Emergence Speed Index Research Articles

Development of corn seedlings under doses of vinhace

Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most planted grain throughout the world. However, it is a crop sensitive to nutritional deficiencies, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca). For this reason, numerous investigations have been carried out to find alternative ways of providing nutrients to corn crops. Among these alternatives, the wine, a by-product of the sugar cane process in sugar and alcohol plants, contains high concentrations of N, P, K and Ca. For the above, the objective of this work was to determine the ideal concentrations for. Prefertilization of corn crops through fertilization with wine. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment, with trays of sieved earth preferred with wine. The doses are determined based on the field capacity (CC), corresponding to 0% 25% 50% 75% and 100% of CC at 0, 79, 158, 237 and 316, L of wine m-3 of soil. The doses of wine did not significantly affect the emergence speed index, the length of the roots, the length of the shoots and the dry mass of the roots. The quadratic regression model was the one that presented the best adjustment for stem diameter, fresh mass of roots and shoots, as well as dry mass of shoots, and the optimal doses of wine for the aforementioned characteristics were 253.06 L m-3; 132.14; 205.99 Lm-3; 193.33 Lm-3.

Effect of priming guava seeds with H2O2 on seedling production under salt stress

Guava is one of the most economically important fruit crops grown in the Northeast region of Brazil. This region is characterized by a high concentration of salts in the water sources used for irrigation, necessitating the development of strategies to minimize the harmful effects of salt stress on production systems. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of priming guava seeds with H2O2 on seedling production under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Center for Agri-food Science and Technology at the Federal University of Campina Grande, located in Pombal, PB, Brazil. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed, involving a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement represented by five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw: 0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1) and three concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: 0, 25, and 50 µM). Four replications were used, with five plants per plot. Salinity in the water starting from 0.3 dS m-1 reduced growth, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, dry biomass, and Dickson’s quality index, and increased the water saturation deficit in ‘Paluma’ guava seedlings 110 days after sowing. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 25 µM increased the emergence speed index of seedlings, although its application at a concentration of up to 50 µM did not alleviate the adverse impacts of salt stress on ‘Paluma’ guava seedlings under an electrical conductivity of irrigation water of 3.5 dS m-1.

Seed size improves vigor and emergence of Cenostigma tocantinum seedlings

Cenostigma tocantinum is a tree native to Brazil, with high timber and urban landscape potential. This species is propagated by seeds; however, few studies have reported the production of seedlings with higher quality standards. This study aimed to evaluate the emergence and initial growth of C. tocantinum seedlings of contrasting seed sizes (small and large). The design was completely randomized with two treatments [small seed (dimensions of length 1.20 cm; width 1.00 cm; thickness 0.32 cm; and fresh weight 0.18 g) and large seed (dimensions of length 1.52 cm; width 1.35 cm; thickness 0.39 cm; and fresh weight 0.37 g)] and four replicates of 25 seeds each. One hundred seeds from each group were randomly selected for measurements of the length, thickness, width and fresh weight. During the experiment, the following emergence and emergence speed index (ESI) were assessed. After 10 days of sowing, the shoot and root lengths, stem diameter, and shoot and root dry weights were assessed. The results showed that the length, width, thickness, and fresh weight of large seeds were 27, 35, 22, and 106% greater, respectively, than those of the small seeds. Regarding emergence (ranging from 21.8 to 23.8%) and ESI (ranging from 4.4 to 4.8), no significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) between large and small seed sets. More importantly, large seeds favored the development of seedlings with shoot length, root length, collar diameter, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight that were 29, 38, 17, 93, and 109% higher, respectively, than those of small seeds. Thus, C. tocantinum seeds can be stratified into two different sizes (small and large), with large seeds providing the initial growth of more vigorous seedlings (e.g., growth, development, and dry weight). The findings of this study can aid seedling producers in improving their product to meet higher quality standards.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of the oxygenated monoterpene linalool in alleviating saline stress effects on Allium cepa L.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) can cause oxidative stress in plants, which represents a potential obstacle to the development of monocultures worldwide. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a famous vegetable consumed and used in world cuisine. In the present study, we analyzed the influence of soil physicochemical profile and the remedial capacity of linalool on seed emergence, roots, and leaf growth in onions subjected to salt stress, as well as its in vivo and in vitro antioxidant potential, Fe2+chelating activity, and reducing power of Fe3+. The outcome of the soil analysis established the following order of abundance: sulfur (S) > calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > sodium (Na). NaCl (150 mM) significantly reduced the emergence speed index (ESI), leaf and root length, while increasing the peroxidation content. The length of leaves and roots significantly increased after treatment with linalool (300 and 500 μg/mL). Our data showed negative correlations between seed emergence and K+ concentration, which was reversed after treatments. Linalool (500 μg/mL) significantly reduced oxidative stress, but increased Fe2+ concentration and did not show potential to reduce Fe3+. The in vivo antioxidant effect of linalool is thought to primarily result from an enzymatic activation process. This mechanism underscores its potential as a therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related conditions. Further investigation into this process could unveil new avenues for antioxidant therapy.

EMERGENCE OF Megathyrsus maximus SEEDLINGS GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

The aim was to evaluate the effect of salt stress on the percentage and speed of emergence of seedlings in forage cultivars of the species Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.). The study was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 3×4 factorial scheme, with three forage cultivars (Mombaça, Tanzânia and MG12-Paredão) and four salinity levels (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 dS/m), with six replications. Stress was induced by irrigating the pots with saline solution. The percentage of seedling emergence was evaluated at seven days after sowing (DAS), and the emergence speed index (ESI) until 15 DAS was evaluated. Analysis of variance for the percentage of emergence and ESI showed significant effect (P<0.01) for cultivars and salt stress and non-significant effect for the interaction between factors. The percentage of emergence was higher in the Mombaça cultivar (39.4%) and did not differ between the Tanzânia (30.5%) and MG12-Paredão (25.0%) cultivars. ESI was similar between the Mombaça and Tanzânia cultivars and higher than the MG12-Paredão cultivar. Salt stress reduces the percentage and speed of seedling emergence of the Mombaça, Tanzânia and MG12-Paredão cultivars of Megathyrsus maximus. The Mombaça, Tanzânia and MG12-Paredão cultivars show the same behavior regarding seedling emergence performance when subjected to different levels of salt stress.

INOCULAÇÃO COM AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE, TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM, BACILLUS SUBTILIS E BACILLUS MEGATERIUM EM SEMENTES DE MILHO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation and coinoculation with the microorganisms Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus megaterium on seed germination and on maize production components. Two experiments were carried out, the first in the laboratory and the second in the field. Experiment 1 was carried out in a completely randomized design (DIC) with eight treatments and four replications of 20 seeds. Pioneer® cultivar 30F53 was used. For inoculation and co-oculation, BiomaMais®, StimuControl® and BiomaPhos® products were used, the seeds were placed in plastic bags and the doses of each treatment were added to it. The dose used was 80 ml ha-1 of Azospirillum brasilense; 92 ml ha-1 of Trichoderma harzianum and BiomaPhos® product. These were placed on moistened Germitest® paper 2.5 times the weight of the paper and kept in a germination chamber. After seven days, germination, shoot and root length were evaluated. To evaluate the emergence speed index (IVG), 50 corn seeds were sown with the treatments on three sheets of Germitest paper, the same procedures being carried out in the germination test. Experiment 2 was carried out in a randomized block design (DBC), with eight treatments and three replications of 40m². Corn sowing was carried out in the conventional system. A spacing of 45 cm was used, with 4 rows each 20 m long, sowing of 3 plants m-1. Inoculation and co-inoculation followed the same procedure as in experiment one. Productivity components were determined. Treatment T5 resulted in higher germination and root length. Inoculation with T3 resulted in greater development of the aerial part of the seedlings. The T8 treatment showed the highest grain yield.

Physiological potential of canola seeds and its relationship with electrical conductivity

The objective of this work was to evaluate the electrical conductivity test to estimate the physiological potential of canola seeds, aiming to establish an efficient methodology for its execution. The experimental design was completely randomized with hybrids and 4 replications (lot 1 – Hyola 571 CL; lot 2 – Hyola 433; lot 3 – Hyola 76; lot 4 – Hyola 401; lot 5 – Hyola 61 and lot 6 – Hyola 50). Physical quality (degree of moisture and weight of a thousand seeds) and physiological quality (germination, first germination count, germination speed index, seedling emergence, emergence speed index, root length, shoot length and total, seedling dry mass). For the electrical conductivity test, variations in water volume (25, 50, 75 ml), number of seeds (25, 50, 75 and 100 seeds) and exposure time (1, 3, 6, 9.12 and 24 hours). Four replicates of each lot were evaluated. The electrical conductivity test was efficient for evaluating the physiological potential of canola seeds, with combinations of 50 or 75 seeds immersed in 75 ml of deionized water, for periods of 6 and 9 hours, providing better stratification of lots.

Response to carvacrol monoterpene in the emergence of Allium cepa L. seeds exposed to salt stress.

Abiotic stresses including sodium chloride (NaCl) are known to negatively affect plant physiology and seed germination by inducing a delay in establishing seedling emergence. The monoterpene carvacrol is the major component of several aromatic plants and seems to interfere with germination and seedling growth. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with carvacrol attenuates the effects of NaCl on the germination and development of Allium cepa, where biochemical parameters were also analyzed. The results showed that the Emergency Speed Index (ESI) was near to 2.0 in the control group. The groups NaCl, carvacrol alone, and in co-treatment with NaCl exhibited an ESI below 0.8, being significantly smaller when compared to the control. NaCl + carvacrol significantly inhibited seed emergence in relation to the NaCl group. Only the content of malondialdehyde was significantly altered by NaCl.

Impacts of iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 mutations on the seed quality of tomatoes

ABSTRACT Heat stress has become a serious problem in tomato production. The parthenocarpic tomato mutants, iaa9–3 and iaa9–5, have been isolated from a mutant population of the Micro-Tom cultivar. According to our previous study, those two mutants are adaptable and capable of producing fruits under heat-stress conditions. On the other hand, from the perspective of commercialisation, seed quality is another important trait. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the iaa9–3 and iaa9–5 mutations on the seed quality by comparing them to its wild type (WT-MT). Several parameters related to seed quality such as seed number, seed viability, vigour index, emergence speed index, and maximum growth potential were analysed. The results showed that iaa9–3 mutation negatively affected seed quality, including reduced seed number, seed viability, vigour index, emergence speed index, and maximum growth potential. Interestingly, iaa9–5 mutation could reduce seed quality while the reduction was not significantly different compared to the WT-MT, suggesting that iaa9–5 was suitable for producing high-quality seeds compared to iaa9–3.

Physiological potential of soybean seeds subjected to industrial treatment and storage time

The use of treated seeds is a common practice among soybean producers, as it provides protection against pests and diseases existing in the soil, preventing their spread in exempt areas. Therefore, chemical treatment combined with different products becomes essential to guarantee success in the field.The objective of this study was to assess the influence that 7 industrial seed treatments (ISTs) and their respective slurry volumes have on the physiological potential of soybean seeds. The assay was carried out in a completely randomized design with 4 replications, with the treatments being arranged in a 7x6 factorial scheme (industrial treatments x storage periods). The chemical treatments were: control (untreated seeds) (ST1), fungicide + insecticide-1 + drying powder (ST2), fungicide + insecticide-1 + drying powder + micronutrient (ST3), fungicide + insecticide-1 + drying powder + micronutrient + biostimulant (ST4), fungicide + insecticide-1 + polymer + drying powder + insecticide-2 (ST5), fungicide + insecticide-1 + polymer + drying powder + insecticide-2 + micronutrient (ST6), fungicide + insecticide-1 + polymer + drying powder + insecticide-2 + micronutrient + biostimulant (ST7). For each IST, the specific slurry volume was 0, 350, 550, 1050, 500, 700 and 1200 mL 100 kg-1 of seeds, respectively. The seeds were stored for periods of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days and subsequently checked for their physiological potential. In each storage period, the following tests were conducted: germination, first count, accelerated aging, emergence speed index, and final emergence in sand substrate. Among the evaluated treatments, ST4 and ST7 were the most harmful to the physiological quality of the seeds in all storage periods, since they presented the greatest slurry volume. In relation to treatments with less harmful effects on seeds, treatments ST2 and ST3 presented higher averages for most of the variables analyzed

Viability of simultaneously selecting for grain yield and seed physiological quality in maize

ABSTRACT: Currently, the demand is not only for more productive corn hybrids, but also for those with high physiological seed quality. Seed quality is considered the sum of genetic, physical, physiological and sanitary attributes that directly interfere in plant vigor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological parameters of the seeds of parents and maize inter varietal hybrids obtained in a reciprocal recurrent selection program through physiological and image analysis techniques and either to study the feasibility of simultaneously selecting for seed physiological quality and grain yield. Two experiments were performed, one in the field and the other in the laboratory. The evaluated traits in the field were days of female flowering, days of male flowering, insertion of the 1st ear, plant height and grain yield. For the physiological quality, the attributes of germination at four days, germination at seven days, vigor by the cold test, emergence speed index, and the ratio of the root length to shoot length were obtained using GroundEye®. Heterosis was measured for the agronomic and physiological traits. Through the contrast between the inter varietal crosse hybrids and reciprocals we measured the maternal effect. The magnitudes of heterosis allowed us to infer that as greater as the number of selection and recombination cycles, on average, greater heterosis for the traits grain yield and seed germination. The correlated response indicated that, high yield intervarietal hybrids have better seed physiological quality.

Characterization and report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb affecting soybean in Brazil

AbstractRhizoctonia root rot is a disease that can affect soybean leading to plant death usually in bare patches. Frequently, Rhizoctonia solani has been reported as the main causal agent of the disease. However, due to the great genetic diversity of the genus Rhizoctonia, there are other species that could also attack soybean plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the pathogenicity and characterize an isolate of binucleate Rhizoctonia obtained from a soybean plant with symptoms of root rot cultivated in soil from southern Brazil. The isolate was identified based on the morphology and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rDNA. Pathogenicity tests were then performed on seeds and roots of soybean and the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was determined. The isolate was identified as binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb and it was pathogenic to soybean seeds and roots. In the pathogenicity assay in soybean seed, the isolate reduced seed germination by 20% and caused seed rot index of 69.3. In the pathogenicity assay in soybean root, the inoculation of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb caused 67.3 root rot severity index, and reduced the emergence speed index by 19%, seedling height by 31%, root dry mass by 25% and root volume by 43% in soybean seedlings. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth of the isolate was 26°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb associated with soybean root rot in Brazil.

Revalorization of degraded maguey pulquero substrate for Lycopersicon esculentum germination

The bagasse of Agave salmiana (maguey pulquero) is a residue generated during the exploitation of the plant to obtain pulque, inulin, honey, etc. Due to its chemical composition, it can be used for the cultivation of fungi of the Pleurotus genus and the subsequent use of the degraded material "degraded substrate (DS)" as a support for the germination of vegetables. The objective of the study was to characterize the bagasse of maguey pulquero biodegraded by Pleurotus djamor as a new perspective in its value chain, and subsequent use for the germination of Lycopersicon esculetum (tomato). The DS was recovered at 60 d from the P. djamor culture, characterized physicochemically and the conformation of the plant tissue was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The DS showed a decrease in protein (4.8–3.3 %) content and fibrous fraction (54–36 %), but dry matter digestibility increased from 47 to 71 %; in addition, changes in mineral composition were observed, mainly in calcium concentration (6 %). Due to its composition, it is possible to revalue DS in the germination of L. esculetum to reduce the use of peat moss (commercial peat). The results show that up to 25 % of maguey DS mixed with 75 % peat moss can be used (25:75), reaching a germination percentage of 85 % and increasing the seedling emergence speed index from 0.96 – 1.25. Concluding that it is possible to implement a circular strategy in which agave bagasse is used for mushroom cultivation and the subsequent recovery of the spent substrate for tomato germination.

Seed priming with Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis extract macroalgae in soybean.

Seed priming with biostimulant for soybean is a promising practice contributing positively to the physiological quality and vigor of seedlings, but there are little studies regarding protocols of bioinputs, such as Ascophyllum nodosum L. seaweed extract. We aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of A. nodosum macroalgae in seed priming and its impact on germination and seedling vigor of soybean. Seeds were subjected to priming with A. nodosum extract (ANE) at doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL kg seed-1 during 15 min. Priming with ANE did not influence the first count and seed germination. Soybean seedlings from priming with 5 mL kg-1 ANE showed higher growth and shoot and root dry biomass. We observed increase 18% for shoot dry matter with priming of 5 mL kg-1 ANE compared to untreated seeds. The responses were variable for the emergence speed index in function ANE and did not influence the photochemical processes in photosystem II. Seed priming with ANE contributed in higher chlorophyll index. ANE showed a biostimulant effect on soybean seedlings, providing better growth and biomass characteristics, being promising in seed priming, but further studies are suggested in order to increase information regarding its use protocol for soybean.

Germination and Initial Growth Performance of Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) in Different Substrates

Seed germination is considered the crucial phase in the establishment and development of plants. Knowledge about the appropriate conditions for seed germination is of fundamental importance, mainly due to the influence and different responses that they can present depending on several factors such as seed viability, light, water, oxygen, temperature, and substrate, among others. Therefore, the main objective of the work was to evaluate the germination and the initial development of the A. macrocarpa in the function of different substrates. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, where six different substrates were used in four replications. The treatments consisted of S1 (Commercial Substrate); S2 (Washed Sand); S3 (Commercial Substrate 50% + Vermiculite 50%); S4 (Commercial substrate 50% + Rice straw 25% + Pine bark powder 25%); S5 (Black Soil); S6 (Black Soil 75% + Sawdust 25%). The evaluated characteristics were germination percentage (%), emergence speed index, shoot and root length (cm), shoot and root fresh mass (gram), and shoot and root dry mass (gram). The use of commercial substrate + vermiculite stood out for most of the analyzed characteristics, being germination (78.57%), aerial part fresh mass (0.1187g), root fresh mass (0.0263g), aerial part dry mass (0.0689g) and root dry mass (0.0149g). The lowest averages observed for all characteristics were with the use of black soil substrate.

Methods for overcoming dormancy in cassava seeds

The propagation of cassava via seminal is an option but faces problems due to dormancy and slow germination. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of pre-germination treatments, on overcoming Manihot esculenta seed dormancy, clone Gabriela, cultivated in Roraima, Brazil. The experiment was a completely randomized design, with four replicates of 25 seeds, each in seven treatments: intact seeds (CONTROL); lateral scarification the seed (LS); removal of the caruncle (RC); scarification of the caruncle (SC); immersion of the seeds in sulphuric acid for 10 minutes (SA10); for 20 minutes (SA20) and for 30 minutes (SA30). The seeds were sown in trays containing river sand, washed and passed through a 2 mm mesh sieve. The following variables were analyzed: seedling emergence (SE), average emergence time (MET), emergence speed index (ESI), percentage of firm seeds (PFS), percentage of hard seeds (PHS) and percentage of deteriorated seeds (PSDET). The LS (89±7%) and SC (82±5%) treatments were superior to the others, obtaining the shortest MET (11.7±0.38 and 12.8±0.69 days, respectively) and consequently the highest IVE (1.55±0.22 and 1.74±0.22). Sexual propagation of cassava is possible. Lateral scafifying the seeds until the inside of the tegument with exposure of the endosperm with the caruncle intact (LS) and Scarifying the of caruncle until the inside of the tegument (SC) were more efficient seedling emergence and in counting normal cassava seedlings. Soaking seeds in sulphuric acid (AS10; AS20 and AS30) does not overcome the dormancy of cassava seeds.

Determination of the Efficiency of Moringa Leaf Extract Treatments on Seedling Vigor in Marigold

The effect of different planting depths on emergence characteristics was investigated in this study carried out using seeds of Marigold (Tagetes patula) collected from nature. In addition, the most effective dose that can be used in priming treatments was tried to be determined by examining the effects of moringa leaf extract treatments applied at different doses in terms of emergence rate, emergence time, survival seedling rate, true leaf emergence time, emergence speed index, coefficient of velocity of emergence and vigor index values. After the T test, it was determined that different planting depth treatments created statistically significant differences especially in the survival seedling rate. It has been observed that the fact that the planting is exposed causes an increase in the survival seedlings rate. In addition, following hydropriming and moringa treatments, the highest seedling emergence rate at both planting depths was achieved with hydropriming and moringa leaf extract (4 g L-1) treatment. Moreover, moringa leaf extract (8 g L-1) treatments exhibited the earliest emergence compared to other treatments. All treatment groups were statistically different compared to the control group in terms of emergence speed index, coefficient of velocity of emergence and vigor index values in both planting depths, and HP and M3 treatments were the treatment groups that gave the best results. As a result of the study, it has been determined that surface sowing can be recommended in marigold cultivation and moringa treatments improve the emergence characteristics.

Initial growth of seedlings in two yellow melon cultivars with seed reuse

Farmers adopt sowing in melon seedling production using hybrid seeds, which increases production costs, making crop management more expensive. At the same time, small producers reduce these costs by reusing seeds over successive generations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds from two yellow melon cultivars across two generations based on the initial growth components of the seedlings. A 2 x 2 factorial experiment was tested (2 yellow melon cultivars (cv. Gladial and Gold Mine) × 2 generations - F1 and F2), using 5 replicates with 20 seeds per replicate, totaling 100 plants. To determine the physiological quality of the seeds, the following measurements were made: dry mass of the aerial part (g per plant), height of the aerial part (cm), stem diameter (cm), dry root mass (g per plant), germination percentage (%), seedling emergence (%), speed of emergence (index), abnormal seedlings (%) and non-viable seeds (%). The variable values were subjected to analysis of variance with the application of the F-test at the 5% probability level. The cultivars influence the dry mass of the root, emergence percentage, and emergence speed index. The results obtained from the generations show negative effects on various variables, mainly on unviable and abnormal seeds, due to the attack of phytopathogenic fungi. The Gold Mine cultivar presents seeds of better physiological quality and are more vigorous.

Genetic variability of Tachigali vulgaris trees based on seed morphophysiological traits

Tachigali vulgaris is a tree with high potential for energy purposes in Brazil. However, there is little information about genetic variability that can be applied to plant breeding. Here, we quantified genetic variability based on biometric and emergence traits of T. vulgaris seeds from the native population of the Brazilian Amazon. The biometric aspects, moisture content, emergence, emergence speed index, and average emergence time of the seeds were evaluated. Genotypic values and genetic parameters were analysed using the mixed model methodology in a completely randomised design with 12 genotypes and four replications of 25 seeds. All biometric and emergence traits of seeds showed phenotypic and genetic variabilities. Heritability was high for all traits evaluated (0.66 to 0.97), and genetic accuracy showed high experimental precision and reliable results (≥ 0.90). Grouping by the Tocher, unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean and principal component analysis methods based on genetic traits returned four groups: Group 1 by Genotypes 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12; Group 2 by Genotype 3; Group 3 by Genotype 2; and Group 4 by Genotype 11. In addition, Genotypes 1, 3–10 and 12 displayed seeds with superior physical and physiological traits and a high probability of genetic gain. Our findings can be used in the selection and marking of trees with a broad genetic base for seed production and plant breeding of this species.

Temporal Scale and Practices for Production of Pochota Fendleri Seedlings: Comparison Between Methodologies

Objective: This study aimed to describe a methodology that involves obtaining a temporal scale in days, along with the technical information necessary to obtain maximum vigor of Pochota fendleri seedlings when sown in containers and/or Gerbox boxes, as well as their quality. Method: The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates, composed of 25 seeds of medium size and light brown color. Result and conclusion: Emergence of Pochota fendleri seedlings grown from freshly harvested seeds of medium size and light brown color sown was 97% at 10 DAS, with emergence speed index of 13.2. Freshly harvested seeds of medium size and light brown color sown are recommended for the production of Pochota fendleri seedlings. Research implications: Obtaining knowledge that guides appropriate practices and the temporal scale is essential for the production of seedlings of native forest species. These seedlings can enhance the success of planting forest stands for timber or non-timber purposes, besides ensuring the establishment and survival to programs for restoration of degraded areas.