Independent Risk Factors For Loss Research Articles

P546 Endoscopic findings related to the long-term response to anti-TNF-α antibody treatment in patients with Crohn's disease

Abstract Background Anti-TNF-α antibody treatment in Crohn's disease patients has been established, but loss of treatment response has become a problem in recent years. No studies have investigated the endoscopic findings related to loss of response particularly in the long-term treatment. In this study, we investigated the endoscopic findings associated with diminished efficacy of anti-TNF-α antibodies in Crohn's disease patients treated over a long period of time. Methods A total of 79 patients with Crohn's disease who were observed for at least 1 year after the anti-TNF-α antibody treatment was initiated at our hospital were included in this study. These patients were stratified into cases with and without loss of response to the anti-TNF-α antibody treatment, and the endoscopic findings were compared between the two groups. A case with loss of response was defined as one in which the dose was increased or the duration of treatment was shortened during the anti-TNF-α antibody treatment or the anti-TNF-α antibody preparation was changed to another due to lack of response to the initial preparation. The findings examined were aphtha, erosion, cobblestone-like mucosa, fistula, multiple ulcer, longitudinal ulcer, and anal lesion. Mann-Whitney's U test, χ2 test, and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis, and differences with p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results The mean observation period for all patients was 85.5 months, and the longest period was 188 months. Of the 79 patients included, 29 met the criteria with loss of response, and 50 did not (loss of response rate 37%). Comparisons between the loss of response group and the no loss of response group by univariate analysis showed that anal lesions (66% vs 42%, p = 0.028), stenosis (75% vs 48%, p = 0.021), and multiple ulcers (82% vs 53%, p = 0.011) were significantly more frequent in the loss of response group. The multivariate analysis on these items identified anal lesions (OR: 3.06, 95% CI 1.04-9.04, p = 0.042) and multiple ulcers (OR: 5.33, 95% CI 1.59-17.9, p = 0.0068) as independent risk factors for loss of response. Conclusion In this study, Crohn's disease patients with endoscopic findings of anal lesions and multiple ulcers were prone to loss of response to the anti-TNF-alpha antibody treatment after long-term administration. This result is considered to be very useful for developing a treatment strategy for patients requiring long-term anti-TNF-α antibody treatment.

Follow-up After Donor Nephrectomy in Living Kidney Donors: How to Manage Living Kidney Donors Postoperatively.

This study investigated the follow-up rate of living kidney donors and explored the factors related to continuous follow-up and remnant renal function, enabling the optimal management of living kidney donors. We retrospectively evaluated 180 living kidney donors who underwent donor nephrectomies at our institute. Clinical information was obtained from medical charts, and remnant renal function was defined as the estimated glomerular filtration rate 12 months after donor nephrectomy. Overall, 6/180 donors (3.3%) were lost to follow-up within a year, and the follow-up rate gradually declined yearly. Independent risk factors for loss to follow-up included a follow-up period <60 months and graft survival of the recipient (p=0.002 and p=0.043, respectively). Recipient survival was correlated with loss to follow-up; however, this was not significant (p=0.051). Regarding remnant renal function, age ≥60 years, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate <74 ml/min/1.73 m2, and a Δsingle-kidney estimated glomerular filtration rate <9.3 ml/min/1.73m2 were independent risk factors for poorly preserved remnant renal function (p=0.036, p<0.0001, and p<0.0001, respectively). Using propensity score matching to adjust for preoperative factors, a Δsingle-kidney estimated glomerular filtration rate <9.3 ml/min/1.73 m2 was the only significant postoperative factor for poorly preserved remnant renal function (p=0.023). An increased 5-year follow-up rate could lead to an increase in long-term follow-up, and recipient prognosis may be correlated with the living kidney donor follow-up status. Furthermore, Δsingle-kidney estimated glomerular filtration rate was identified as a factor for establishing the optimal precision follow-up management of living kidney donors.

Prediabetes is associated with loss of appendicular skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenia.

Decreasing mass and metabolism in skeletal muscle are associated with increasing insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The causal relation between sarcopenia and abnormal glucose metabolism may be bidirectional. This investigation is aimed to explore the detailed correlation between pre-diabetes and sarcopenia in United States (US) adults. A total of 22,482 adults aged ≥20 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. Generalized linear models were conducted to examine associations between diabetes status, serum glucose, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), and sarcopenia. Generalized additive models and smooth fitting curves were used to examine the non-linear relationship between HbA1c and ASMBMI. Sarcopenia was defined as ASMBMI (appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body mass index) < 0.789 for males, and <0.512 for females based on the cut-off values of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project. After fully adjusting for multiple covariates, sarcopenia was directly correlated with pre-diabetes [OR (95%CI) = 1.230 (1.057, 1.431), p = 0.008] and T2DM [OR (95%CI) = 2.106 (1.625, 2.729), p < 0.001]. In non-T2DM population, HbA1c was negatively correlated with ASMBMI [β (95%CI) = -0.009 (-0.013, -0.005), p < 0.001]. The correlations only persisted in males. Furthermore, in male non-T2DM population, the association of HbA1c and ASMBMI presents an inverted U-shape curve with an inflection point of HbA1c 5.2%. Pre-diabetes is associated with increased risk of sarcopenia. HbA1c is an independent risk factor for loss of appendicular skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenia when HbA1c greater than 5.2% in the male non-T2DM population.

Results of Excimer Laser Ablation Combined with Drug-Coated Balloon for Atherosclerotic Obliterans of Lower Extremity and Risk Factors for Loss of Primary Patency

The results of excimer laser ablation (ELA) combining with drug-coated balloon (DCB) in the treatment for atherosclerotic obliterans (ASO) remains unclear. Retrospectively enrolled patients who underwent ELA combined with DCB in two centers. The primary endpoint was primary patency, and secondary endpoints included technical success, procedure-related complications, major-amputation, clinically driven target lesions reintervention (CD-TLR), measurements of ankle-brachial index (ABI), and quality of life (QoL). 102 patients were enrolled. The primary patency was 86.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72.9%-89.0%) at 12 months and 82.6% (95% CI: 78.2%-92.1%) at 24 months. The freedom from reintervention was 87.8% (95% CI: 79.5%-92.9%) at 12 months and 86.6% (95% CI: 78.1%-92.0%) at 24 months. The ABI measurement and QoL were significantly improved at each follow-up point. Sixteen (15.7%) patients lost the primary patency. Patients losing the primary patency demonstrated higher Rutherford class (p = 0.004), worse runoff (p <0.001), higher Peripheral Arterial Calcium Scoring System (PACSS) (p <0.001), and smaller ratio of tube diameter to reference vessel diameter (TD/RVD) (p <0.001) compared with patients without losing it. The run-off ≥7 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 34.3; 95% CI: 2.9-398.3; p = 0.005) and TD/RVD <4.9 (aOR: 24.7; 95% CI: 1.7-359.5; p = 0.019) were independent risk factors for loss of primary patency. ELA combined with DCB seemed an effective and safe treatment for ASO of lower extremity, and it could not only reduce the implantation of stent, but significantly improve QoL. The run-off ≥7 and TD/RVD <4.9 were independent risk factors for loss of primary patency.

Risk factors for loss of reduction following locked plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures in older adults

PurposeTo identify characteristics associated with loss of reduction following open reduction and locked plate fixation (ORIF) of proximal humerus fractures in older adults and determine if loss of reduction affects patient reported outcomes (PROs), range of motion (ROM), and complication rates during the first postoperative year. MethodsPatients >55 years old who underwent proximal humerus ORIF were reviewed. Patient and fracture characteristics were recorded. Fixation characteristics were measured on the initial postoperative AP radiograph including humeral head height (HHH) relative to the greater tuberosity (GT), head shaft angle (HSA), screw-calcar distance, and screw tip-joint surface distance. Loss of reduction was defined as GT displacement >5 mm or HSA displacement >10° on final follow up radiographs. Patient, fracture, and fixation characteristics were tested for association with loss of reduction. Outcomes including ROM, visual analog scale pain and PROMIS scores, and complication/reoperation rates during the first postoperative year were compared between those with or without loss of reduction. ResultsA total of 79 patients were identified, 23 (29.1%) of which had a loss of reduction. Calcar comminution (relative risk [RR]=2.5, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=1.3–5.0, p<0.01), HHH <5 mm above GT (RR=2.0, CI=1.0–3.9, p = 0.048), and screw-calcar distance ≥12 mm (RR=2.1, CI=1.1–4.1, p = 0.03) were risk factors for loss of reduction. Upon multivariate analysis, calcar comminution was determined to be an independent risk factor for loss of reduction (RR=2.4, CI=1.2–4.7, p = 0.01). Loss of reduction led to higher complication (44% vs 13%, p<0.01) and reoperation rates (30% vs 7%, p<0.01), and decreased achievement of satisfactory ROM (>90° active forward flexion, 57% vs 82%, p = 0.02) compared to maintained reduction, but similar PROs. ConclusionsCalcar comminution, decreased HHH, and increased screw-calcar distance are risk factors for loss of reduction following ORIF of proximal humerus fractures. These morphologic and technical factors are important considerations for prolonged reduction maintenance.

Use of Diagnostic CT and Patient Retention in a Lung Cancer Screening Program.

The aims of this study were to assess the rate of subsequent diagnostic chest CT examinations in a lung cancer screening (LCS) program and examine the effect on retention of patients in the program. Patients who underwent LCS CT between June 2011 and August 2018 were included. The occurrence of patients' being subsequently imaged with diagnostic CT versus LCS CT and the effect this had on patients' returning for LCS CT (patient retention) were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate variables associated with undergoing diagnostic CT and risk factors associated with loss of patient retention. Of the 5,912 patients who underwent LCS CT, 2,756 underwent subsequent diagnostic or LCS chest CT. Increasing Lung-RADS® score was more likely to lead to subsequent diagnostic chest CT (P < .0001). A total of 1,240 patients underwent at least three chest CT examinations in the time interval. For the 711 patients whose subsequent CT studies were for LCS, 585 (82%) were retained, whereas of the 529 patients who underwent subsequent diagnostic CT, only 208 (39%) were retained (P < .0001). For the 197 subsequent diagnostic CT examinations performed for pulmonary nodule or screening indications, 81 patients (41%) returned for LCS CT, compared with 498 of 612 patients (81%) who underwent subsequent LCS CT (P < .0001). In multivariable analysis, subsequent diagnostic chest CT and increasing Lung-RADS score were associated with loss of retention. A higher Lung-RADS score is a risk factor for subsequent diagnostic chest CT, and this is an independent risk factor for loss from the LCS program.

Prognostic risk factors for loss of patency after femoropopliteal bailout stenting with dual-component stent: results from the TIGRIS Italian Multicenter Registry.

To identify the risk factors associated with patency loss after bailout stenting with third-generation hybrid heparin-bonded nitinol stent of the femoropopliteal segment. Prospective, multicenter, single-arm registry including 156patients (50females, mean age 72 ± 11years) subjected, from February 2017 to December 2018, to provisional stenting with Gore Tigris vascular stent of the distal superficial femoral artery, with or without involvement of the popliteal artery, in 9 different centers. The 194 lesions, with Rutherford score ≥ 3, were stented in case of recoil, dissection or residual stenosis not responding to percutaneous trans-luminal angioplasty (PTA). The follow-up (FU) was performed with clinical evaluation and duplex ultrasound (DUS) at 1, 6 and 12months. The primary patency rate was 99(95%CI 98-100)% at 1 month, 86(80-92)% at 6 months and 81(74-88)% at-12months. After patency loss, 13/23 (56.5%) patients were re-treated, yielding a primary assisted patency of 91(86-96)% at 6 months and 88(82-94)% at 12 months and a secondary patency of 94(90-98)% at 6 months and 90(84-95)% at 12 months. Rutherford score ≥ 4 (p = 0.03) and previous severe treatments (p = 0.01) were identified as risk factors for early patency loss during FU. The involvement of the popliteal artery was not an independent risk factor for loss of patency. The bailout stenting of the femoropopliteal segment with third-generation nitinol stents is a safe and effective option in case of recoil, dissection or residual stenosis not responding to PTA. Critical limb ischemia and history of previous major treatment at the same level are significant prognostic factors for patency loss during FU.

Continuum of HIV care of newly diagnosed individuals in Israel, 2011-2015: a population-based cohort study.

Our aim was to assess the linkage to care (LTC) and treatment for people newly diagnosed with HIV in Israel during 2011–2015. The Ministry of Health estimated the annual prevalence of undiagnosed HIV; new diagnoses were identified by the Central Virology Laboratory. Only adult Israeli citizens were included. LTC at HIV centers within 90 days of diagnosis was assessed. Demographic and clinical data were collected from patient files. A total of 1538 individuals were diagnosed in 2011–2015. A moderate improvement over time was observed in the calculated proportions of undiagnosed individuals (23.1–17.3%) but no change occurred in LTC rates (82.6–81%). The proportion of diagnosed patients initiating treatment within six months increased from 54.7% in 2011 to 89.7% in 2015, with a parallel increase in the viral suppression rate from 30.5% in 2011 to 59.9% in 2015. Of 1159 patients with detailed records, 79.4% were men, median age 36 years (16–92), median CD4 cell count 342 cells/µl. Younger age, intravenous drug use, and imprisonment were independent risk factors for loss to follow-up. HIV is diagnosed late in Israel and LTC rates remain stagnated; higher awareness is still needed. Once in care, however, treatment and outcomes were in line with international standards.

Elevated Serum Pentosidine and Decreased Serum IGF-I Levels are Associated with Loss of Muscle Mass in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) play important roles in the progression of diabetic complications. Although sarcopenia is recently recognized as another complication associated with diabetes mellitus, its mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum levels of pentosidine, which is one of AGEs, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) vs. skeletal muscle mass by whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 133 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Relative skeletal muscle mass index (RSMI) was calculated by following formula; appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by height in meters squared. Simple correlation analyses showed that serum pentosidine levels were significantly and negatively correlated with muscle mass of legs (r=-0.21, p=0.017) and RSMI (r=-0.18, p=0.022), and that IGF-I was significantly and positively correlated with muscle mass of arms and legs (r=0.23, p=0.008 and r=0.30, p=0.001, respectively) as well as RSMI (r=0.20, p=0.022). Moreover, after adjusting for age, duration of diabetes, serum creatinine, HbA1c, and IGF-I, pentosidine was significantly and negatively associated with RSMI (β=-0.27, p=0.018) and marginally with muscle mass of legs (β=-0.18, p=0.071). The associations between IGF-I and indices of muscle mass such as arms, legs and RSMI were still significant after additional adjustment for pentosidine (p=0.016, 0.019 and 0.021, respectively). These findings indicate that increased serum pentosidine and decreased IGF-I are independent risk factors for loss of muscle mass in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

Thrombophilia and Arteriovenous Fistula Survival in ESRD

The role of thrombophilia in failing arteriovenous fistula (AVF) among patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis is not established. This study aimed to assess whether AVF primary patency is associated with thrombophilia and coagulation abnormalities. This observational study screened 219 patients between 2002 and 2004 for thrombophilia before AVF surgery. Thrombophilia included factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations, protein C and antithrombin activities, and protein S. Coagulation abnormalities included high factor VIII:C, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and d-dimer levels; presence of antiphospholipid antibodies; and short thrombin time. We reviewed patient charts for comorbid conditions, AVF maturation and interventions, kidney transplantation, and patient survival (mean follow-up duration, 3.6 [range, 2.3-5.8] years). Primary patency from the AVF placement and functional primary patency from the first AVF cannulation were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Thrombophilia was present in 9% of the patients, and coagulation abnormalities occurred in 77%. One-year primary patency was 68%; 46% of the AVF failures occurred before the initiation of hemodialysis. Female sex (hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-4.1) and thrombophilia (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.2) were independent risk factors for loss of primary patency. Thrombophilia mutations or low antithrombin level (HR, 3.8), female sex (HR, 2.5), and diabetes (HR, 1.9) were associated with shortened functional primary patency of AVF. Against the background of frequent coagulation abnormalities, thrombophilia and female sex predispose patients with ESRD to access failure, mostly due to thrombosis or stenosis.

Increased influx of myeloid dendritic cells during acute rejection is associated with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy and predicts poor outcome

Dendritic cells are key players in renal allograft rejection and have been identified as an intrinsic part of the kidney. Here we quantified and phenotyped the dendritic cell populations in well-defined biopsies of 102 patients with acute renal allograft rejection in comparison with 78 available pretransplant biopsies. There was a strong increase in BDCA-1(+) and DC-SIGN(+) myeloid, BDCA-2(+) plasmacytoid, and DC-LAMP(+) mature dendritic cells in rejection biopsies compared with the corresponding pretransplant tissue. Mature dendritic cells were mostly found in clusters of lymphoid infiltrate and showed a strong correlation with the Banff infiltrate score. The presence of both myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell subsets in the kidney during acute rejection correlated with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Importantly, the myeloid dendritic cell density at the time of acute rejection was an independent risk factor for loss of renal function after the first year. Thus, acute renal allograft rejection is characterized by an influx of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, strongly associated with local damage in the graft. Hence, the density of myeloid dendritic cells during acute rejection could be an important risk factor for the long-term development of chronic changes and loss of graft function.

Full Metal Jacket Stenting of the Superficial Femoral Artery: A Retrospective Review

The technique of long segment stenting of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) has been associated with poorer short- and long-term results. The full metal jacket (FMJ) stenting is typically described as long segment continuous stenting of a vessel segment. Initially, this technique was described in percutaneous coronary interventions. However, until recently, FMJ of the SFA has not been studied. We examined our experience with FMJ of the SFA to evaluate the outcomes and the safety of this technique. Retrospective data were gathered for peripheral angioplasties and stenting for the period between January 2005 and December 2008. The cases involving FMJ stenting of the SFA were identified by angiographic findings and the operative dictations providing the stent data. Selective FMJ stenting of the SFA was performed for the residual stenosis after balloon angioplasty of the SFA because of either dissection or significant recoil. The cases with concomitant iliac artery angioplasty and/or stenting were excluded from the data set for analysis. The variables for the evaluation were primary patency rate, mortality rate, and limb salvage rate, which were stratified on the basis of the risk factors. A total of 63 cases involving FMJ stenting of the SFA were identified from the database of 707 patients who had peripheral endovascular interventions between January 2005 and December 2008. Average age of the patients was 70 years (range: 52-104 years, SD: 10.1 years). There were no transatlantic inter-society consensus (TASC) A lesions, 11% (7/63) of the lesions were TASC B, 68% (43/63) were TASC C, and 21% (13/63) were TASC D. The median primary patency rate was 9 months (95% CI: 5.06-12.94). The mortality rate was 4% at 6-month follow-up. The limb salvage rate was 85.7%. In all, 65% (41/63) of the patients were claudicants, whereas 23% (15/63) had intervention for some form of tissue loss (ischemic ulcer, gangrene). Associated infrapopliteal intervention was performed in 15.9% of the patients. Average creatinine level was 1.67 (range: 0.7-10.9, SD: 2.03) and 49% (31/63) of the patients had diabetes. The average 6-month patency rate was 55% (SD: 0.5). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes (OR: 0.33, p = 0.044, 95% CI: 0.11-0.97) and a creatinine level of ≥1.6 (OR: 0.16, p = 0.038, 95% CI: 0.03-0.9) were the independent risk factors for loss of patency in <6 months. Our experience suggests promising results for the technique of FMJ of the SFA and also that further examination of the technique is warranted.

Loss of Bone Mineral Density in Renal Transplantation Recipients

Aim This study investigated the prevalence and contributing factors of loss of bone mineral density after renal transplantation among Turkish patients. Patients and Methods The study included 70 subjects, namely 50 males and 20 females of overall mean age of 36.94 ± 10.09 years. We measured femoral neck mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). A T score above −1 was defined as a normal bone mineral density compared with T scores of −1.0 to −2.5 or below −2.5 which were defined as either osteopenia or osteoporosis, respectively. Results At a median duration of 23 months after renal transplantation, osteopenia or osteoporosis was observed among 30 (42.9%) or 30 (42.9%) of the 70 patients, respectively. The mean body mass index (BMI) value was significantly higher among the normal than the osteoporotic group: 27.59 ± 4.66 kg/m 2 vs 24.18 ± 3.57 kg/m 2, respectively. However, no significant differences occurred in terms of BMI among the other groups. The amount of proteinuria was significantly lower in the normal than the osteopenic or osteoporotic group: (12.5 (range, 10.0–20.0); 105.0 (10.0–2800.0) or 215.5 (10.0–1880.0) mg/d ( P = .001 and .004, respectively). In contrast, there was no significant difference between the amounts of proteinuria displayed by the osteopenic group and the osteoporotic group ( P < .05)]. These patient groups showed no difference in age, gender, donor source, cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), pretransplant dialysis modality, duration of dialysis, use of a vitamin D preparation, immunosuppressive regimen, posttransplantation period, levels of iPTH or 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 (25OH vit D), exposure to tacrolimus or cyclosporine (CyA), calcium × phosphate product, serum albumin and hemoglobin content, creatinine clearance, or serum bicarbonate concentrations ( P > .05). The T scores of the femoral neck correlated with BMI (r: 0.415; P = .001), 25OH vit D level (r: 0.268, P = .026), creatinine clearance (r: 0.273, P = .022), and serum glucose level (r: 0.349, P = .003). It inversely correlated with the amount of proteinuria (r: −0.263, P = .028), serum alkaline phosphatase level (r: −0.329, P = .005), and serum magnesium concentration (r: −0.252, P = .035). Upon multivariate analysis, BMI and 25OH vit D level were observed to be independent risk factors for loss of femoral mineral density. Conclusion Loss of bone mineral density is a common complication that correlates with low BMI values and decreased 25OH vit D levels as major risk factors for this problem.

Changes in Employment Status in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients during Their First Year of Dialysis

To assess employment status in new end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients at the start of dialysis and after 1 year, and to determine whether demographic and clinical variables and physical and psychosocial functioning at the start of dialysis are risk factors for loss of employment after 1 year of dialysis. Prospective follow-up study in which 38 of 48 Dutch dialysis centers participate. 659 patients who had started on dialysis and who were between 18 and 65 years old were included. Patients were re-examined after 12 months. Demographic data, physical and psychosocial functioning with the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and data on employment status were obtained using questionnaires. Nephrologists provided the clinical data. At the start of dialysis, 35% of patients were employed, in contrast to 61% of the general Dutch population. Within 1 year, the proportion of employed patients decreased from 31% to 25% of hemodialysis patients, and from 48% to 40% of peritoneal dialysis patients. In patients who were working at the start of dialysis, independent risk factors for loss of work within 1 year were impaired physical and psychosocial functioning [odds ratio physical: 3.4, 95% confidence interval (% CI), 1.0-11.2; odds ratio psychosocial: 4.2, 95% CI, 1.2-14.2]. As the percentage of employed patients at the start of dialysis is about half the expected percentage, loss of work is an important issue in both predialysis and dialysis patients. Improvements in physical and psychosocial functioning are potentially preventive of loss of work in patients who are employed when they start dialysis.

Tetanus immunity in patients with hematological malignancies.

The aim of this study was to investigate long-term immunity to tetanus toxoid among patients with hematological disease who had been treated with conventional doses of chemotherapy. Altogether 206 patients with different hematological malignancies were included in the study. There were marked differences between the rates of seronegativity against tetanus, varying from 20% to 70% in different groups of study patients. We found that 21 of 80 (36%) patients with AML, 45 of 80 (56%) with ALL, 12 of 22 (54%) with lymphoma, 4 of 13 (31%) with myeloma and 2 of 11 (18%) with CML were not immune to tetanus. In a multivariate logistic regression model increasing age (P = 0.0001), lymphoid malignancy (P = 0.0005) and advanced disease stage (P = 0.0001) were independent risk factors for loss of tetanus immunity in patients with hematological malignancies.

Coffee Drinking: A Minor Risk Factor for Bone Loss and Fractures

The influence of coffee drinking as a possible risk factor for loss of bone mass was assessed in a cohort of 619 70-year-old men and women who were examined with dual photon absorptiometry of the right calcaneum. A high consumption of coffee was significantly associated with a lower bone mass, deteriorated dental state, lower socio-economic level and a higher consumption of tobacco. In non-smoking women a bivariate relationship was found between the daily consumption of three or more cups of coffee and a low bone mass (p less than 0.01). However, in a stepwise logistic regression model, only tobacco smoking, body mass index, body height, physical activity and a deteriorated dental state were found to be significant predictive factors for a low bone mineral content. Bone mass and tobacco smoking were the only significant predictive factors for fractures before the ages of 70 and 76 years. Coffee drinking was not a contributory independent risk factor for loss of bone mass and fractures in this population study.