10mg/ml) and control as distilled water. The result was expressed in the terms of paralysis time and death time of worms. Ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum stem shows anthelmintic activity in dose dependent manner and maximum efficacy is seen at 300mg/ml concentration. Hence it was concluded that ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum stem have anthelmintic property. Keywords: Musa sapientum, earthworms, anthelmintic activity, albendazole, paralysis, Pheretima posthuma.

IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF STEMS OF CUSCUTA REFLEXA

Crude extracts of Cuscuta reflexa (Cuscutaceae Convolvulaceae) were evaluated for in-vitro anthelmintic activity on the Indian adult earthworms Pheritima posthuma. The extracts of Cuscuta reflexa have shown a dose dependant inhibition of spontaneous motility (Paralysis) of earthworms. It has been observed that all petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts have shown anthelmintic activity, which was compared with albendazole as reference drug. The exact mode of action and the constituents responsible for the anthelmintic a ctivity needs to be investigated.

BIOACTIVITY SCREENING OF SELECTED TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS OF KERALA

Objectives: Traditional medicines all over the world is revaluing nowadays by extensive research programs. To validate the traditional use, the active components in them need to be identified, characterized, and biologically evaluated. Stereospermum suaveolens, Hygrophila spinosa, and Naravelia zeylanica are important medicinal plants used by the ethnic people of Kerala against various ailments. The present study validates the ethnomedical uses of S. suaveolens, H. spinosa, and N. zeylanica by screening their antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and antioxidant properties.Method: All the analyses were done according to standard protocols.Results: The ethanolic extracts of their useful parts were investigated for antimicrobial activity against 10 human pathogenic microorganisms. All the three plants had shown prominent antimicrobial activities, and S. suaveolens exhibits comparatively more antifungal activity in their higher concentration (500 μg/mL). Anthelmintic efficiency of the plants was screened using Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma. All of them had shown significant activity, and the highest was observed in S. suaveolens leaves. Antioxidant potential of the plants was screened using 2,2 diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and superoxide anion scavenging assay. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, maximum radical scavenging was shown by S. suaveolens with IC50 value 61.6±2.3 μg/mL, and in superoxide anion scavenging assay, maximum activity was in N. zeylanica with IC50 value of 74.66±8.5 μg/mL.Conclusion: This study provides scientific evidence on the traditional use of S. suaveolens (leaves), H. spinosa (leaves), and N. zeylanica (aerial part) in treating microbial diseases, worm disturbances, and their potential as an antioxidant agent.

Water‐Mediated Synthesis of Anthelmintic Piperidinols and Their Molecular Docking Studies

AbstractA simple, inexpensive and environmentally benign protocol for the synthesis of piperidinols is reported by reactions of Mannich bases with primary alkyl amines in water. The synthesized piperidinols displayed potential anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworm. The activity profile of piperidinols was correlated with their molecular docking results.

Anthelmintic activity of methanolic bark extract of Buchanania axillaris (Desr.)

Buchanania axillaris Desr is the most significant genus in the family Anacardiaceae, which is commonly known as Peddamoriin India. This study evaluates anthelmintic activity of methanol extract of Buchanania axillaris Desr on Indian adult earthworms, Pheretimaposthuma (annelid).Bark was extracted by using soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical screening of crude extracts showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosidesVarious concentrations (25, 50, 100mg/ml) of crude extracts were tested for Anthelmintic activity when involved the determination of the time of paralysis and time of death of worms.The activity was compared with standard piperazine citrate. The methanolic extract shows significant activity when compared to the standard piperazine citrate. The paralysis and death time is 50, 31, 17 and 76, 52, 34 minutes respectively at concentrations 25, 50 and 100mg/ml. whereas these are 31, 18, 10 and 63, 41, 22 minutes for piperazine citrate. In order to confirm the studies in vivo studies have to be conducted.

Anthelmentic Activity of Tridax procumbens Linn Leaves on Indian Earthworms

The aqueous and chloroform extracts of Tridax procumbens, linn belonging to the family Asteraceae were evaluated for anthelmintic activity. The dried powder of Tridax procumbens leaves was extracted and the anthelmintic activity was studied. Both aqueous and chloroform extract collected were tested for anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworm Pheritima posthuma and recorded the time taken for induction of paralysis and death. Two concentrations (25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml) of aqueous and chloroform were evaluated in the bioassay involving determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard and normal saline solution as a control. Comparative results of present study indicated that the aqueous and chloroform extracts of leaves of Tridax procumbens linn shows significantly dose depending pharmacological activity on the Indian earthworms.

Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents and Anthelmintic Activity of Leaf Extracts of Mimosa pudica L.

Mimosa pudica L. is commonly called as touch me not plant, a prostrate or semi-erect sub shrub of tropical America and Australia, also found in India. The phytochemical screening of the crude extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, coumarin glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, phytosterols, phenols and tannins, proteins and terpenoids. The methanol extract showed the highest percentage extractive of 11.6. The anthelmintic activity was tested on Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The leaf was extracted separately with methanol and distilled water using cold extraction method. Different concentrations (20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/ml) of each extract were tested for anthelmintic activity by determining the time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. The aqueous and methanol extracts showed anthelmintic activity at all concentrations and its activities are well comparable with the standard drug, albendazole (positive control). The methanol extracts showed the highest anthelmintic activity than albendazole as well as the aqueous extract. Tween 20 (1%) with saline was used as negative control did not show any anthelmintic activity.

Phytochemical screening, and antihelminthic activity of leaf and root extracts of Cassia tora plant

Cassia tora is one of the most important sources of medicinally important phytochemicals and widely used in Ayurvedic and Chinese system of medicine. The fresh plants of cassia tora were collected from the different locality of Dharan, Sunsari district during the month of August. In this study leaves and root extracts were subjected to extraction by soxheletion by using ethanol and water and the extracts were subjected to antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. and Citrobacter koseri, the ethanolic extracts were screened for antihelmenthic activity against Indian adult earth worm (Pheretima posthuma) with a moderate result. The result of antibacterial activity revealed that aqueous extract of leaves and roots showed better activity in comparison to aqueous extracts particularly against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).

EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY USING SOLVENT EXTRACT OF PADINA TETRASTROMATICA IN INDIAN EARTHWORM (PHERETIMA POSTHUMA)

The anthelmintic activities of different solvent extracts of Padina tetrastromatica were evaluated on Indian adult earthworms Pheretima posthuma (Annelida). Different concentrations (50 and 100 mg/ml) of methanolic, diethyl ether and aqueous extracts were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by recording the time required for paralysis and death of earthworms. The activities were compared with the standard drug Albendazole. Dose-dependent activity was observed in the solvent extracts of seaweed. However, the methanolic extract of seaweed Padina tetrastromatica showed significant anthelmintic activity than the standard drug.

Anthelmintic potential of Helicteres isora bark extract against Pheretima posthuma

ObjectiveTo evaluate anthelmintic potential of Helicteres isora (H. isora) bark extract in Indian adult earthworms. MethodsThe H. isora bark and Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were collected and authenticated by approved taxonomist. Earthworms were grouped and treated with extract at concentration of 10, 20 and 50 mg/mL, albendazole of 10 mg/mL as standard and normal saline as a control. The paralysis time and death time was considered as indicator of anthelmintic activity. ResultsAll the extracts showed concentration dependent activity but significant activity was observed at 50 mg/mL. The extract showed better activity at concentration of 50 mg/mL with paralysis time (12.54 min) and death time (16.55 min) when compared to standard albendazole. ConclusionsThe study revealed that the methanolic extract of H. isora bark have potent anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworms.