Independent Risk Factor For MetS Research Articles

Impact of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein on metabolic syndrome in an elderly population: Findings from a hospital-based cross-sectional study in J&K, India

ABSTRACT Background: Due to affluent lifestyles, primary care physicians are concerned about metabolic syndrome (MetS). Inflammation and insulin resistance are caused by extra adipose tissue. Our study seeks to evaluate, taking into account numerous variables, the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels and MetS in adults aged 50+ in Northern Kashmir, India. Materials and Methods: In Northern Kashmir, India, a hospital-based cross-sectional study looked into the relationship between hsCRP and MetS in people over 50. The recruitment process included people looking for basic healthcare services. Utilising modified NCEP-ATP III criteria, MetS was established. The association between MetS and hsCRP levels was evaluated statistically while taking into account various variables. Results: The waist circumference, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia were all greater in those with MetS. While demonstrating decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), they also showed higher levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fasting plasma glucose. A study of correlations revealed a substantial inverse relationship between hsCRP and HDL-C. Elevated hsCRP levels were found to be substantially linked with MetS by the use of logistic regression, along with obesity, uric acid levels, hypertension, DM, and dyslipidemia. These results underline how crucial it is to keep an eye on these variables in order to recognize and treat MetS as soon as possible. Conclusion: Among this investigation, we found strong evidence that high- hsCRP, an independent risk factor for MetS, was present among middle-aged and elderly residents of the northern Kashmir region of India.

Iron Homeostasis-Related Parameters and Hepcidin/Ferritin Ratio: Emerging Sex-Specific Predictive Markers for Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a worldwide public health challenge. Accumulating evidence implicates elevated serum ferritin and disruptions in iron metabolism as potential elements linked to an increased risk of MetS. This study investigates the relationship between iron homeostasis-including hepcidin levels, serum iron concentration, unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), and the hepcidin/ferritin (H/F) ratio-and MetS. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 209 participants aged 24-70 were categorized into two groups: 103 with MetS and 106 without MetS. All participants underwent medical assessment, including anthropometric measures, indices of glycemic control, lipid profiles, and iron-related parameters. Participants were further stratified by the Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance index into three subgroups: insulin-sensitive (IS) (<1.9), early insulin resistance (EIR) (>1.9 to <2.9), and significant insulin resistance (SIR) (>2.9). Notable increments in serum ferritin and hepcidin were observed in the SIR group relative to the IS and EIR groups, with a significant association between metabolic parameters. The UIBC and serum ferritin emerged as significant predictors of MetS, particularly in men, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.753 and 0.792, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). In contrast, hepcidin was notably correlated with MetS in women, with an AUC of 0.655 (p = 0.007). The H/F ratio showed superior predictive capability for MetS across both sexes (at cutoff level = 0.67). Among women, this ratio had an AUC of 0.639 (p = 0.015), and for men, it had an AUC of 0.792 (p < 0.001). Hypertension proved an independent risk factor for MetS, affirming its role in metabolic dysregulation. The findings highlight a significant interconnection between iron homeostasis parameters and MetS, with sex-specific variations underscoring the importance of personalized diagnostic criteria. The crucial role of the H/F ratio and the UIBC as emerging predictive markers for MetS indicates their potential utility in identifying at-risk individuals. Further longitudinal research is essential to establish causality and explore the interplay between these biomarkers and MetS.

Sex difference in the association between creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio and metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, affects 20-25% of the global population. The creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio (CCR) is an indicator of skeletal muscle mass. While CCR may play a role in MetS development, sex differences in these associations are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how CCR levels are associated with MetS in a Chinese adult population, focusing on possible sex disparities. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 9,376 adults from Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital between 2014 to 2016. We examined the relationship between CCR and MetS, adjusting for cardiometabolic risk factors. The prevalence of MetS was 24.7% in males and 18.0% in females. Interestingly, we observed significant sex differences in the association between CCR quartiles and MetS. Females in the lowest CCR quartile had a significantly higher risk of MetS (odds ratio=1.84). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed acceptable diagnostic power of CCR for MetS in females (area under the curve=0.65) but not in males. Our findings suggest that CCR is an independent risk factor for MetS in females, highlighting the importance of sex-specific assessments when evaluating MetS risk.

Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone and metabolic syndrome risk in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder: a large-scale cross-sectional study

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is common in major depressive disorder (MDD), but its relationship with thyroid hormones remains unclear. We aimed to examine the association of thyroid hormones and MetS in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients.MethodsWe recruited 1718 unmedicated MDD patients in this cross-sectional study. MetS was defined based on the 2004 Chinese Diabetes Society Criteria. Serum thyroid hormones including free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and anti-thyroglobulin (TGAb) were examined. We used the logistic regression model to determine risk factors for MetS and examined the performance of the regression model by using the Area Under the Curve (AUC). In addition, we performed the trend test to test whether the results were robust.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS in unmedicated MDD patients was 34.4%. MDD patients with MetS had higher levels of serum TSH, TGAb, and TPOAb (all P < 0.001). Concurrently, serum TSH levels were independent risk factors for MetS in MDD patients (OR:1.49, 95%CI: 1.40–1.58), which could also distinguish MDD patients with and without MetS (AUC was 0.77). Additionally, in the trend test, the results also indicated a similar trend when TSH was used as a categorical variable (P for trend < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study suggests that TSH levels were independent risk factors for MetS in FEDN MDD patients (OR:1.49). The examination of thyroid function may contribute to the early detection of MetS.

Association Between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome Among Hispanic/Latino Participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Purpose: To determine whether high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is associated with incident Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) among U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults. Patients and Methods: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is a longitudinal observational cohort assessing cardiovascular health among diverse U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults. hsCRP was measured at visit 1 (2008-2011) and classified as low, moderate, or high, based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American Heart Association (CDC/AHA) guidelines. All MetS components [abdominal obesity, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose] were measured at visit 1 and visit 2 (2014-2017). MetS was defined as the presence of three or more components based on the 2005 definition from the modified Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (modified NCEP ATP III). Participants free of MetS at visit 1 and with complete data on hsCRP and all MetS components were included (n = 6121 participants). We used Poisson regression analysis to determine whether hsCRP was associated with incident MetS after adjusting for demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors. All analyses accounted for the complex survey design of the study. Results: In fully adjusted models, moderate versus low hsCRP was associated with a 33% increased risk of MetS [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-1.61], while high versus low hsCRP was associated with a 89% increased risk of MetS (IRR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.58-2.25). Conclusions: Greater levels of hsCRP were associated with new onset of MetS in a diverse sample of U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults. Results suggest that hsCRP may be an independent risk factor for MetS.

Non-linear relationship between the body roundness index and metabolic syndrome: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018.

Obesity is an important characteristic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and body roundness index (BRI) is one of the anthropometric indicators associated with obesity. However, studies on the relationship between BRI and MetS risk are limited. We aimed to explore the relationship between baseline BRI and MetS in the USA population. Our study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018, ultimately enrolling and analysing 47303 participants. Data-driven tertiles were used to categorise BRI levels, and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the association of BRI with MetS in adults. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the ability of BRI to predict MetS. The distribution of BRI was different across ethnic groups with a gradual decrease in the proportion of non-Hispanic Whites and other races. In addition, BRI was significantly associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Univariate regression analysis indicated BRI to be a moderate risk factor for MetS, and multivariate logistic regression analysis found that BRI remained an independent risk factor for MetS. After adjusting for confounding variables, a non-linear relationship was found between BRI levels and the prevalence of MetS. More importantly, BRI predicted MetS with the largest AUC among anthropometric measures. In summary, elevated baseline BRI levels are independently associated with the development of MetS, and baseline BRI may assist in identifying patients at risk for MetS, leading to early and optimal treatment to improve their outcomes.

Metabolic syndrome and the risk of coronary artery disease among the physicians

Background: Physicians, due to their work and lifestyle patterns, can be at risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MetS among physicians and its association with coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study collected data on Thai physicians who had medical examination including cardiovascular testing from 14 February to 31 October 2022, in our hospital. Inclusion criteria were those who had complete data for MetS diagnosis per Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and CAD diagnosis information. Outcome measures were prevalence of MetS and CAD prevalence in affected vs non-affected physicians. Results: Of 1194 physicians, the median age was 48.0±10.29 years. The authors found 4.5% were obese, 30.6% having high blood pressure, 26.6% high fasting blood sugar (FBS), 12.7% high triglycerides, and 13.7% low high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The prevalence of MetS was 8.9%. Increasing age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, FBS, triglyceride, and decreasing HDL were identified as independent risk factors of MetS. The prevalence of CAD was 11.4%: 47.2% vs. 7.9% among the physicians with and without MetS respectively (odds ratio 10.41: 95% CI, 6.70–16.16%, P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of MetS among Thai physicians in this study was 8.9%. Those physicians with MetS were associated with a 10-fold higher risk of CAD. Physicians who were at risk of developing MetS should consider modifying their health habits and being vigilant about the potential consequences of CAD. Further prospective cohort studies are warranted to validate these results.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Patients With Hypertension

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a serious public health and clinical concern since its prevalence has been rising over the past few decades and is now approaching epidemic levels. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of MetS in Jordanian adults with confirmed diagnoses of hypertension. Method: This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted among Jordanian patients with hypertension who were followed at outpatient clinics at King Hussien Medical Center. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Data on socio-demographic, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics were collected from 336 hypertensive patients from June to October 2023. Descriptive analysis was utilized to assess the prevalence of MetS, and binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors for MetS. Result: The overall prevalence of MetS was 33.6% (33.6% in males and 66.4% in females). Advanced age (OR = 2.006, 95% CI: 1.280 - 2.913), increased waist circumference (OR = 2.864, 95% CI: 1.534 - 4.322), increased systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.073, 95% CI: 1.041 - 1.105), overweight (OR = 5.522, 95% CI: 1.371 - 7.422), and obesity (OR = 7.521, 95% CI: 4.520 - 9.016) were associated factors that increased the risk of Mets (P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, high physical activity (OR = 0.321, 95% CI: 0.107–0.961) decreased the risk of MetS (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: One-third of the hypertensive patients had MetS, thus highlighting the necessity of early screening and vigorous treatment of all hypertensive individuals to reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular events.

Sex Differences in the Associations among Insulin Resistance Indexes with Metabolic Syndrome: A Large Cross-Sectional Study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is closely related to insulin resistance (IR), and the sex differences have not been fully explored. This study was aimed to investigate the sex differences in the associations among IR indexes with MetS in a large population. A total of 60,799 participants were enrolled in the current study. MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The following IR indexes were evaluated: triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, TyG-waist circumference (TyG-WC), TyG-waist to height ratio (TyG-WHtR), TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C), and metabolic score for IR (MetS-IR). Factors associated with MetS were examined using logistic regressions. The receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the predictive value of the IR indexes for MetS. The prevalence of MetS was 11.8% (n = 4097) for males and 5.4% (n = 1390) for females and increased with age in both subgroups. The IR index levels of male patients were higher than female patients (all p < 0.001). The IR indexes were independent risk factors for MetS except for TyG-WHtR and TG/HDL-C in female patients. TyG had the greatest area under the curve (AUC) (AUC, 0.930; 95% CI, 0.928-0.933; p < 0.001) in the male patients and TyG-WHtR (AUC, 0.916; 95% CI, 0.913-0.920; p < 0.001) in the female patients. The AUCs of 6 IR indexes combination were 0.960 (95% CI, 0.957-0.962; p < 0.001) and 0.962 (95% CI, 0.959-0.964; p < 0.001), with the sensitivities of 91.29% and 90.94%, the specificities of 88.27% and 89.51% in male and female groups, respectively. The IR index levels are higher in male than female patients. In IR indexes, TyG has the highest AUC in male patients and TyG-WHtR in female patients. The combination of IR indexes improved diagnostic efficiency compared with a single parameter. Moreover, the IR indexes are independently associated with MetS except for TyG-WHtR and TG/HDL-C in female patients. Our findings indicate that the multi-index association of IR indexes may play a potential role in MetS diagnosis, and understanding the sex differences in risk factors for MetS may help doctors properly implement more individualized prevention strategies.

Prevalence of, risk factors for, and target organ damage from metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV on ART: A cross-sectional analysis in Chongqing, China.

The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in people living with HIV is significantly higher than in people without HIV. MetS is not only a major driver of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but is also closely related to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for MetS and to further understand the degree of damage to target organs. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, China. Information was collected via questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory tests. We used the China Diabetes Society guidelines to define MetS. Pooled cohort equations were calculated to compare CVD risk in the next 10 years in people living with HIV aged ≥40 years with or without MetS. We used Student's t-test, the chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, binary logistic regression, and multiple linear regression in the statistical analysis. The study included 979 people living with HIV, including 13 who have experienced CVD, receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The median age was 43.0 years, 20.9% were female, and the median ART time was 45.0 months. The prevalence of MetS was 33.9%. The components of MetS criteria were hyperglycaemia (50.4%), hypertriglyceridaemia (48.4%), hypertension (46.8%), low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (28.2%), and abdominal obesity (25.0%). Higher body mass index (odds ratio [OR] 1.266; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.203-1.333), higher total cholesterol (OR 1.267; 95% CI 1.011-1.588), high alcohol consumption (OR 1.973; 95% CI 1.009-3.859), and family history of diabetes (OR 1.726; 95% CI 1.075-2.770) were independent risk factors for MetS. Compared with the non-MetS group, the MetS group had a higher rate of urine albumin (23.8% vs 14.8%, p = 0.001), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (18.37% vs. 12.8%, p = 0.020) and β2-microglobin (p = 0.004) increased more markedly in the MetS group. Regarding the risk of developing CVD events in the next 10 years, 38.5% of those in the MetS group were at high or very high risk, which was significantly higher than in the non-MetS group (p < 0.001). In addition, age (p < 0.001) and sex (p = 0.002) are independent risk factors for developing CVD events in the next 10 years. The prevalence of MetS in people living with HIV on ART is high in Chongqing, China. Risk factors for the development of MetS are high alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, higher body mass index, and higher total cholesterol levels. In addition, MetS is associated with a risk of CKD and the incidence of 10-year CVD.

Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Ethiopia: describing an emerging outbreak in HIV clinics of the sub-Saharan Africa – a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesHIV-induced chronic inflammation, immune activation and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are linked with adverse metabolic changes known to cause cardiovascular adversities. This study evaluates the prevalence of lipodystrophy, and metabolic...

Gamma-glutamyl transferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a more powerful marker than TyG index for predicting metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing globally and has become a global and national public health problem that cannot be ignored as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, cancer and all-cause mortality. γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. This study was designed to explore the relationship and predictive performance between γ-glutamyl transferase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (GGT/HDL-C) and MetS. This was a cross-sectional study. MetS was diagnosed from biochemical and anthropometric data in subjects with T2DM. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyses the relationship between GGT/HDL-C ratio, TyG index and HOMA-IR and MetS in subjects with T2DM. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and the areas under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the ability of these indexes in screening MetS in subjects with T2DM. Statistical differences between the AUC values of these indexes were compared. In addition, we performed subgroup analyses and interactions. 769 (70.55%) patients with T2DM were defined as having MetS. patients with MetS had higher anthropometric values and biochemical indicators compared to those without MetS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of GGT/HDL-C ratio was an independent risk factor for MetS (Per 1 SD increase, OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.51, 4.10). According to ROC curve analysis, the value of GGT/HDL-C ratio in predicting MetS in subjects with T2DM was superior to that of TyG index and HOMA-IR. The best cut-off value for GGT/HDL-C prediction was 19.94. GGT/HDL-C ratio may be an important predictor of MetS in subjects with T2DM, and its predictive power is stronger than that of TyG index and HOMA-IR. The risk of MetS in subjects with T2DM is increased in the presence of a higher GGT/HDL-C ratio.

An analysis of the associations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and uric acid with metabolic syndrome components in Korean adults by sex: a cross-sectional study using the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016–2018

BackgroundLow-grade inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and measuring levels of inflammatory molecules, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), may indicate Mets progression. Serum uric acid (SUA) has also been identified as an independent risk factor for MetS. This study aimed to investigate the association between MetS components and levels of serum hs-CRP and SUA using representative and reliable data for the Korean population.MethodsThis study used the data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018, a cross-sectional and nationally representative survey performed by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.ResultsWe analysed the data of 13,454 individuals. High hs-CRP levels were observed in 1,164 (8.7%) subjects while 3,296 (24.5%) subjects had high SUA levels. Moreover, hs-CRP was negatively correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR, 1.703; 95% CI, 1.431–2.027). When stratified by sex, this trend remained, but the correlation was stronger in women than in men. Furthermore, high SUA levels were significantly associated with hypertension (HTN) (OR, 1.399; 95% CI, 1.210–1.616), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 1.735; 95% CI, 1.486–2.026), and low HDL (OR, 1.257; 95% CI, 1.106–1.429), but not with diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR, 0.478; 95% CI, 0.382–0.597). When grouped by sex, this trend remained, however, all MetS components were found to be more prevalent in women with high SUA.ConclusionsOur findings showed that low HDL was more prevalent in subjects with high hs-CRP, and high SUA levels were observed in subjects with HTN, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL. However, the prevalence of high SUA was lower in diabetic subjects.

Gender differences in metabolic syndrome and its components in southern china using a healthy lifestyle index: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundLifestyle changes are important for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome (MetS), but studies that focus on gender differences in the lifestyle risk factors of MetS are limited in China. This research aimed to generate a healthy lifestyle index (HLI) to assess the behavioral risk factors of MetS and its components, and to explore the gender differences in HLI score and other influencing factors of MetS.MethodsA convenience sample of 532 outpatients were recruited from a general hospital in Changsha, China. The general information and HLI scores [including physical activity (PA), diet, smoking, alcohol use, and body mass index (BMI)] of the subjects were collected through questionnaires, and each patient’s height, weight, waist circumference, and other physical signs were measured. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of MetS and its components.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 33.3% for the whole sample (46.3% in males and 23.3% in females). The risk of MetS increased with age, smoking, unhealthy diet, and BMI in males and with age and BMI in females. Our logistic regression analysis showed that lower HLI (male: OR = 0.838,95%CI = 0.757–0.929; female: OR = 0.752, 95%CI = 0.645–0.876) and older age (male: OR = 2.899, 95%CI = 1.446–5.812; female: OR = 4.430, 95%CI = 1.640–11.969) were independent risk factors of MetS, for both sexes.ConclusionLow levels of HLI and older ages were independent risk factors of MetS in both males and females. The association between aging and MetS risk was stronger in females, while the association between unhealthy lifestyles and MetS risk was stronger in males. Our findings reinforced the expected gender differences in MetS prevalence and its risk factors, which has implications for the future development of gender-specific MetS prevention and intervention programs.

Malnutrition and Insulin Resistance May Interact with Metabolic Syndrome in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients

We sought to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Mets) and whether 100 cm2 of visceral fatty area (VFA) measured by computed tomography (CT) validates the criteria of waist circumference (WC) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The study comprised 141 HD patients. Mets was defined according to the criteria of Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and the modified criteria of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) that defines abdominal obesity as a WC of >=85 cm in men and >=90 cm in women. The prevalence of Mets was 31.9% in men and 13.6% in women. However, the prevalence of patients with a body mass index over 25 in all HD patients was only 11.2%. The visceral fatty area (VFA) measured by CT showed a strong positive correlation with WC. The patients with Mets, comparing with those without Mets, have significantly shorter duration of HD, higher high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and higher Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). In the patients with Mets, there was a significant negative correlation between HOMA-IR and serum albumin levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HOMA-IR and short duration of HD were chosen as independent risk factors for Mets. Mets is more prevalent in HD patients. In Japanese HD patients, 100 cm2 of VFA corresponded to a WC of 85 cm in men and 90 cm in women, thus confirming the validity of the modified criteria. HOMA-IR and serum albumin were significantly correlated in HD patients with Mets.

Effect of night shift work on metabolic syndrome in adults who suffered from earthquake stress in early life.

To examine the role of night shift work on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults suffered from earthquakes prenatally or as infants and to analyse the effect of stress on factors that influence MetS in this population. We included 870 subjects from 2014 to 2015. All subjects work as miners for the Kailuan Mining Group and were born were living in Tangshan. Participants were classified into two groups on basis of their work schedules: day shift and night shift. They were further classified into the prenatal exposure group, the infancy exposure group, and the control group based on their age during the Tangshan earthquake. This study was conducted 38 years after the earthquake. Participants' general demographic data, smoking and drinking habits, as well as work schedules were collected. All participants' sleep status was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The measurement of all subjects' waist circumference and blood pressure was made, and triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins were measured by collecting blood samples. The definition of MetS was made after the guidelines for preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes in China (2017 Edition). A total of 187 (21.5%) workers were determined to have MetS. The incidence of MetS was greatly higher in night shift workers who were exposed to an earthquake during infancy than in day shift workers (χ2 = 8.053, p = 0.005). A multivariate logistic regression analysis displayed male participants had a higher risk develop MetS than female participants (p = 0.042, OR = 0.368, 95% CI = 0.140, 0.965). Current smokers (p = 0.030, OR = 1.520, 95%CI = 1.042, 2.218) and participants who sleep fewer than 7 h per night (p = 0.015, OR = 1.638, 95%CI = 1.101, 2.437) had a higher risk of MetS. Prenatal earthquake stress was also a risk element for MetS (p = 0.012, OR = 1.644, 95%CI = 1.115, 2.423). The risk of MetS is significantly higher in night shift workers exposed to earthquake stress during infancy than day shift workers. Earthquake exposure during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for MetS. Smoking and sleeping less than 7 h have a higher risk of MetS than the control group.

The Association between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome in an Elderly Population Aged 50 and Older in a Community Receiving Primary Health Care in Taiwan.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become the most important issue in family medicine and primary care because it is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that are a burden on health care in many countries. Highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), which is elevated in inflammatory situations, can be produced by monocyte-derived macrophages in adipose tissue. People with MetS tend to have more adipose tissue. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between hsCRP and MetS among elderly individuals aged 50 years and older in northern Taiwan. This study was a cross-sectional community-based study that included 400 middle-aged and elderly Taiwanese adults, and 400 participants were eligible for analysis. We divided the participants into a MetS group and a non-MetS group. Pearson’s correlations were calculated between hsCRP and other related risk factors. Furthermore, the relationship between hsCRP and MetS was analyzed with logistic regression. People in the MetS group were more likely to have higher hsCRP levels. The Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a positive correlation with hsCRP. In the logistic regression, hsCRP was significantly associated with MetS, even with the adjustment for BMI, uric acid, age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. In summary, our research indicated that hsCRP could be an independent risk factor for MetS.

The association between eosinophil count, serum lipids and metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese

BackgroundEosinophil count, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with systemic inflammation. We conducted this large population-based study to investigate the association between elevated eosinophil count, serum lipids, and MetS in the Taiwanese population. MethodsA cross-sectional study of 10,357 adults who underwent health checkups at Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital in Taiwan between January 2006 and December 2016 was conducted. MetS was defined according to criteria modified by the International Diabetes Federation specifically for the Chinese population. The measurement of serum lipids included high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), and apolipoprotein B (ApoB). Pearson's correlation and linear regression were used to determine the association of eosinophil count with waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and serum lipids. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio of MetS and abnormal serum lipid levels in each eosinophil count quartile. ResultsEosinophil count was positively associated with triglycerides levels and negatively associated with HDL-C levels; however, it was not significantly associated with ApoA-I and ApoB. The odds ratio of MetS increased significantly across eosinophil count quartiles. The adjusted odds ratios of MetS for the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 1.28, 1.38, and 1.42, respectively, with reference to the first quartile. ConclusionsHigh eosinophil count is an independent risk factor for MetS. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia might partly contribute to this result.

The product of waist and neck circumference outperforms traditional anthropometric indices in identifying metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundTraditional anthropometric indices are used in diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to propose a novel index, a product of waist and neck circumferences (PWNC), and compared its value with traditional anthropometric parameters in identifying the presence of MetS in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsFrom September 2017 to June 2019, a total of 2017 Chinese adults with T2DM from the National Metabolic Management Center were included and categorized into a MetS group (1575 cases) and a non-MetS group (442 cases). Demographic and metabolic characteristics were compared between the two groups, and logistic regression analysis was performed for MetS. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), neck circumference (NC) and PWNC were assessed by constructing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and the area under the ROC curves was compared by DeLong’s test.ResultsCompared with the non-MetS group, men and women with MetS had higher blood pressure; higher levels of fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and triglycerides (TGs); lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); elevated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); and higher BMI, WHR, WC, NC and PWNC (all P < 0.01). Logistic regression showed that PWNC, HDL-C, TGs, HOMA-IR, systolic blood pressure, hypertension and hypotensors were independent risk factors for MetS (all P < 0.01). PWNC, WC, NC, WHR and BMI displayed significant values in the ROC for MetS (all P < 0.01), while the area under the curve for PWNC was larger than that for traditional anthropometric parameters (WC, WHR and BMI) in both men and women (all P < 0.01).ConclusionPWNC outperformed traditional anthropometric parameters in identifying the presence of MetS in Chinese adults with T2DM.

Lower normal free thyroxine is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome: a retrospective cohort on Chinese population

BackgroundRecently, the relationship between thyroid hormones (THs) across the euthyroid ranges and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been widely discussed. This study aimed to present specific cutoff values of THs to assess the association between THs and MetS in a euthyroid cohort.MethodsData of 2694 subjects, aged 18–80 years, who attended health examination in Xi’an Electric Power Central Hospital from April 2011 to December 2015 were collected and analyzed. The first cohort enrolled 929 participants (followed up by 2221 person-years totally) to assess correlations between serum thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) levels and MetS. The second cohort included 698 participants (followed up by 1709 person-years totally) to evaluate relationships between serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) levels and MetS. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) scientific statements of 2009. Euthyroidism was defined as serum TSH, FT3 and FT4 levels within the reference ranges without taking any thyroid medication.ResultsThe cutoff values for TSH, T3, T4, FT3 and FT4 were 2.0mIU/L, 1.9 nmol/L, 117 nmol/L, 4.3 pmol/L and 16 pmol/L, respectively. Participants were categorized into two groups according to cutoff values: the lower-THs group and the higher-THs group. There was no significant difference in the risk of MetS between two groups in TSH, T3, T4 and FT3. The incidence of MetS was significantly higher in lower-FT4 group than higher-FT4 group (1.00 vs 0.622 (0.458, 0.846), P = 0.002). The lower-FT4/higher-TSH group had the highest hazard ratios of MetS. (2.131vs 1.0 (1.380,3.291), P = 0.006).ConclusionsLower normal FT4 (FT4 ≤ 16.0 pmol/L) is an independent risk factor for MetS, and lower normal thyroid function (TSH > 2.0 mIU/L and FT4 ≤ 16.0 pmol/L) is associated with a higher risk of developing MetS.