Index Rule Research Articles

Dynamic monitoring of open-surface water bodies in the middle reaches of the Tarim River based on the GEE cloud platform

ABSTRACT This study innovatively utilizes the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, combined with a multispectral index rule set, to address the challenges of extracting open-surface water bodies in the middle reaches of the Tarim River Basin (MROTR). To overcome the limitations of traditional index methods, particularly the reduced extraction accuracy caused by mixed pixels in arid environments, this research integrates indices such as MNDWI, NDVI, and EVI for automated water extraction, significantly enhancing the precision of water body delineation. By analyzing the spatiotemporal changes in open-surface water area (SWA) from 1990 to 2022, a notable increase in SWA was observed following the implementation of ecological gate-controlled water management, while a decreasing trend was identified within an 8-km range from the riverbanks. The results show a 93.7% accuracy in surface water identification and an SWA growth rate of 12.47 km2/year, with 96% of this growth attributed to seasonal water areas. Runoff loss decreased by 8.53% in the S1 and S2 regions but increased by 7.76% in the S3 and S4 regions. The mixed index rule method proved effective for large-scale water detection, offering new insights for managing arid region water resources.

Where do the Pasinetti Rule and the Pasinetti Index Come from?

ABSTRACT The article describes the origins of the Pasinetti index and Pasinetti rule and links both notions to debates over concerns regarding which socio-economic income group in a modern capitalist economy was being hurt and which broad income class was benefiting from the high interest rate policy, especially during the Volcker era of the 1980s. These were statistical constructs as well as distinct normative concepts that resulted from a close reading of Pasinetti’s original writings published in 1980–81. The purpose of the Pasinetti index was to measure and monitor the actual transfer between the rentier and non-rentier sectors of an economy both cyclically and over the long term. As discussed in some detail, both authors of this article had directly participated in those debates and had basically initiated the early discussions around these concepts among post-Keynesians and other heterodox economists. The first part of our article, after the introduction, is primarily focused on what came to be called the Pasinetti rule, while the following section of the article recounts how the different variants of the Pasinetti index came to be constructed and used. We conclude with a discussion of the possible continued relevance of the Pasinetti norm in today’s world.

MEANS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW TO ELIMINATE CORRUPTION THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

The subject of the article is the means of international law to eliminate corruption threats to national security. The research methodology involved the use of logical, historical and legal, systemic, natural law, formal and dogmatic, hermeneutical, economic and legal (analysis, comparison), axiological, statistical and economic methods. The purpose of the article is to reveal the means of international law to eliminate corruption threats to national security. Carrying out the study made it possible to draw the following conclusions. It was found that most countries of the world have implemented international anti-corruption norms into their national legal frameworks and have the support of international organisations specialising in the fight against corruption. The resources of foreign legal doctrine become an important source of support for domestic scientists to convince of the correctness of their scientific conclusions regarding successful anti-corruption measures. An extensive system of international anti-corruption assistance allows to minimise the costs of own relevant infrastructure. On this basis and against the background of access to powerful anti-corruption resources at the European and world level, there is essentially sabotage of anti-corruption policy in Ukraine, which has critically affected the security of the Ukrainian nation. It was emphasised that military threats from the outside are an exceptional danger for corrupt countries. At the same time, even the stabilising effect of microcorruption becomes dangerous for them in today's unstable development environment. All the positive effects of corruption in the form of improved communication through small gifts that comply with legal customs disappear when top corruption spreads in a country. Then this level of corruption multiplies a series of official crimes, treason and other crimes that destroy the foundations of national security. Already after the point of no return – the beginning of military aggression from outside against the background of prolonged high-level corruption inside the country – external support for anti-corruption reforms becomes a condition for the survival of the nation, the reduction of human losses in the war, and so forth. The need to neutralise these two challenges to national security becomes urgent after years of procrastination on accountability and other dimensions of integrity in public positions. In these cases, the national legal standard falls under the critical conditions of ultra-fast transformation, according to the successful anti-corruption models of countries that saved their nation from war and high-level corruption. It is noted that the standards set for Ukraine are quite close. These are EU standards, which are achieved through the adoption and implementation of those legal norms that reflect the current state of ensuring human opportunities. It is stressed that the specification of anti-corruption norms and the structural units of their implementation in legal reality are nativemorphic. They always differ in the degree of unification within the contexts common to nations, namely, legal traditions, mentality, historical conditions, economy, etc. Transnational anti-corruption assistance in the mutual enrichment of some nations through the possibility of using the experience of other nations. The author concludes that knowledge about the practices of building virtuous relations is the capital of the nation that possesses it. Conscious disregard of this knowledge by the recipient should be remedied by charging a fee for it. It is proposed to establish an International Organisation for Integrity Development, which would include the top 20 countries in terms of corruption and rule of law perception indices.

The Disregard for the Use of Standardized Keywords in Turkish Medical Publishing

In Turkey, many medical academic journals require keywords to comply with "MeSH"(Medical Subject Headings) among their writing guidelines. However, there is currently no program or shortcut available to check the compatibility of Turkish language keywords or their English equivalents with MeSH. The purpose of this study is to determine and report the extent to which keywords used in the articles we examine are equivalent in MeSH. This study was conducted within the “DergiPark” system, which significantly supports national academic publishing. The scanning was completed between September and December 2023 by two researchers. The research focused on publications between January 1, 2022, and December 31,2022, encompassing a total of 43 journals and 1743 articles. Selection criteria for journals included a minimum of 3 years of academic publishing, issuance of at least 3 editions in 2022, printing of a minimum of 4 original articles per issue, and having English abstracts and keywords. Only those adhering to eligibility criteria in the scanned journals and publications were included in the study. Three types of articles were examined: original articles, case report, and review. The study found that 376 of the 1743 articles were 100% compatible with MeSH. In Turkish articles, it was found that there was a higher MeSH compliance compared to English articles. As a result, the research reveals the fact that the keywords of many articles do not comply with the MeSH terms. The study emphasizes the possible consequences of disregarding MeSH indexing rules.

Scheduling in the High-Uncertainty Heavy Traffic Regime

We propose a model uncertainty approach to heavy traffic asymptotics that allows for a high level of uncertainty. That is, the uncertainty classes of underlying distributions accommodate disturbances that are of order 1 at the usual diffusion scale as opposed to asymptotically vanishing disturbances studied previously in relation to heavy traffic. A main advantage of the approach is that the invariance principle underlying diffusion limits makes it possible to define uncertainty classes in terms of the first two moments only. The model we consider is a single-server queue with multiple job types. The problem is formulated as a zero sum stochastic game played between the system controller, who determines scheduling and attempts to minimize an expected linear holding cost, and an adversary, who dynamically controls the service time distributions of arriving jobs and attempts to maximize the cost. The heavy traffic asymptotics of the game are fully solved. It is shown that an asymptotically optimal policy for the system controller is to prioritize according to an index rule, and for the adversary, it is to select distributions based on the system’s current workload. The workload-to-distribution feedback mapping is determined by a Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, which also characterizes the game’s limit value. Unlike in the vast majority of results in the heavy traffic theory and as a direct consequence of the diffusive size disturbances, the limiting dynamics under asymptotically optimal play are captured by a stochastic differential equation where both the drift and the diffusion coefficients may be discontinuous. Funding: R. Atar is supported by the Israeli Science Foundation [Grant 1035/20].

Refractive index and related properties for the mixture (1, 4-dioxane + water) at temperature T= (295.15, 298.15, 301.15, 304.15, 307.15, 310.15 and 313.15) K

ABSTRACT The refractive index n D for the mixture (1,4-dioxane (1) + water (2)) was measured over the whole composition range at different temperatures and atmospheric pressure. From measured values of the refractive indices, the molar refraction R m , reduced molar free volumes V m R m , molecular radii r and internal pressure, P int were calculated. On the other hand, some excess parameters were also deduced. The obtained results have been discussed and interpreted in terms of the type and nature of specific intermolecular interactions existed between the components. Furthermore, we have used nine mixing rules for refractive index proposed by different authors to calculate the refractive indices of the present mixture. A comparative study was carried out between the measured and calculated indices. The Redlich–Kister polynomial equation has been used to fit the presented excess parameters to derive the adjustable fitting coefficients and estimate the standard error values.

Inpainting in Discrete Sobolev Spaces: Structural Information for Uncertainty Reduction

In this article, we introduce a new mathematical functional whose minimization determines the quality of the solution for the exemplar-based inpainting-by-patch problem. The new functional expression includes finite difference terms in a similar fashion to what happens in the theoretical Sobolev spaces: its use reduces the uncertainty in the choice of the most suitable values for each point to inpaint. Moreover, we introduce a probabilistic model by which we prove that the usual principal directions, generally employed for continuous problems, are not enough to achieve consistent reconstructions in the discrete inpainting asset. Finally, we formalize a new priority index and new rules for its dynamic update. The quality of the reconstructions, achieved using a reduced neighborhood size of more than 95% with respect to the current state-of-the-art algorithms based on the same inpainting approach, further provides the experimental validation of the method.

Research on Video Synopsis Based on Deep Learning Target Detection and Target Trajectory Optimization

In this era of rapid economic and technological development, monitoring is essential for security issues. However, it is also accompanied by the low efficiency of managing and viewing a large number of surveillance videos every day. Traditional methods are gradually unable to meet the requirements of application, and the video field requires algorithm technology that can better solve practical problems. Intelligent monitoring technology is gradually emerging and developing, based on theories such as computer vision, which can solve many monitoring video problems and greatly improve the efficiency of monitoring video work. Through in-depth exploration of existing video synopsis technology algorithms, this article proposes a new video synopsis method that can effectively detect and track videos, thereby greatly improving the efficiency of storage, transmission, and use of surveillance videos. Experiments have shown that this method can effectively concentrate surveillance videos, and compared with existing methods, it has a better synopsis ratio while ensuring the integrity of video information, effectively reducing collisions between targets, effectively reducing overlap between targets, and achieving good visual effects. Utilizing an improved deep learning object detection and multi object tracking algorithm with added attention mechanism to extract foreground moving targets in videos, and using a mixed Gaussian background modeling algorithm establish a background, laying a stable target foundation for subsequent video concentration. At the same time, design trajectory recombination optimization methods to ensure that the targets do not overlap as much as possible. Reasonably place the targets in the new condensed video sequence, determine the index of all targets in the new condensed video stream, and finally integrate each frame of target images into the background image according to the set index rules, ultimately obtaining the synopsis video.

Vitiligo: Prevalence, Clinical Patterns, and Efficacy of Narrow Band Ultraviolet B Phototherapy

Background: Vitiligo denotes an acquired primary, usually progressive, melanocytopenia of unknown etiology, and clinically manifested by circumscribed achromic macules often associated with leukotrichia. Objective: The objective was to assess the prevalence and various clinical patterns of vitiligo and to study the efficacy of narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) radiation. Materials and Methods: A prospective case series study was carried out at dermatology outpatient department (OPD), of tertiary care center in Central India on 50 patients of Vitiligo, who were diagnosed clinically, age ranging from 5 to 70 years of age. A thorough history and clinical examination as per institutional protocol was done for all the patients included in the study. Patients were exposed to NB-UVB rays in a phototherapy unit (Dermaindia Spiegel Series) with a standard protocol. Two scores designed for the assessment of vitiligo are Vitiligo Area Severity Index and Wallace Rule of Nines. Results: During the period of two years, 6638 patients were seen in dermatology OPD, out of which 129 patients were having vitiligo clinically. Thus, the prevalence of vitiligo was 1.9% in our study. The mean age in male was 40.4 years and that of female was 30.85 years. The female-to-male ratio was 2:3. 6% had a positive family history of vitiligo. The most common site affected was leg (pretibial region) (48%). Two patients (4%) were in Category– 0, 12 patients (24%) were in Category– I, 24 patients (48%) were in Category-II, and 12 patients (24%) were in Category– III, when graded according to their improvement. Forty-five patients (90%) had vitiligo vulgaris, two patients (4%) had segmental vitiligo, and one patient (2%) each of acrofacial vitiligo, lip-tip vitiligo, and focal vitiligo. On comparing the level of significance before treatment and after 2 months of treatment, after 4 and 6 months of treatment, and before treatment and at the end of treatment, it was found that the results were statistically highly significant. Thus, indicating that the improvement in the disease after NB-UVB therapy is statically significant. Conclusion: Our study found 1.9% prevalence of vitiligo among patients attending OPD. On comparing the level of significance, before treatment and at the end of treatment, it was found that the results were statistically highly significant with respect to improvement. Side effects were minimal in our participants. Thus, our study concludes that NB-UVB radiation is an effective and safe therapy for vitiligo.

Empirical Gittins index strategies with ε-explorations for multi-armed bandit problems

The machine learning/statistics literature has so far considered largely multi-armed bandit (MAB) problems in which the rewards from every arm are assumed independent and identically distributed. For more general MAB models in which every arm evolves according to a rewarded Markov process, it is well known the optimal policy is to pull an arm with the highest Gittins index. When the underlying distributions are unknown, an empirical Gittins index rule with ε-exploration (abbreviated as empirical ε-Gittinx index rule) is proposed to solve such MAB problems. This procedure is constructed by combining the idea of ε-exploration (for exploration) and empirical Gittins indices (for exploitation) computed by applying the Largest-Remaining-Index algorithm to the estimated underlying distribution. The convergence of empirical Gittins indices to the true Gittins indices and expected discounted total rewards of the empirical ε-Gittinx index rule to those of the oracle Gittins index rule is provided. A numerical simulation study is demonstrated to show the behavior of the proposed policies, and its performance over the ε-mean reward is discussed.

Predicting Stock Index Changes

The addition or deletion of companies to or from a stock index has major consequences, with a change in demand from index-tracking investors and funds constituting the most obvious one. Numerous event studies since the 1980s have evidenced the existence of abnormal returns and trading volumes (<i>index effect</i>) around the announcement and actual change dates for stock indexes. This article presents a model-driven approach to predicting changes in the index membership itself. Index rules are combined with models for the evolution of parameters such as market capitalization that drive a company’s potential inclusion or exclusion. Special attention is paid to the inherent model risk. The 2021 revision of Germany’s blue-chip and mid-cap indexes, DAX and MDAX, both in terms of the number of index members and admission criteria, serves as a case study.

Identification, migration, and childhood exposure of methylsiloxanes in silicone infant bottle nipples marketed in China

The analysis, migration, and childhood exposure of methylsiloxanes (MSs) in 32 silicone infant bottle nipples marketed in China were studied. Thirty types of MSs in two families, which included 11 linear MSs (LMSs, L4-L14) and 19 cyclic MSs (CMSs, D4-D22), were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) associated with standards, retention index, and carbon number rule. In 32 nipples, MSs with molecular weight < 1000 Da and CMSs were predominant. Considering the actual daily use of bottle nipples, the migration tests of MSs from nipples to artificial saliva and reconstituted powdered formula were performed. In particular, the orthogonal test design–QuEChERS–GC/MS was employed to detect MSs in formula. The median migration level of ΣMSs (MW < 1000 Da) in formula was 950.9 ng/mL, which was much higher than that in artificial saliva (98.1 ng/mL). If formula is fed to children aged 3–36 months using bottle nipples according to product instructions, the daily oral exposure to ΣMSs (MW < 1000) for children ranged from 52 to 146 μg/kg bw-day, which were two to five orders of magnitude higher than those of other exposure pathways. In sum, oral intake (especially through formula) may be the predominant pathway of exposure of MSs in children. This research enhances our understanding of the oral exposure risks of MSs and provides useful information that could aid the development of risk management strategies.

Endogenous wage indexation and aggregate shocks

New Keynesian DSGE models assume a constant degree of wage indexation to past inflation, neglecting empirical and institutional evidence of a time-varying degree. We build a DSGE model with utility-maximizing workers that can endogenously choose the wage indexation rule. We find that workers index their wage to past inflation when shocks to productivity and the nominal anchor drive output fluctuations. By contrast, they index wages to the inflation target when aggregate demand shocks dominate. We further show that this decentralized equilibrium is not socially optimal, but explains the time-varying degree of wage indexation in US data very well.

Public interest and good governance in the rule of law aspect

The purpose of the article is to elucidate the relationship between good governance, the public interest and the rule of law, given the declining tendency of the rule of law indices around the world and in the crisis conditions. The study is based on a systematic method that has allowed to establish the relation-ship between the rule of law, good governance and the public interest and determines the use of content analysis and hermeneutic methods. The article clarifies that the rule of law and human rights are the values of a democratic society that determine the content and direction of public authorities’ and legis-lation activities, argues that the declining tendency of the rule of law index does not indicate a devalua-tion of the rule of law and citizens' disbelief in its effectiveness; instead, this tendency might indicate a certain change in the vector of public authorities activity, and improper exercise of powers by estab-lished means. A comparative analysis of the two countries and their governance systems between Ukraine and Germany showed differences in countries with different rule of law indices. Good govern-ance and the rule of law are interdependent and cannot exist without each other. The main provisions of the article can be guidelines for improving public administration within states implementing the rule of law.

Новітній підхід до застосування нормалізованого диференційного вегетаційного індексу для класифікування аерокосмічних зображень за наявності неповних та неточних даних

Solution of different scientific, ecological and agricultural tasks with the use of aerospace im-ages comprises a procedure of image classification. Classification is one of the most important procedures. Nowadays many supervised and unsupervised classification methods are applied in remote sensing. The most accurate results are obtained through the use of supervised classifica-tion methods. In this paper, there are proposed some new approaches to image classification which are based on supervised classification methods and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Different values of NDVI are noted to correspond to different classes of objects, such as soil, water, roads, sand, green vegetation, oil spills. Application of Vegetation Index is the first step of classification. Using NDVI, it is possible to select special necessary classes. Af-ter the application of NDVI, such classification methods as the parallelepiped method, Demp-ster’s rule, and Inagaki’s combination rule can be used. The current work describes the main advantages of these classification methods. It has been noted that the use of the parallelepiped method allows easy and quick processing of data. The paper also shows that Dempster’s combi-nation rule and Inagaki’s combination rule can deal with inaccurate and incomplete data from different spectral bands. Moreover, these methods can process conflicting information. Demp-ster-Shafer theory has the advantage of high accuracy and simple calculations. In the paper, there is also considered a numerical example where NDVI and Inagaki’s combination rule has been used for detection and mapping of oil spills. Application of Vegetation Index and such su-pervised classification rules as the parallelepiped method, Dempster’s rule, Inagaki’s combina-tion rule can be applied in ecological monitoring, mapping of petroleum spills, and solving ag-ricultural tasks.

The lawmaking linguistic and expert support: European and Ukrainian examples

The article aims to study the role and importance of an expert and linguistic support of law drafting as a mean of improving the national legislation of Ukraine. The work is based on the application of descriptive, systematic, logical-legal, hermeneutic, statistical, comparative-legal methods of legal research and the method of alternatives. The research materials include normative legal acts regulating the activity of expert and linguistic support of lawmaking in Ukraine, Germany, France, the Czech Republic, and Poland. The circle of the main executors of expert and language support of lawmaking in the specified countries, for the definition of their efficiency according to the Rule of Law Index as an indicator of the quality of the legislation, is allocated. The nature of the influence of expert and linguistic support of lawmaking of the analyzed states and their Rule of Law Indices is established.

A novel statistical test for treatment differences in clinical trials using a response-adaptive forward-looking Gittins Index Rule.

The most common objective for response-adaptive clinical trials is to seek to ensure that patients within a trial have a high chance of receiving the best treatment available by altering the chance of allocation on the basis of accumulating data. Approaches that yield good patient benefit properties suffer from low power from a frequentist perspective when testing for a treatment difference at the end of the study due to the high imbalance in treatment allocations. In this work we develop an alternative pairwise test for treatment difference on the basis of allocation probabilities of the covariate-adjusted response-adaptive randomization with forward-looking Gittins Index (CARA-FLGI) Rule for binary responses. The performance of the novel test is evaluated in simulations for two-armed studies and then its applications to multiarmed studies are illustrated. The proposed test has markedly improved power over the traditional Fisher exact test when this class of nonmyopic response adaptation is used. We also find that the test's power is close to the power of a Fisher exact test under equalrandomization.

STANDARDIZATION OF RECORDS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (PHASE 1: Assessment of the Records Management System of Local Government Units

The study, Assessment of the Records Management System (RMS) of Local Government Units in the Local Government of Laguna, aimed at the assessment of RMS that is being practiced by the province on its Phase 1. This will become a basis for the Standardization of the Records Management System in the Local Government Units in Laguna. It dealt with the parameters of RMS as to; (1) IRMS, (2) Record management program, (3) Regulatory Environment (4) Functionality and components of record system, (5) Record management processes and control, (6) ARMA, (7) Filing Methods, (8) Filing Procedures, and (9) Indexing Rules and as being practice currently by the Local Government of Laguna. The Administrative Professionals of the eight (8) Municipal Government or four (4) Districts of the Province of Laguna were the respondents of the study. From the 160 Administrative professionals in the Municipal Government, a result of “Very Satisfactory” the nine (9) RMS parameters was drawn. This can be inferred that the Province of Laguna strongly agreed on the given parameters and is currently practicing RMS across Municipalities. On the other hand, the seven (7) Municipalities has no significant difference on the RMS practices, except one (1) from the eight (8) having a significant difference on its RMS practices in all Municipalities that were assessed. This can be inferred that the Province of Laguna has its implementing RMS that is considered to be adhering to the standard measures. Nevertheless, the municipalities in Laguna have uncommon RMS practices which is needed to be standardized as to international standard and as to practice or implementation.

How to Develop the EU Justice Scoreboard into a Rule of Law Index: Using an Existing Tool in the EU Rule of Law Crisis in a More Efficient Way

AbstractIn this Article we argue that rule of law indices are a powerful tool to detect ills in the rule of law of EU Member States. In order to explain how to improve the indices’ potential, we give a critical overview of the methodological issues of the four rule of law indices which we consider particularly instructive for our purpose. These are the indices provided by the Freedom House (“Freedom in the World,” FIW), the Bertelsmann Stiftung (“Bertelsmann Transformation Index,” BTI), the World Bank (“Worldwide Governance Indicators,” WGI), and the World Justice Project (“Rule of Law Index,” WJP RLI). After analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of these indices, we turn to the EU Justice Scoreboard (EUJS). While the introduction of the EUJS in 2013 has already been an important step in order to lay the ground for an EU-wide analysis, in this Article we suggest how the EUJS should be further developed into a proper rule of law index by aggregating expert opinions into a single number. This would make the EUJS a significantly more useful tool in the ongoing EU rule of law crisis.

Predicting Stock Index Changes

The addition or deletion of companies to/from a stock index has major consequences, with a change in demand from index-tracking investors and funds constituting the most obvious one. Numerous event studies since the 1980s have evidenced the existence of abnormal returns and trading volumes ('index effect') around the announcement and actual change dates for stock indices. This paper presents a model-driven approach to predicting changes in the index membership itself. Index rules are combined with models for the evolution of parameters such as market capitalization that drive a company's potential inclusion or exclusion. Special attention is paid to the inherent model risk. The 2021 revision of Germany's blue-chip and mid-cap indices, DAX and MDAX, both in terms of the number of index members and admission criteria, serves as a case study.