Independent Pole Research Articles

EAEU Role in the Evolution of Multipolar Structure in World Politics

The global political system is undergoing a transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world. Scientific discussions are underway regarding the emergence or formation of new poles in the world, including the potential development of a pole through the integration structure of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Attention is focused on the changing conditions of the global economy and their influence on the development strategies of regional integration associations. The necessity to adapt the development strategies of the EAEU to new trends, including the shift in the economic paradigm and the reassessment of the role of integration process participants, is argued.Aim. To justify strategies and approaches to building an economic pole based on the EAEU.Tasks. Examining various theoretical approaches to the concept of multipolarity, poles, and centers of power. Investigating interpretations of global and regional leadership. Analyzing the concept of regional leadership considering the role of the EAEU as an important element of the new world political and global economic system.Methods. Comparative analysis of vectors and development strategies of regional integration associations. The civilizational approach illuminates not only the key economic and political aspects of regional leadership but also the cultural and civilizational factors of regional integration. The deductive method and synthesis allowed for the formulation of new approaches to understanding the economic component of the EAEU pole.Results. It has been established that one of the possible and most effective ways to form the economic component of the EAEU pole is to consider the formation of a new technological paradigm in the Union’s development strategy amidst the transformation and transition to a new economic paradigm.Conclusions. Framing the EAEU as an independent pole, based on the concept of changing economic paradigms, implies a rethinking or establishment of institutions based on principles of non-discrimination, mutual respect for sovereignty and national interests, as well as the establishment of mutually beneficial relations with other states. Such an approach to pole-building is a key step in transitioning to the sixth technological paradigm.

Algebraic-differential equations of a nonlinear pass-through quadripole

A method of forming algebraic-differential equations of a nonlinear pass-through active quadripole, which connect its independent pole currents and independent polar voltages, is proposed. The difficulty of the analysis lies in the fact that some of both internal and external unknowns may be under the symbol of differentiation. The common differential equations of the system of internal and external currents and voltages act as starting information for this formation. The method is demonstrated on two cases of the formation of corresponding algebraic-differential equations of systems as formed by nonlinear two-port elements. The analysis is significantly simplified in the case of internal D-degeneracies of the system or purely resistive circuits.

Complex eigenenergy of the giant dipole resonance forO16by the Jost function within the random-phase approximation framework

The Jost function method is extended within the framework of the random phase approximation (RPA) theory to find poles on the complex energy plane that exhibit complex RPA eigenenergies. Poles corresponding to the RPA excited states such as the giant resonance of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ electric dipole excitations were successfully found on the complex energy plane. Although the giant resonance has been known as a single resonance with large strength and width, it is found that, at least within the RPA framework, the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ electric dipole giant resonance is formed by multiple poles, each of which is an independent pole with different widths, origins, response properties to residual interactions, and components structures of the density fluctuation.

Differential equations of a nonlinear multipolar element

A method for forming nonlinear diffe­rential equations of a multipololar element, which connect its independent pole currents and independent polar voltages, is proposed. The difficulty of the analysis is that some of the internal and external unknowns may be under the symbol of differentiation. The starting infor­mation for this formation is the common differential equations of the system of internal and external currents and voltages. The method is demonstrated on the case of formation of the corresponding differential equations of the system as such that is formed by bipolar elements. The analysis is significantly simplified in the presence of internal D-dege­nerations of the system or resistive circuits.

Development of a Generalized Scaled-Down Realistic Substation Laboratory Model for Smart Grid Research and Education

This paper introduces a physical scaled-down realistic substation laboratory model development for translational research and education in smart grids. The development of a substation panel with four 3-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> feeders of 415 V, 65 A rating is described in detail. The developed substation model can be configured to realize seven widely used substation bus bar arrangements. A programmable logic controller (PLC) is used to create interlock mechanisms for mimicking the actual substation operation practices. Provision is made to realize the gang and independent pole operation of circuit breakers, the manual and remote modes of operation, and different types of current transformer arrangements. The substation panel can host up to 10 commercial IEDs, and multiple substation panels can be cascaded to form a bigger station using the master-slave configuration of PLCs. All the potential transformer and current transformer measurements, circuit breaker, isolator, and earth switch status signals are made available for connecting field devices. The developed substation model can be used for advanced research on substation automation using IEC61850, validation of new protection strategies, implementation and testing of new algorithms (such as topology processing, state estimation) for energy management systems (EMS) like how they get implemented in the field.

High-Performance Multi-Stage CMOS OTA Design Using Differential Block as Compensation Network

This work presents an effective and straightforward frequency compensation scheme in CMOS three-stage amplifiers. Using a differential block in the compensation network, the proposed circuit shows independent and large first dominant pole regarding the DC gain path. The presented three-stage architecture is frequency-compensated just by a single Miller capacitor. Mathematical analysis is presented along with ample simulations that are performed using TSMC 0.18-[Formula: see text]m CMOS technology. According to the results, the proposed circuit shows DC gain equal to 118[Formula: see text]dB, GBW equal to 466[Formula: see text]MHz, PM equal to 74.3∘ and 1.2[Formula: see text]mW as power consumption, respectively. The high values of DC gain and GBW make the proposed amplifier appropriate for more speedy operations such as high-speed modulators and data converters.

Religion as Politics, Religion as Culture: Ideologization and De-Ideologization of the Literature Field after the 1979 Revolution in Iran

ABSTRACT The 1979 revolution in Iran led to the establishment of a political system based on Shi’a Islam ideology which imposed on the cultural field various dichotomies, such as religious/infidel. Under such influences, the particularities of the category of the ‘secular’ writer in Iran have been undermined in the literature. In an attempt to fill such a gap, this article assumes an analytic distinction between religion as ideology, and religion as a complex heritage, inspired by the notion of post-Islamist liberation theology proposed by Hamid Dabashi. This notion suggests that internalized dichotomies such as Islam and the West should be overcome, and religious tradition should surpass its role as a de-historicized anti-western ideology. In doing so, I have discussed how the ideologization of the literature field during the 1980s led to the gradual reconstruction of religion as culture within the independent pole of writers. While religion as ideology maintained its rigid principles, by the end of the 1990s, religion as culture has refashioned itself among the independent religious and secular writers. I have argued that the links between Iranian secular writers and the religious tradition are far beyond mere opposition and criticism, and concern political, aesthetical, and philosophical aspects.

Spectral properties of local gauge invariant composite operators in the SU(2) Yang\u2013Mills\u2013Higgs model

The spectral properties of a set of local gauge (BRST) invariant composite operators are investigated in the SU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs model with a single Higgs field in the fundamental representation, quantized in the ’t Hooft R_{xi }-gauge. These operators can be thought of as a BRST invariant version of the elementary fields of the theory, the Higgs and gauge fields, with which they share a gauge independent pole mass. The two-point correlation functions of both BRST invariant composite operators and elementary fields, as well as their spectral functions, are investigated at one-loop order. It is shown that the spectral functions of the elementary fields suffer from a strong unphysical dependence from the gauge parameter xi , and can even exhibit positivity violating behaviour. In contrast, the BRST invariant local operators exhibit a well defined positive spectral density.

Flux Error Function Based Controlled Switching Method for Minimizing Inrush Current in 3-Phase Transformer

Energization of the transformer leads to large magnetizing current called inrush current. It results in reduction in transformer life, reduction in circuit breaker life, and power quality issues in the system. For low and medium voltage level systems in generation and distribution, usually, gang operated circuit breakers are employed, which do not allow independent pole operation. This makes controlled switching more challenging in such systems. This paper proposes a controlled switching technique to minimize the inrush currents for a 3-phase transformer using gang operated circuit breaker. Optimum points for controlled closing and opening are obtained from a flux error function calculated from residual and prospective fluxes of the transformer. Practical challenges due to error in voltage measurements, variation in mechanical closing time, transients in flux, etc. and their solutions are also discussed in this paper. The proposed technique is validated by Controller Hardware-In-Loop (CHIL) test and a scaled-down laboratory test on 5 kVA, 210/400 V, Delta-Star transformer. In both cases, the inrush current is limited to 1pu, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Furthermore, a field test is carried out on a 500 kVA, 6.6 kV/433 V, Delta-Star distribution transformer to confirm the viability of the developed switching technique.

Improvement of protection relay with a single phase autore-closing mechanism based on artificial neural network

This paper presents a developed logical tripping scheme to improve conventional protection performance. Adaptive single pole auto reclosure (ASPAR) system is proposed that considers, automatically tripping and reclosing of a multi-shot independent pole technique of a circuit breaker at a predetermined sequence, which can be used to boost the synchronization of the power grid under the transient fault conditions. Moreover, the ASPAR can be utilized to enhance the electrical system stability and reliability at the same operating conditions. Based on the three-phase system, the Artificial neural network (ANN) in this work has been done in order to diagnose and detect healthy and faulted phases. The proposed ANN fault classifier method consists of the logic gates, router circuits, timers, and positive and negative sequence analyses circuit. In addition, it is used to give the ability to recognize a fault type, which by training on the sequence angle values and coordination of the transmission line. Three-phase overhead transmission line including the proposed ASPAR is built in MATLA \SIMULINK environment. Thus the performance ANN-fault classified is tested under different fault conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed ASPAR based on ANN is accurate and well performance. Whereas resultant tripping and reclosing signals of ASPAR are successfully provided that enhances the circuit breaker mechanism under these operating condition.

Enhanced Independent Pole Control of Hybrid MMC-HVdc System

This paper presents an enhanced independent pole control scheme for hybrid modular multilevel converter based on a full-bridge submodule and half-bridge submodule. A detailed analysis of the power distribution between upper and lower arms under asymmetrical dc pole voltages is presented. It is found that the fundamental ac currents in the upper and lower arms are asymmetrical. To enable operation under asymmetrical dc pole voltages, an enhanced independent pole control scheme is proposed. The controller is composed of two dc control loops, two ac control loops, and circulating current suppression control based on current injection. Six modulation indices are presented to independently control the upper and lower arms. With this controller, the dc voltage operating region is significantly extended. To ride through a pole-to-ground dc fault without bringing dc bias at the neutral point of the interface transformer, a pole-to-ground dc fault ride through strategy is proposed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme are verified by simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC.

Probabilistic Assessment and Evaluation of Transients in a Medium-Voltage Three-Phase Capacitor Bank Energized by Unsynchronized Vacuum Switchgears

This paper presents a case study of a medium-voltage three-phase capacitor bank (CB) energization, based on an unsynchronized switching scheme using three independent pole vacuum switches simultaneously commanded. The motivations are cost reduction and simplification of the switching scheme. The maximum current and voltage peaks during transients caused by connection of CB with three independent pole switches or a three-phase mechanically coupled switch are compared. A probabilistic assessment for the overcurrents and overvoltages based on Monte Carlo simulation is also performed. The obtained results show that three single-phase unsynchronized switches could be used in a CB, with good transitory response.

Electric grid hardening and resiliency: part II, real-time modelling and simulation

This paper addresses and provides methodologies for use of real-time simulators in hardening existing or designing new robust transmission systems. Authors' methodology focuses on modelling and simulation of a system in two time domains to include “steady state” of the system when the transients from the system equipment have settled and to include “electromagnetic transients” that are present in relays, transformers, transmission lines, and generators when the transmission system is exposed to fault energy. Planning for robust electric grids using dynamic models and real-time response of equipment to system disturbances are addressed. Modelling and simulation of electromagnetic dynamics of static VAR compensator (SVC) and protective relays under independent pole operation (IPO) are described as examples of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation performed at University of New Orleans Power and Energy Research Laboratory. They present modelling of transmission lines, transformers, generators, and relays for HIL simulation of existing or new electric grids for improving robustness – hardening – and resiliency of the grid. While the methodology and removal of technical barriers in modelling for real-time simulation are tested on small-scale test systems and on part of the real-size electric grid in the Gulf Coast region, it may be implemented for studying other power systems.

Electric Grid Hardening and Resiliency: Part I, Resiliency and Safety

Part I of the article summarizes research findings used for electric grid resiliency and safety. Resiliency and safety aspects of the grid, appearing as two sections of Part I are based on development of algorithms using grid topology in steady-state mode of operation and provide information for designing a more robust, efficient system while ensuring safety. Planning for robust grids using dynamic models and real-time response of equipment to system disturbances is addressed in Part II as an independent complementary sequel to Part I. In this article, grid resiliency is defined by reduction of the load down-time in Gulf Coast states, and it is improved by implementing the results from studying the system response to impact of tropical storms on the transmission system. Grid safety is measured by correctly identifying fault locations on transmission lines in Gulf Coast states and by providing guidelines for safely deenergising the faulted transmission lines. While the authors' main focus in Part I is on the use of steady-state system topology and modelling, the authors will use system dynamics and real-time modelling and simulation of Independent Pole Operation addressing dynamic aspects of robust system planning for power flow improvement in Part II of the article. The work presented in Part I and Part II of the article is performed at the Entergy-UNO Power and Energy Research Laboratory (PERL) at the University of New Orleans.

Two Concepts of Liberty: U.S. Cold War Grand Strategies and the Liberal Tradition

Contrary to conventional accounts, the United States did not immediately adopt a set of sweeping commitments to Europe after World War II. Instead, it pursued a buck-passing strategy until the early 1960s that sought to craft Western Europe into an independent pole of power capable of balancing the Soviet Union largely without the assistance of the United States, thereby facilitating the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the continent. Only under President John F. Kennedy did the United States adopt a balancing strategy, making permanent forward commitments to the defense of Europe. A new theory of liberal ideas and foreign policy explains this shift. “Negative liberals,” who see freedom in terms of opportunity and minimal state intervention, adopted a buck-passing strategy to pass the costs of foreign policy to other actors and minimize state intrusion at home. “Positive liberals,” who see freedom as the exercise of capabilities and often welcome state intervention, had no such compunctions. Starting with Kennedy, positive liberals welcomed firmer balancing commitments in part as a measure to protect the liberal regimes that had emerged in Western Europe after World War II.

RENORMALIZATION-GROUP ANATOMY OF TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM DEPENDENT PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS IN QCD

The ultraviolet and rapidity divergences of transverse-momentum dependent parton distribution functions with lightlike and transverse gauge links is studied, also incorporating a soft eikonal factor. We find that in the light-cone gauge with q--independent pole prescriptions extra divergences appear which amount, at one-loop, to a cusp-like anomalous-dimension. We show that such contributions are absent when the Mandelstam-Leibbrandt prescription is used. In the first case, the soft factor cancels the anomalous dimension defect, while in the second case its ultraviolet-divergent part reduces to unity.

New technological trends in high-voltage power circuit breakers

This article introduces a comprehensive survey on new trends in high-voltage (HV) power circuit breakers (CBs) technology. Applying the new puffer and the self-blast technologies, the ratings of SF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> CBs have reached upto 1,100 kV, 80 kA, and 50 GVA, which is the world's largest gas insulated switchgear (GIS), with independent pole operation and utilizing the advantages of external composite insulators. Several new vacuum arc control technologies are discussed. New generations of controlled intelligent switching devices that implement new power electronic actuating devices are introduced. Finally, superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) are introduced. SFCLs have two main properties: current limitation capability and ultra high-speed operation. SFCLS could be a key technology for future power systems engineering

The China Factor in the U.S.-Japan Alliance: The Myth of a China Threat

This paper argues that “China threat” was largely a myth and that the China factor was not the critical factor leading to the re-affirmation process of the U.S.-Japan alliance in the mid-1990s. It took the 1994 Korean crisis for this to materialize. The China factor was important only as a general background, and the role of the U.S.-Japan alliance in dealing with the rise of China was implicit, remaining in the domain of managing shifting major power relations after the Cold War rather than being directed against the myth of a “China threat.” The paper also argues that preoccupation with Japan as an independent security pole is an important source of confusion about the nature of Japan's security policies and its profile therein, which, as before, will continue to be premised on the U.S.-Japan alliance. It explains actual records of Japanese security behaviors as a series of attempts to cope with the dual identity as a security actor. Japan's readjustment to the post-Cold War security environment, founded upon the re-affirmation of the U.S.-Japan alliance, was a clear case in point.

Point-on-wave capacitor switching and adjustable speed drives

In principle, capacitor switching disturbances can be eliminated by closing individual breaker poles when the gap voltage is zero. In practice random variations in pole timing, and prestrikes due to finite closing speed, limit the reduction possible. A real time digital simulator was configured with a commercial circuit breaker controller to study what levels can be achieved using typical independent pole breakers. It was found that disturbances reaching 1.7 pu with random timing can be easily reduced to 1.3 pu, sufficient to prevent trips on a 460-V adjustable speed drive. The study also reviewed resonance in a customer-owned capacitor bank, raising disturbances on random switching to 2.8 pu. Here a reduction to 1.3 pu is difficult to achieve through timing of existing breakers.

2 Pallas: 1982 and 3 lightcurves and a new pole solution

Photoelectric lightcurves of asteroid 2 Pallas obtained in March 1982 and May 1983 display amplitudes of 0.04 and 0.10 magnitude respectively. The latter lightcurve shows that Pallas was at a V(1,0) magnitude of 4.51 ± 0.02 when it occulted 1 Vulpeculae on May 29 1983. A least-squares best fit to an amplitude-aspect relation for all available lightcurve observations of Pallas between 1951 and 1983 yields two solutions for its pole position: λ = 200, β = 40 and λ = 220, β = 15, where the uncertainty regions corresponds to an overall estimate of ± degrees. Use of phase angle bisector coordinates (A. W. Harris, J. W. Young, F. Scaltriti, and V. Zappalà (1984) Icarus 57, 251–258) gave lower residuals than geocentric coordinates. The (220,15) pole position is favored since it is in very good agreement with an independent pole solution obtained by photometric astrometry (J. V. Lambert 1983 personal communication). This pole position implies that the latitude of the sub-Earth point at the time of the occultation was 22 degrees.