Independent Word Research Articles

Development of a hard cider flavor wheel using free word sorting and multivariate statistical techniques

AbstractFlavor wheels are visual tools built from standardized sensory lexicons that are used in many different industries to improve communication, marketing, and quality discrimination among products. To date, flavor wheels have been developed for spices, coffee, wine, beer, and many other foods and beverages—yet no flavor wheel has been constructed for hard cider. While there is no single established method for constructed flavor wheels, most approaches are based on sensory descriptive analysis (DA) and free word sorting activities that investigate the semantic similarity and dissimilarity of descriptive terms. This research study utilized multiple DA studies for the generation of a sensory lexicon, followed by independent word sorting tasks with cider industry professionals (N = 40) and untrained consumers (N = 58) to establish two flavor wheels that are broadly understandable to a variety of industry stakeholders. Based on the results of DISTATIS and additive tree partitioning, this research showcases a workflow for developing and refining flavor wheels that incorporate both stakeholder and researcher input and can be built upon by other analysts.Practical ApplicationsThis research demonstrates an accessible methodology for developing flavor wheels that incorporates input from diverse parties and considers the semantic associations of terms used by cider consumers and industry professionals. The proposed methodology is a useful framework for other sensory scientists seeking to efficiently develop flavor wheels for multiple audiences. As a demonstration, this research also delivers two flavor wheels—one that highlights discrepancies in how industry consumers and producers semantically understand sensory experiences compared to trained sensory personnel, and a second wheel that showcases how hard cider can more objectively be described. Together, these flavor wheels are tools for improving sensory communication, education, and marketing in the US hard cider industry.

A Comparison of Expressive Vocabulary in Spontaneous Language Sample and Parent Checklist of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objectives: This study aims to examine the differences in vocabulary abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using a parent checklist and spontaneous language analysis.Methods: Participants included 10 children with ASD, aged 18-30 months, and 10 typically developing children matched for language age. Data were collected using the Korean version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (K M-B CDI) vocabulary checklist and spontaneous language analysis. The total number of vocabulary and the number of 5 word classes of vocabulary were measured and a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation analysis was performed to compare the two groups.Results: Children with ASD demonstrated a higher total vocabulary according to the parent checklist compared to typically developing children. However, there was no significant difference in the results of spontaneous language analysis. While the parent checklist indicated higher vocabulary across all five word classes for ASD children, spontaneous language analysis revealed that they predominantly used nouns and verbs, with fewer occurrences of determiners, independent words, and relational words. Moreover, the vocabulary overlap between the two methods was lower in the ASD group compared to the typically developing group. Conclusion: This study highlights the challenges faced by children with ASD in appropriately using their known vocabulary. It emphasizes the importance of considering not only the parent checklist but also analyzing spontaneously used vocabulary in real communication situations. This integrated approach may provide valuable insights for developing personalized interventions and therapeutic strategies for language development in children with ASD.

An Analysis of Free and Bound Morphemes in Alfred Tennyson's Poem Entitled "Marriage Morning"

The objective of this research is to know the free and bound morphemes in Alfred Tennyson’s poem entitled "Marriage Morning". This research uses a Descriptive Qualitative Method. The main source of this research data is one poem from Alfred Tennyson's entitled "Marriage Morning". In the descriptive method, the data collected is not numbers, but the form of words. The data is in the form of words containing free morphemes and bound morphemes in the poem. In this analysis it is found that the overall results of Free and Bound Morpheme as many as 151 data. With free Morpheme distribution was found as many as 137 data (90.72%) and 14 data of Morpheme Bound (9.28%). Morphemes are the smallest elements of meaning in a language. They are generally classified as either free morphemes, which can follow as independent words or bound morphemes, which can't stand alone as words.

Семантика терминов имущества в бурятском языке (на примере эд бараа)

Introduction. The article is devoted to the establishment of differential semantic features of the Buryat term ed baraa, presented in the monuments of Old Mongolian writing of the 18th–19th centuries, reflecting the usual legal practice of the Buryats in relation to the totality of things owned by a person. The relevance of the study is due to the interest in the specifics of understanding property relations and the formation of property terms in the Buryat language of that time. Materials and methods. The research material was written sources from the collection “Customary Law of the Khorin Buryats. Monuments of Old Mongolian Writing”, which presents the legislative acts of the Khorin Buryats. The introduction briefly describes the extent to which the problem has been studied and defines the research methodology. Results. Analysis of the texts in which the term under study functions allowed the authors to establish that ed baraa is an invariant term for movable property. Ed baraa serves to designate the totality of household material objects and things in the possession of a person, excluding livestock, in addition, it participates in the implementation of the property rights of the owner in relation to material goods belonging to him. Based on the internal form of the word, ed baraa is a paired word, formed by adding two independent words with a coordinating connection, and having an abstract meaning. The abstractness and collective meaning of the term becomes possible as a result of summing up the meaning of the words and its components, where ed delegates the sign of a relatively large property quantity and represents a characteristic of the components in abstraction from specific signs. Baraa, as a nominee of the nuclear component, carries the attribute ‘small property, household items, belongings’. The internal form of the word contains a key feature of the plurality of goods, which is considered as property. This term implies the semantics that this property can be the subject of purchase and sale; there is an indication of the acquisition of property, since it was a product of labor produced for sale, in order to exchange for other products of labor or money.

An analysis of free and bound morphemes in Alfred Tennyson's poem entitled "Marriage Morning"

This research aims to know the free and bound morphemes in Alfred Tennyson’s poem "Marriage Morning". This research uses a Descriptive Qualitative Method. The main source of this research data is one poem from Alfred Tennyson's entitled "Marriage Morning". In the descriptive method, the data collected is not numbers but the form of words. The data is in words containing free morphemes and bound morphemes in the poem. This analysis found that the overall results of Free and Bound Morpheme were as many as 151 data. Free Morpheme distribution found as many as 137 data (90.72%) and 14 of Morpheme Bound (9.28%). Morphemes are the smallest elements of meaning in a language. They are generally classified as free morphemes, which can follow as independent words or bound morphemes, which can't stand alone as words.

영어시험 학습서에 나타난 문법 분류 체계와 용어에 대한 고찰

This paper examines the grammar classification of the TOEIC textbooks, which classify grammar based on five types of sentence patterns and eight word classes according to traditional grammar, and proposes to analyze sentences by introducing 'complement' for essential elements and 'adjunct' for optional elements in the grammatical function category, and to classify determinative as an independent word class. This has the advantage of improving learners' understanding of sentences by making it easier to analyze sentences for obligatory and optional elements, and reducing the confusion of describing grammatical function categories with terms from word classes such as adverbs (phrases) for optional elements. In addition, by categorizing determinative as an independent word class, it is possible to explain the definite and quantitative features of determinative and indicate the finiteness and indefiniteness of noun phrases. Through the study of determinative, learners can understand the finiteness of nouns and avoid grammatical errors. Also, the grammatical explanations in the TOEIC textbooks have explanatory validity through their congruence with modern descriptive and theoretical grammars.

Case Morphemes in Korean: Their Morphosyntactic Implications

I will show that nominal expressions with a structural case morpheme in Korean have syntactic and morphological properties distinct from those with a semantic case morpheme as adduced in constructions involving floated quantifier, case drop on the clefts, binding condition C and Weak crossover. I claim that structural case morphemes are affixes, whereas semantic case morphemes are clitics, namely, syntactically independent words that belong to the syntactic category of postposition. It follows that nominal expressions with a semantic case morpheme are PPs whereas those with a structural case morpheme are NPs. The present thesis crucially diverges from Cho and Sells (1995), according to which case morphemes are affixes in Korean across the board, there being no independently identifiable category of postposition. I will discuss potential argument against the present proposal involving so-called genitive case marking construction in Korean, which, however, turns out to support the present thesis.

A Study of Chinese Loanwords in Modern English

There are more and more independent English words formed by Chinese pinyin in English words, and many Chinese borrowed words even appear in English dictionaries and become complete English words. Some researches have found that the particularity of English and historical reasons led to the occurrence of this phenomenon, but there are few articles explaining why this phenomenon occurs and what impact it will have on the culture of different countries in the future. Through the method of literature research and observation, this paper studies why there are more and more Chinese loan words and the importance of Chinese loan words to English, and draws the conclusion that nowadays Chinese loan words have become an indispensable part of English dictionary, which is due to the collision of different cultures and the formation of similar parts of Chinese culture and other countries increasingly frequent. The significance of this study lies in that understanding the development and evolution of languages will help to build a bridge of communication between Chinese and foreign languages and cultures.

Dinamica elementelor de compunere în limba română actuală

In this study we have started from an overview of the composition with semidependent elements problem, the confusion that can be made between the composition with composing elements and derivation, or between composing elements and suffixes or prefixes. We also showed that the number of composing elements is very high, potentially all the words of ancient languages, Greek and Latin, from which they are borrowed. The indirect etymology, i.e. the word originating in ancient languages and its meaning, is very important for understanding the meaning of the compound word. The following chapter provides an overview of the elements of composition classification. They can be prime, final or median. They can originate in ancient languages or can be formed by using Romanian independent words. The trends observed are to transform the composing elements commonly used into standalone ones or, on the contrary, they are to turn independent words into composing elements. Fashionable composing elements form extremely large word families, compared to the word families formed by derivation. To study the tendencies in the language, what is required is the observation of trends in habits and attitudes; we described the computerization and the return to nature, which are in equilibrium. Romanian was a predominant derivative language, but it is probable that, that under the influence of English, composition as a means of enriching the Romanian vocabulary will increase and the two processes will become equal in importance.

An Analysis on the Cognitive Structure and Opinions of Pre-Service Science Teachers on the Concept of Micro Teaching

In this study, it is aimed to examine the cognitive structures of pre-service science teachers regarding the concept of “micro teaching”. The study was carried out with 25 teacher candidates studying in the 4th grade of science teaching at Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University Faculty of Education in a 4-week period within the scope of the teacher practice course in the fall semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. In the study, since it was aimed to reveal the cognitive structures of pre-service science teachers regarding the concept of “micro teaching”, screening method was used. In the collection of the study data, “independent word association test, drawing-writing and concept map” were used. Content analysis was performed in the analysis of the data obtained from the study. When the findings obtained as a result of the study were examined, the categories obtained from three different measurement tools had features that support and explain each other. “Part of micro teaching, teaching practice, self-assessment and tools used in micro teaching” obtained from all three measurement tools emerged as common and dominant categories. The most commonly used answer words by pre-service teachers for the category of “part of micro teaching” were determined as “pre-service teacher, planning, presentation, group work, lesson, student, teaching, information, education, registration, teaching, self-evaluation, class, re-teach and re-plan”. The most commonly used answer words for the category of “teaching practice” by pre-service teachers were determined as “skill, development, experience, technique, experimentation, performance, ability, observation, reducing anxiety and practice”. The most commonly used answer words by pre-service teachers for the category of “self-evaluation” were determined as “evaluation, review, feedback, monitoring and feedback”. The most common answer words used by teacher candidates for the category of “tools used in micro teaching” were determined as “video, camera and tape”. When the drawings made by the pre-service teachers for approximately micro teaching are examined according to the levels, the drawings of 50% of them are partial drawings and conceptual representative drawings. They explained the concept of micro teaching in ways related to scientific facts. This situation can be evaluated as the cognitive structures of pre-service science teachers related to the concept of micro teaching are sufficient.

ENCLITICS IN MODERN PERSIAN

In almost all languages of the world, special units called “clitics” can be distinguished, which are considered phonetically dependent and grammatically independent units, and the Persian language is no exception. These units are adjacent to independent words and form a single whole with them. They are divided into three types, according to their location in the slot group (bar group), i.e. in a group of words that are pronounced as one word and with one stress, including enclitics, proclitics and endoclitics. There are neither endoclitics nor proclitics in the Persian language, only enclitics can be distinguished. The purpose of the study is to identify these enclitics and their main types, viz. simple and special enclitics in Persian. To achieve the goal such methods were applied as analysis and interlingual comparison. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time the enclitics of the modern Persian language are considered in detail. It is concluded that there are nine enclitics in modern Persian, including three simple and six special ones.

An efficient LSTM based cross domain aspect based sentiment analysis (CD-ABSA)

This research study focuses the cross-domain aspect-based sentiment analysis (CD-ABSA) for existing source domain annotation data. The CD-ABSA tries to use the valuable information in a source domain to extract aspect terms and evaluate their sentiment polarities in a target domain. It can considerably increase the usage of the source domain annotation resources while also reducing the workload of newer domain data annotation. one of the main components of the CD-ABSA is aspect extraction. In this paper, we utilized the most common topic modelling techniques: LDA and LSA to extract aspects from the reviews as it does not require labelled data. The topics are extracted from the education domain of the Course and Teacher Performance Evaluation (CTPE) dataset. In this paper, we also evaluated the different hyper-parameters on the CD-ABSA model and selected the best and optimal combination. The proposed methodology train on domain-dependent and independent word embedding that achieves CD-ABSA, in particularly end-to-end fashion. The experiment carries out on Academica dataset, which consists of students’ comments/feedback and SemEval-2014 dataset, which includes laptops and restaurants reviews. The evaluation metrics such as (precision, recall, F1 score and validation Accuracy) is considered while judging the LSTM classifier performance for CD-ABSA as a result.

STAGE: Span Tagging and Greedy Inference Scheme for Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction

Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction (ASTE) has become an emerging task in sentiment analysis research, aiming to extract triplets of the aspect term, its corresponding opinion term, and its associated sentiment polarity from a given sentence. Recently, many neural networks based models with different tagging schemes have been proposed, but almost all of them have their limitations: heavily relying on 1) prior assumption that each word is only associated with a single role (e.g., aspect term, or opinion term, etc. ) and 2) word-level interactions and treating each opinion/aspect as a set of independent words. Hence, they perform poorly on the complex ASTE task, such as a word associated with multiple roles or an aspect/opinion term with multiple words. Hence, we propose a novel approach, Span TAgging and Greedy infErence (STAGE), to extract sentiment triplets in span-level, where each span may consist of multiple words and play different roles simultaneously. To this end, this paper formulates the ASTE task as a multi-class span classification problem. Specifically, STAGE generates more accurate aspect sentiment triplet extractions via exploring span-level information and constraints, which consists of two components, namely, span tagging scheme and greedy inference strategy. The former tag all possible candidate spans based on a newly-defined tagging set. The latter retrieves the aspect/opinion term with the maximum length from the candidate sentiment snippet to output sentiment triplets. Furthermore, we propose a simple but effective model based on the STAGE, which outperforms the state-of-the-arts by a large margin on four widely-used datasets. Moreover, our STAGE can be easily generalized to other pair/triplet extraction tasks, which also demonstrates the superiority of the proposed scheme STAGE.

Из истории названий не‑ бесных светил в миноритарных иранских языках Памиро-Гиндукушского ареала

The names of celestial bodies in the languages of the Pamir-Hindu Kush area are etymologically heterogeneous. The differences are not accidental: they are evidence of social and cultural phenomena and processes in the history of the peoples inhabiting the area. The present article examines some of the history of this areal lexical group. The article identifies etymologically different designations for the Sun that stem from the worldview traditions of the local population. These date back to ancient times, when the Sun was believed to be both a celestial body and a supreme deity. The Proto-Iranian name for the Sun saw continued use in some languages, but was replaced in others by the names of deities revered in particular eras: at first this was the Indo-Iranian deity Mithra, and later the supreme deity of the Zoroastrians, Ahura Mazda. In the extinct literary languages of the Middle Ages, there are expressions testifying to the deification of the Moon which are not noted in the minority languages of this area. The name for ‘star’ in the languages of the area is derived from a single Proto-Iranian root which can be traced back to the IE *stēr- ‘star’. Another Iranian term used to designate ‘star’, appearing also with the meanings ‘zodiac constellation, zodiac sign, etc.’ and deriving from the IE variant for ‘night’ — *nokwt, *n˚kwter- — is attested mainly in medieval Middle Persian and Parthian documents, as well as in texts in classical Persian; in Old Iranian texts it is not documented as an independent word. In this regard, Wakhi, one of the minority languages of the Pamir-Hindu Kush area, is the only living Iranian language to have retained reflexes of this Indo-European base, although of its other variant. The Pamir-Hindu Kush names of celestial bodies examined in this article exhibit originality thanks to lexical substitutions, unusual word formation models, semantic shifts and the preservation of a deep Indo-Iranian archaic reflex.

The potential of using corpus-based technologies for incidental vocabulary learning of General Maritime English

Introduction. The article addresses the problem of expanding the potential vocabulary of cadets of maritime educational institutions in the process of listening comprehension determined by the need to develop strategies for independent vocabulary acquisition necessary for autonomous learning of maritime English. The purpose of this article is to justify the application of corpus technologies for the selection of vocabulary items, which will allow students to master the strategies required to expand vocabulary in the process of autonomous listening, and increase the efficiency of learning and teaching maritime English. Materials and Methods. The study follows the two-level Maritime English learning model incorporating General Maritime English and Specialized Maritime English. The first component focuses on the linguistic content embedded in the generalized maritime context and prioritizes the lexical and cognitive approaches highlighting the necessity of their integration and emphasizing corpus tools the application of which is helpful in topic-related vocabulary selection through instructional, linguistic and statistic principles on the basis of authentic texts. Results. The article describes the preliminary stage of potential vocabulary acquisition by junior cadets through listening comprehension and proposes the procedure of text selection for context-specific raw corpus design and thematic word list generation. Through the computer processing of the wordlist and the analysis of the concordance lines, the independent vocabulary learning strategies were identified and ranked. The conclusion was drawn about the correlations between the basic word learning potential and the number of independent word learning strategies applied. Conclusions. The findings of the research add to the understanding of the potential of corpus-based technologies for the topical vocabulary selection and analysis in order to develop cadets’ independent word learning strategies that are significant for potential vocabulary acquisition through listening comprehension.

Emotiveness and Emotive Valence of Language Units

In modern linguistics, attention is paid to the study of the national and cultural content of the activity of emotional vocabulary. This is especially important in understanding the semantic nature of language units. However, considering such lexical units from the point of view of their combined ability and synctaxic function allows us to achieve more results. Therefore, in this article, emotive words are studied in the aspect of semasiology and communicative linguistics. The purpose of the article is to study the valence of emotive words, their linguistic justification and reveal their communicative essence. It is planned to show that language units in an emotive combination are able to carry out their emotional activities by communicating with other units. It is known that this emotive valence further develops the idea of the regularity of emotional-expressive and expressive-stylistic harmony of language units in speech. In the article, the authors touched upon approaches to the study of emotional valence, considering the structural and functional aspects of emotional valence of a word. In particular, the types of emotive valence of a word and the mechanisms of opening valence abilities are analyzed. The object of research is the emotive components of word semantics. As a source, the main analytical materials were taken from the National Corpus of the Kazakh language, as well as fiction. In the course of the study, it was proved that an independent word is transformed into an emotive one in context or in combination with a word. The scientific conclusion that one of the main ways of emotiveness is Valence in Kazakh linguistics has not previously been properly analyzed and given in research. The small number of theoretical and practical works in the direction of studying the valence of a word indicates the relevance of this topic and the need to study emotive valence. In the course of the work, it was assumed that the emotiveness of any word is dynamic, that is, the emotional and semantic multiplicity of lexical units that occurs in accordance with the current, potential situation

Безлично-предикативните думи в българския език и мястото им сред другите класове думи

The aim of the study is to answer the question whether impersonal-predicative words may be considered as an independent word class (part of speech). I present a summary of the views on the morphological status of these lexemes based on the study of the characteristics of impersonal-predicative words. In the search for arguments that their constitution as a separate part of speech is not linguistically founded, I consider the heterogeneous makeup of the category, the syntagmatic properties of these words, their (lack of) autonomy and lexical combinability with other language units. The communicative-pragmatic aspect (context and spoken language as factors) is also taken into consideration, as far as the impersonal-predicative nature and the semantics of these words is realized at the sentence and text level.

The Effect of a Self-Regulated Intervention on Vocabulary Knowledge and Self-Regulated Learning Skills for English Language Learners

English language learners (ELLs) lack academic vocabulary knowledge, an essential component that explains much of the persistent achievement gap between students who start schools as ELLs and their monolingual peers. This single-subject experimental design study addressed this issue by focusing on self-regulated vocabulary learning that helps ELLs become effective and independent word learners. Nine upper elementary ELLs participated in an intervention for 16 sessions, with about 35 minutes per session. The intervention included the instruction of task-specific cognitive strategies (i.e., morphological and contextual analyses) and metacognitive strategies (i.e., goal-setting and monitoring) in authentic reading texts in social studies. Results indicated positive effects on ELLs’ vocabulary knowledge and self-­regulated vocabulary learning skills. Participants were also able to generalize both cognitive and metacognitive strategies to learning of new words. A lagging effect was observed for participants with low English proficiency levels.

Onyenachiya: A New Perspective on Religion in African Philosophy of Religion

How does one understand the relationship between a person and their objects of belief in the philosophy of Religion? How does the object of belief impact individuals’ lives, choices, decisions, and what they become in the future? The character of religion is binding, and the object of belief in a being – transcendent or immanent as the sole determinant of the fate and destiny of individuals leaves room for many questions that border on freedom and responsibility. By introducing Onyenachiya to the discussion of the phenomenon of religion from an African philosophical approach to religion, the authors argue that there is a certain threshold of self-evaluation and relationship between a person and their object of belief which is significantly cooperative and collaborative. Although onyenachiya, a concept that stems from an African epistemic context (Igbo), has no corresponding English translation, it is a contraction of two independent words, onye (person, giver, who) and chi (personal god, doppelgänger). The two are joined together by conjunction, ‘na’ with the suffix ‘ya’ at the end, emphasizing the chi’s personal and unique nature. The authors argue that if chi is connected to a person's destiny, onyenachiya demonstrates an agent-centered destiny, which gives room for agency, accountability, and responsibility and gives a new account of religious tolerance.

Taqlid soʻzlarning oʻrganilish darajasi va tasniflanish tamoyillari

The purpose of the article is to identify the typological features of modern English and Uzbek imitative words, semantic and contextual description, showing the norm of constant use, translation problems.The morphological, semantic and typological-structural state of mimetic expressions in modern English and Uzbek languages and the problems of mutual translation are highlighted in the research. In Uzbek, imitative words are morphologically divided into separate word groups between independent and non-independent word groups, while in English linguistics, imitative words and independent words formed from imitation are called onomatopeia. However, it was found that the independent words made from imitation in the morphological layer belong to one of the existing independent word groups according to their grammatical signs. Also, the disadvantages of translating imitative words from Uzbek to English, from English to Uzbek, including imitative words can be omitted in the translation text or expressed by transliteration.