Independent Risk Factor For Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Lipid accumulation product is an effective predictor of metabolic syndrome in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

To explore the correlation of lipid accumulation product (LAP) with metabolic syndrome (MS) and to assess the predictive value of LAP for MS risk in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with different body mass index (BMI). A total of 242 PCOS patients and 150 controls were recruited and divided into normal-weight, overweight, and obese groups, then further divided into MS and without MS subgroups. Clinical and anthropometric variables and laboratory results were recorded. LAP was calculated from waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride using sex-specific formulae. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were applied to determine and analyze the predictive value of LAP for MS. The prevalence of MS among PCOS patients was 45.04%, which was significantly higher than that of the controls (10%). Stratified by BMI, the incidence of MS in the normal-weight, overweight, and obese PCOS groups were 15.58%, 41.43%, and 71.58%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that LAP was an independent risk factor for MS in both normal-weight and overweight groups; however, the results were not significant in the obese group. ROC curve analysis showed that LAP had an outstanding discrimination index for MS in normal-weight (AUC=0.960, cut-off value=42.5) and overweight (AUC=0.937, cut-off value=47.93) PCOS patients, with a sensitivity of 0.917/0.931 (normal-weight/overweight) and a specificity of 0.969/0.854 (normal-weight/overweight), respectively. Normal-weight and overweight PCOS patients also have a fairly high incidence of MS and should receive as much attention as obese patients. Compared to applying multiple clinical indicators, LAP is more convenient and facilitates acquiring early and accurate diagnoses of MS among non-obese PCOS patients using fewer MS markers.

Asprosin is positively associated with metabolic syndrome in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study

Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MS) has a high prevalence in hemodialysis patients. High asprosin levels are associated with the accumulation of adiposity and an increase in body weight, which may drive the development of this syndrome. The relationship between asprosin and MS in patients on hemodialysis has not been investigated. Materials and Methods We enrolled hemodialysis patients at the hemodialysis center of one hospital in May 2021. MS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation. Fasting serum asprosin levels were measured. ROC curve, multivariate logistic regression and Spearman’s rank correlation analyses were performed. Results In total, 134 patients were included, with 51 with MS and 83 without MS. Among the patients with MS, there was a significantly higher proportion of women (54.9%), prevalence of DM (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), triglycerides (p < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(p < 0.050), and PTH (p < 0.050) contents and a lower diastolic pressure(p < 0.050) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (p < 0.001) than those in patients without MS. The patients with MS exhibited significantly higher serum asprosin levels than the non-MS patients [502.2 ± 153.3 ng/ml vs. 371.5 ± 144.9 ng/ml, p < 0.001]. The AUC for the serum asprosin level was 0.725 (95% confidence interval: 0.639, 0.811). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that asprosin was independently and significantly positively associated with MS (OR = 1.008, p < 0.010). Asprosin levels tended to rise as the number of diagnostic criteria of MS increased (p for trend <0.001). Conclusions Fasting serum asprosin is positively correlated with MS and could be an independent risk factor for MS in hemodialysis patients.

Analysis of clinical features of patients with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome in Xinjiang

Objective: The clinical characteristics of a large sample of patients with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Xinjiang were retrospectively analyzed. Methods: The prevalence of MS, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, aspartate aminotransferase level, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, and other clinical data were analyzed in 2,492 inpatients with psoriasis in our hospital. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of MS. Results: Among the 2,492 patients, 349 had MS and 1,269 were considered overweight/obese. There were significant differences in sex, age, disease course, age at onset, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between the two groups (P &lt; 0.05). The RBC, WBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood urea nitrogen level, creatinine level, triglyceride level, total cholesterol level, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were significantly higher in the MS group than in the psoriasis-only (PO) group (P &lt; 0.05). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was significantly lower in the MS group than in the PO group (P &lt; 0.05). The ALT and albumin levels were not significantly different between the two groups (P &gt; 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that sex, age, BMI, SBP, DBP, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were independent risk factors for MS in patients with psoriasis, and HDL-C was considered a protective factor for these patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of MS in patients with psoriasis is high. Female sex, age, BMI, SBP, DBP, and FPG may be risk factors for psoriasis complicated by MS.

Predictive Value of Serum Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Patients

The aim was to investigate the predictive value of serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with metabolic syndrome (MS) in elderly patients. A total of 296 patients with T2DM admitted from January 2019 to January 2021 were enrolled and assigned to MS group (n = 181) and non-MS group (n = 115). Their clinical data and laboratory test results were compared. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent risk factors for MS in T2DM patients. Spearman's analysis was utilized to explore the correlations between serum Lp-PLA2 level and detection indicators. The predictive value of Lp-PLA2 for MS was analyzed by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and Cox regression model was applied to explore the correlation of serum Lp-PLA2 level with MS. The results of data subjected to multivariate analysis were used to construct prediction models. The incidence rate of MS was 61.15% in T2DM patients. MS group had a significantly higher serum level of Lp-PLA2 than non-MS group (p < 0.05). Serum Lp-PLA2 was significantly positively correlated to FBG, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), FINS, and HOMA-IR, but significantly negatively associated with LDL-C (p < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve of Lp-PLA2 for predicting MS in T2DM patients was 0.724 (95% CI: 0.625 - 0.826, p < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of Lp-PLA2 with an optimal cutoff value of 82.96 ng/mL were 73.7%, 85.4%, 77.56%, and 93.24%, respectively. TC, TG, HDL-C, HbA1c, and Lp-PLA2 were independent risk factors for MS (p < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve of the risk prediction model established based on these indicators was 0.823, and the cutoff value, Youden index, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.219, 0.656, 78.87%, and 87.66%, respectively, indicating higher predictive value. Increased serum Lp-PLA2 level is an independent risk factor for MS in T2DM patients. Lp-PLA2 (82.87 ng/mL) has high predictive value for MS.

The Association Between First-Degree Family History of Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

Objective: Because they share genetic and environmental factors with patients with diabetes, the first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with diabetes exhibit early signs of metabolic abnormalities. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between family history of diabetes in FDRs and metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as changes in related risk factors. Methods: The present study population was a part of the baseline survey from the REACTION study. FDRs were defined as individuals having one or more FDRs with diabetes. MS and its components were defined according to the 2007 Joint Committee for Developing Chinese Guidelines. Results: A total of 2,692 individuals with an average age of 57.24 ± 8.35 years were enrolled in the present study. The prevalence of MS in FDRs (36.44%) was significantly higher than that in non-FDRs (25.28%; P<.001). FDRs accounted for 13.37%, 14.32%, 16.67%, 22.47%, 23.53%, and 25.58% of subjects with 0 to 5 MS components, showing an increasing trend (P for trend <.001). After adjusting for gender and age, partial correlation analyses showed significant associations of first-degree family history of diabetes with MS-related indexes (all P<.05). After adjusting for gender, age, lifestyle habits, and total metabolic traits, the first-degree family history of diabetes remained an independent factor that was positively associated with MS (odds ratio, 1.765; P<.001). Conclusion: A first-degree family history of diabetes predisposes individuals to developing MS and stands out as an independent risk factor for MS even without considering the subsequent effects of hyperglycemia. Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FDR = first-degree relative; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL-c = high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c = low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; MAP = mean arterial pressure; MS = metabolic syndrome; OR = odds ratio; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; WC = waist circumference; WHR = waist-to-hip ratio; 2hPG = 2-hour plasma glucose.

Relationship between infection of Toxoplasma gondii and metabolic syndrome

Objective To investigate the relationship between Toxoplasma gondii (T.gondii) infection and metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods A total of 20 577 patients who received serum test of anti-T.gondii IgG antibody in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of the United States from 2009 to 2014 were collected to analyze the clinical features of anti-T.gondii IgG antibody positive patients, and to compare metabolic related indicators in the antibody IgG positive and negative groups. The independent sample t-test, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis were used to explore the risk factors of MS. Results A total of 2 746 participants were positive for the T. gondii antibody (13.34%), with a higher prevalence of male (14.44% vs 12.27%, χ2=15.99, P< 0.01). Meanwhile, the prevalence of T. gondii increased with age and body mass index (BMI) (χ2=979.98 and 50.85, respectively, both P<0.01). Among the 2 191 patients with MS, 449 (20.49%) patients were positive for T. gondii. While 2 297(12.49%) patients were anti-T.gondii positive in 18 386 non-MS patients. The difference was statistically significant (χ2=78.504, P<0.01). Age (t=-37.37), BMI (t=-4.28), glycosylated hemoglobin (t=-11.81), fasting blood glucose (t=-9.38), triacylglycerol (t=-6.32), cholesterol (t=-7.16), serum uric acid (t=-5.25) and serum creatinine (t=-7.69) in the seropositive group were all higher than those in the seronegative group (all P<0.01). After adjusting for age and gender, the prevalence of T. gondii was an independent risk factor for MS (odds ratio [OR]=1.147, P=0.023). Conclusions BMI, blood lipids, blood uric acid and blood glucose are significantly increased in patients with T. gondii infection. T. gondii infection is an independent risk factor for MS. Key words: Metabolic syndrome; Risk factors; Toxoplasma gondii

Impact of Body Mass Index on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Infertile South Indian Women

ABSTRACTAim and objectiveTo study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MBS) in different body mass index (BMI) group infertile women in both polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and non-PCOS subgroups.Materials and methodsA prospective cross-sectional study of all infertile women attending the outpatient in the department of reproductive medicine and surgery in a tertiary care center catering patients from South India was conducted. These women were categorized based on BMI into groups as ≤23 kg/m2, 23.1–25 kg/m2, 25.1–27 kg/m2, 27.1–30 kg/m2, and &gt;30 kg/m2. They were further subdivided as PCOS and non-PCOS based on Rotterdam criteria (2003). These women underwent screening for MBS according to the modified American Heart Association/National Heart Lung Blood Institute AHA/NHLBI (ATP III 2005) definition. The results were analyzed for significance by the unpairedttest and the Chi-square test.ResultsA total of 1,030 infertile women were analyzed. The mean age was 28.8 ± 4.5 years; mean BMI was 26.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2. More than 90% of women had waist circumference &gt;80 cm. The prevalence of MBS among the infertile women was 35.3% and among PCOS and non-PCOS women was 44.7 and 28.9%, respectively. Even though there was statistically no significant difference in the metabolic parameters among PCOS and non-PCOS subgroups in different BMI cutoff levels, there was an increase in abnormal metabolic parameters with increase in BMI. The prevalence of MBS in the BMI groups among PCOS women was 11.1, 28.1, 29.7, 51.8, and 73.6%, respectively (p= 0.0005) and among non-PCOS women was 4.9, 20.4, 24.6, 41.6, and 66.7%, respectively (p= 0.0005).ConclusionThe BMI is an independent risk factor for MBS in both PCOS and non-PCOS infertile women.Clinical significanceScreening for MBS in infertile women helps in early identification and primary prevention by lifestyle modification helps in delaying long-term consequences of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.How to cite this articleVembu R, Nandini Devi M, Nellepalli SR,et al. Impact of Body Mass Index on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Infertile South Indian Women. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2019;10(3):42–45.

The correlation of metabolic syndrome with low triiodothyronine syndrome, subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperhomocysteinemia in the elderly

Objective To explore the correlation of metabolic syndrome(MS)with low triiodothyronine(T3)syndrome(LT3S, or It is known as ESS: euthyroid sick syndrome), subclinical hypothyroidism(SCH)and a high serum total homocysteine(tHcy)level(hyperhomocysteinemia)in elderly patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed thyroid function, serum glucose, lipids and homocysteine(Hcy)level in 83 MS patients(MS group), 30 patients with low T3 syndrome(low T3 group), 41 patients with SCH(SCH group)and 80 healthy individuals(control group)aged over 60 years from January 2015 to March 2017 in outpatient and inpatient departments of our hospital.The correlations of thyroid function and serum Hcy level with MS components were analyzed by multiple Logistic regression model. Results The incidence of low T3 syndrome and SCH in MS patients was 37.3%(31/83)and 49.4%(41/83), respectively.Low T3 group versus control group showed the lower levels in free triiodothyronine, FT4, folic acid, and Hcy, with statistically significant differences(all P 5.5 mU/L had decreased FT3 which occurred later than the rise of TSH(P<0.05). Univariate correlation analysis showed that FT3 was negatively correlated with Hcy(P<0.01), and TSH was negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(P<0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis found linear correlations of TSH with triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Hcy(all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that FT3, Hcy and TSH are highly associated with hypertension after adjustment for gender and body mass index(all P<0.05). Decreased FT3(P<0.01), elevated Hcy(P<0.05), and increased TSH(P<0.05)were independent risk factors for MS in elderly patients. Conclusions The incidences of low T3 syndrome and SCH are increased with aging.FT3, TSH, and Hcy are independent risk factors for MS in the elderly. Key words: Metabolic syndrome X; Low T3 syndrome; Hypothyroidism; Homocysteine

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Related Factors in Korean Career Firefighters in Comparisons With Other Occupational Groups

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its relationships with socio-demographic and lifestyle-related factors in firefighters comparing it to general workers. Data from 257 Korean men career firefighters and 1064 Korean men workers were analyzed. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of MS between firefighters (21.4%) and general workers (25.6%). We found that age and obesity were independent risk factors for MS in both firefighters and general workers. After adjusting for age and obesity, the risk for MS in firefighters was not significantly different from that in the most of occupational groups except sales workers. About one-fifth of firefighters had MS showing a similar prevalence compared with general workers. Therefore continuous monitoring and preventive programs for MS are needed in firefighters.

Correlation of serum sex hormone levels with metabolic syndrome in elderly men

To investigate the relationship between sex hormones and metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as its components in elderly men. 1 505 elderly men (≥60 years old, mean age 75.4±9.7 years old) who participated in a routine health screening examination in PLA general hospital from May to June in 2012 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Serum lipids, glucose and sex hormones were measured along with body height, weight and blood pressure. Free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (BT) were calculated. The correlation of serum sex hormones with the presence of MS and its components were analyzed. The prevalence of MS was 21.7% (326/1 505) in this study. Elderly men with MS had lower levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), total testosterone (TT), FT and BT than those without MS. The levels of SHBG, TT, FT and BT were significantly lower in the overweight/obesity group, hyperglycemia group and dyslipidemia group than those in the respective control groups (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the SHBG level was an independent risk factor for MS in elderly men(OR=0.977, 95%CI: 0.964-0.989, P<0.001), while the levels of TT, FT and BT were not associated with MS. The prevalence of MS gradually increased with decreasing of SHBG values (P<0.001). When comparing subjects in the lowest and highest quartile of SHBG, the former group demonstrated a 2.13-fold increase in the odds ratio for MS after adjusting for age, smoking, drinking and other sex hormone indices. In elderly men, lower SHBG level, not TT, FT or BT may be an independent predictor for the prevalence of MS, in which the mechanism requires further studies.

Gender flip-flop association between genetic variations of NEDD4L and metabolic syndrome in the Kazakh general population

Genetic variation is thought to contribute to etiology of metabolic syndrome (MS). Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4-like gene (NEDD4L) is a candidate gene for MS. This study investigated the relationship between variations of NEDD4L and MS in the Kazakh, which is an ideal population to study the genetic mechanisms of complex diseases such as MS. We screened the promoter and exons of NEDD4L in 48 Kazakh individuals with MS to identify representative variations. By genotyping the representative variations [271420T>C (rs2288774), 271454A>G (rs2288775), and 296921-296923delTTG] in the Kazakh general population, we conducted a case-control study. In female subjects, the distribution of genotypes and alleles of rs2288775 and 296921-296923delTTG differed significantly between the MS pacients and controls. In male subjects, the genotype distributions of 296921-296923delTTG were significantly different between the MS pacients and controls in the dominant model (P = 0.047). After adjustment for age, smoking, and drinking, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that rs2288775 was significantly associated with MS [for the A/A genotype, odds ratio (OR) = 3.296, P = 0.011] in female subjects. For 296921-296923delTTG, the I/D+D/D genotype was the high-risk genotype for MS in female subjects (OR = 2.791, P = 0.035) and was a protective factor for MS in male subjects (OR = 0.580, P = 0.045). The 296921-296923delTTG variation of NEDD4L is a gender flip-flop associated with MS in Kazakh individuals. The A allele of rs2288775 may be an independent risk factor for MS in Kazakh women. The results suggest that the genetic variations of NEDD4L might be involved in the pathogenesis of MS.

Associated factors with metabolic syndrome in shift workers

This study investigated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its association with demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral factors in shift workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 902 shift workers of both sexes in a poultry processing plant in Southern Brazil. The diagnosis of MS was determined according to the recommendations from “Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome”; and its distribution was evaluated according to the demographic (gender, skin color, age and marital status) socioeconomic (schooling, income and work shift) and behavioral characteristics (smoking, alcohol intake, leisure physical activity, number of meals and sleep duration) of the sample. The multivariate analysis followed a theoretical framework for determining MS on shift workers. The prevalence of MS on the sample was 9.3% (IC95%: 7,4–11,2). The most frequent altered component was waist circumference (RP 48,4; IC95% 45,5–51,2). After adjustment, the prevalence of MS was positively associated with women (RP 2,16; IC95% 1,28–3,64), workers of over 40 years of age (RP 3,90; IC95%: 1,78–8,93) and those who reported sleeping five or less hours per day (RP 1,70; IC95%: 1,09–2,24). On the other hand, MS was negatively correlated with higher educational level (RP 0,55; C 0,29–1,06) and having more than three meals per day (RP 0,43 IC95% 0,26–0,73). Sex, age, educational level, eating habits and duration of sleep appeared as independent risk factors for MS in shift workers. This study was supported by the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq; grants 477069/2009-6 and 478366/2011-6). R. Canuto received a scholarship from the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduated Education (CAPES). M.T.A. Olinto and M.P. Pattussi received research productivity grants from CNPq (grants 304793/2010-8 and 303424/2011-7).

Analysis on risk factors for metabolic syndrome in patients with maintaining hemodialysis

Objective To investigate prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its related factors in patients with maintaining hemodialysis (MHD). Methods A total of 162 cases on MHD in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital during June to December 2010, were enrolled in this study and divided into MS group and non-MS group according to the diagnostic criteria for MS set by the International Diabetes Federation. Anthropometric and blood biochemical characteristics of the two groups were compared with t-test and x2 test Risk factors for MS were explored with binary logistic regression analysis. Results Prevalence of MS was 40. 7% (66/162) . There was significant difference found in body mass index [(24. 2 ±3. 1) vs. (21. 6 ±2. 7) kg/m2], waistline circumference[(93 ±8) vs. (79 ±7)cm] , white blood cell count [(6. 8 ± 1. 5) × 109/L vs. (5. 6 ± 1. 4) × 109/L] , hypersensitive serum C-reactive protein [(7 ± 5)vs. (4 ±3) mg/L], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [(0. 99 ±0. 26)vs. (1.39 ±0.39) mmol/L], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [(2. 5 ± 0. 8) vs. ( 2. 1 ± 0. 7) mmol/L], triglyceride ( TG) [( 2. 1 ±1.1 )vs. (1.3±0.8) mmol/L], fasting blood glucose [(5.9±2. 7)vs. (4.8±1.3) mmol/L], serum level of iron [(16±7)vs. (13 ±5) μmol/L], uric acid [(429±114) vs. (388±88) (μmol/L], and carbon dioxide combining power (CO2CP) [(22 ±4)vs. (23 ±4) mmol/L]between MS group and non-MS group (All P 0.05). Binary logistic regressive analysis revealed that serum level of iron (OR = 1.058,95% CI = 1.001 -1. 119), white blood cell count ( OR = 1. 786,95% CI = 1. 346 - 2.371) and hypersensitive serum C-reactive protein (OR = 1. 101,95% CI = 1.010 - 1.201 ) were independent risk factors for MS in MHD patients. Conclusions Morbidity of MS is high in patients with MHD, involved with inflammation process. Serum level of iron, white blood cell count and hypersensitive serum C-reactive protein are independent risk factors for MS in patients with MHD and no inevitable connection between MS and nutritional status in them is found. Key words: Renal dialysis; Metabolic syndrome X; Risk factor; Inflammation

Metabolic syndrome in chronic kidney disease and renal transplant patients in North India

The cluster of biochemical and clinical abnormalities known as metabolic syndrome (MS) has become a public health problem even in developing countries. Previous studies have shown a graded relationship between MS components and worsening renal function in the general population. The prevalence of MS in non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) and kidney transplant recipients in the North Indian population is unknown. We studied all patients with stable CKD and with renal transplantation attending the nephrology clinic in a large centre in North India over an eight-week period. All transplant patients had stable graft function for 3 months prior to recruitment. MS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2007 guidelines. A total of 252 (155 NDD-CKD and 97 renal transplant recipients) patients were studied. MS was present in 86 (34%) patients. The prevalence of MS was similar in NDD-CKD and transplant patients [60 (39%) vs. 26 (27%), P = 0.052]. Patients with MS were older than those without MS (48 ± 12 years-old vs. 40 ± 14 years-old, P < 0.001) and MS was more common in women than in men (59% vs. 26%, P < 0.001). Female gender was an independent risk factor for MS in this population [adjusted OR 5.25 (95% CI: 2.74-10.06)]. With advancing CKD, the prevalence of MS decreased in the NDD-CKD patients. Impaired glucose tolerance and hypertriglyceridemia were independent predictors of MS. Hypertension was not a predictor of MS in NDD-CKD. In transplant recipients, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and low HDL cholesterol predicted the risk for MS. MS is common in CKD and renal transplant patients in North India. The risk of MS decreases with declining eGFR in CKD patients. Female gender and hypertriglyceridemia independently predict the risk of MS in both NDD-CKD and transplant recipients.

Relationship of different types of abdominal obesity to risk of metabolic syndrome

To explore the relationship of different types of abdominal obesity to risk of metabolic syndrome (MS). Visceral fat area (VA) and substantial fat area (SA) were assessed by CT in 846 patients, 470 males and 376 females, aged 55 +/- 12, who suffered from at least one cardiometabolic risk factor and divided into 4 groups according to their VA and waist circumference (WC): non-obesity, masked visceral fat obesity (VFO), pseudo-VFO, and VFO groups. Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, and lipid profile were also measured. The MS risks of different types of abdominal obesity were compared. The prevalence rate of masked VFO of males was 10.9% (51/470), significantly higher than that of female (4.8%, 18/376). The prevalence rate of MS of the male patients with masked VFO was 43.1%, significantly higher than that of those in non-obesity group (25.0%), and lower than those of the males in the pseudo-VFO group (78.7%) and in the VFO group (88.6%), whereas the MS prevalence rate of the males in the pseudo-VFO group was significantly higher than those in the non-obesity and masked VFO groups. On the other hand, the MS prevalence rate of the female patients with masked VFO was 33.3%, not significantly different from that of the female patients in the non-obesity group (31.2%), but significantly lower than those of the pseudo-VFO and VFO groups (78.7% and 90.9% respectively). The MS prevalence rate of the female pseudo-VFO patients was also significantly higher than those in the non-obesity and masked VFO groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that WC and VA were independent risk factors for MS [OR (95% CI) = 1.13 (1.10-1.17), 1.01 (1.01-1.02), respectively, P < 0.01). Different types of abdominal obesity have important impacts on the risk of metabolic syndrome. Masked VFO, even though with normal WC, and pseudo-VFO have considerably higher cardiometabolic risks.

Weight fluctuations and risk for metabolic syndrome in an adult cohort

Weight gain is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MS). However, it is not known whether weight fluctuations (WF) have a deleterious effect upon MS risk. In the present study, we investigated this association in subjects participating in the SU.VI.MAX cohort. MS status was assessed at baseline (1994/1995) and at the end of follow-up (2001/2002) using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. WF were estimated with four weight measures during follow-up. Odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval (CI)) for incident MS cases was evaluated according to four WF groups (no WF and tertiles of WF) in 3553 middle-aged subjects. The OR (95% CI) for MS was 2.06 (1.20-3.52) for the third WF tertile compared to the first tertile. This association was independent of confounding variables, especially relative weight change during follow-up. Subjects without WF had a 2.72-fold increase (1.64-4.53) for MS risk compared to the first tertile of WF. For MS components taken separately, similar associations were found for raised blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and increased waist circumference. Our results showed that WF was an independent risk factor for MS after 7 years of follow-up. Moreover, subjects without WF were also at risk for MS, due to the highest weight gain during follow-up. These results support the benefits of weight stability and emphasize the importance of weight gain prevention starting from early adulthood.

Overweight, family history of diabetes and attending schools of lower academic grading are independent predictors for metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents

Background: Overweight and metabolic syndrome (MES) are emerging in both adult and paediatric populations. Aims: To study the prevalence of and associated risk factors for the MES, using the National...