Independent Np Research Articles

Molybdate Complexes of Np(V) with NpO2+ : MoO42– = 1 : 2 and Na+ Cations in the Outer Sphere

Two molybdate complexes of Np(V) with Na+ cations in the outer sphere and NpO2+ : MoO42– = 1 : 2 of compositions Na6[(NpO2)2(MoO4)4]·2H2O (I) and Na6[(NpO2)2(MoO4)4]·5H2O (II) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Two crystallographically independent Np(V) atoms have in both structures a coordination environment in the form of pentagonal bipyramids, the equatorial plane of which are formed by oxygen atoms of MoO42– anions. Each structure has four independent MoO42– anions, two of which are tridentate bridging and two are bidentate-bridging. The structure of I has a layered structure and in structure of II, the main structural motif is the anionic skeleton resulting from the inclusion into the composition of the compound a greater number of water molecules as compared with compound I.

Noun phrase complement in Nigerian English

The present study investigates the structure of of-complement noun phrase in Nigerian English, comparing findings with those of British and Ghanaian varieties. Of-complement is high in frequency and is a typical complement that has structural tendencies for recursiveness and complexity. A review of literature explicating the structural simplification hypothesis (Gorlach, 1998) suggests that the structure of-complement (or any other type) has received very little attention. Perhaps such scanty works show the different arguments surrounding its syntactic and theoretical status in different grammatical descriptions. Unlike many previous NP frameworks, Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2004) argued that complements are not only a syntactic element within the NP structure, but also that they are of equal obligatory syntactic status as a head noun within an NP. This framework, unlike many others, therefore conceptualizes the complement slot as an important part in the scheme of things for an NP structure viz-a-viz its complexity. Thus, a serious examination of NP complexity would consider the cooperation (relationship) between a complement and the other syntactic elements constituting the NP structure. This is one of many issues that the present study sheds light on. On the basis of variables representing syntactic function and text type, together with corpus analyses of NPs extracted from the Nigerian component of International Corpus of English (ICE), the structural behavior of of-complement in the lights of other internal elements constituting an NP structure, is clearly shown. It is found that a complement is less likely to co-occur with other all internal elements (20%). Also, it is shown that an of-complement is likely to co-occur with prenominal elements (30%). Furthermore, the paper shows that a structural type of of-complement representing h-complement (i.e. an NP structure consisting of a head noun + a complement, see Huddleston & Pullum, 2002, 2004, and Akinlotan & Housen, 2017) is more likely to occur (26%) as an independent NP structure than to co-occur with postnominal elements (24%). The structural simplification hypothesis is manifested in our corpus data, as it is found out that a complement is more likely to be simple-structured (54%) than complex-structured (46%). On the predictive strength of syntactic function and text type (Biber et al., 1999; Schilk & Schuab, 2016; Akinlotan, 2017), the study finds syntactic function a better predictor than text type.

Synthesis and Structure of the Np(VII) Complex with Guanidinium, Li[C(NH2)3]2[NpO4(OH)2]·6H2O

The previously unknown Np(VII) compound Li[C(NH2)3]2[NpO4(OH)2]·6H2O (I), containing organic cations, was synthesized and studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In contrast to the relatively numerous structurally characterized salts of [NpO4(OH)2]3– anions with Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ cations, which were prepared only from strongly alkaline media, crystals of I were isolated from solutions with a very low concentration of OH– ions (about 0.1 M). The compound is relatively stable in storage in the dry form, but is strongly hygroscopic. In the structure of I, there are two independent Np(VII) atoms with the oxygen surrounding in the form of tetragonal bipyramids. In contrast to the other salts of the [NpO4(OH)2]3– anions with singlecharged alkali metal cations, the C(NH2) 3 + ions and hydrated Li+ ions in I interact with the oxygen surrounding of Np(VII) only via hydrogen bonds of types Ow–H···O and N–H···O with the formation of a three-dimensional H-bond network.

New data on Np(VII) compounds with Co(NH3) 6 3+ . Crystal structure of [Co(NH3)6]3[NpO4(OH)2]3·4H2O and refinement of the structure of [Co(NH3)6][NpO4(OH)2]·2H2O

The structure and properties of the needle-like phase of crystalline compounds of the general composition Co(NH3)6NpO5·nH2O, precipitated from alkaline Np(VII) solutions with [Co(NH3)6]3+ ions, were studied. The needle-like phase under the layer of the mother liquor is unstable and transforms into a platelike phase identified as [Co(NH3)6][NpO4(OH)2]·2H2O (1). In the structure of 1, all the Np atoms are equivalent, but the Mossbauer spectrum recorded at a liquid helium temperature revealed the presence of two nonequivalent Np atoms. The isolated needle-like phase, according to single crystal X-ray diffraction data, at 100 K has the composition [Co(NH3)6]3[NpO4(OH)2]3·4H2O (2). In the structure of 2, there are two crystallographically independent Np(VII) atoms. The Np(1) atom is in the inversion center, and the Np(2) atom occupies a general position. The structure of 1 was additionally refined, and the structures of 1 and 2 were compared. Both compounds have a similar structure, but the structure of 2 is less ordered, and the formation of both structures is influenced by hydrogen bonds involving water molecules and [NpO4(OH)2]3– ions. In the structure of 1, hydrogen bonds of type O–H···O form a three-dimensional network. In the structure of 2, the O–H···O hydrogen bonds are weaker and form a two-dimensional network. In the structure of 1, there are two water molecules per [NpO4(OH)2]3– anion, and in the structure of 2, 4/3 water molecules. Needle-like phase 2 in contact with solutions transforms into stable platelike phase 1 with dense packing and a three-dimensional system of hydrogen bonds. The size of needle-like crystals increases, and the rate of their transformation into platelike crystals decreases with increasing alkali concentration and decreasing temperature. The influence of the experiment conditions on the interaction of Np(VII) with [Co(NH3)6]3+ ions in weakly alkaline (0.05–0.15 M) solutions was also studied. The precipitates formed are characterized by the ratio [NpO4(OH)2]3–: [Co(NH3)6]3+ = 2: 1 and are identified as the known compound LiCo(NH3)6Np2O8(OH)2·2H2O.

6. Does Independent NP Scope of Practice Improve Medication Adherence, Reduce Costs, and Reduce Prices for Primary Care Visits?

This study examines the effect of independent scope of practice (SOP) for nurse practitioners on medication adherence, costs of care, and prices for primary care visits.

Synthesis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and spectral properties of the double cesium neptunium nitrite Cs3[NpO2(NO2)4] and thiocyanate Cs4[NpO2(NCS)5]·2.5H2O

The structure and spectral properties of the Np(V) nitrite and thiocyanate complexes Cs3[NpO2· (NO2)4] and Cs4[NpO2(NCS)5]·2.5H2O were studied. In the structure of Cs3[NpO2(NO2)4], two independent Np atoms occupy special positions and have similar oxygen surrounding in the form of hexagonal bipyramids. The equatorial planes of the bipyramids are formed by the oxygen atoms of four independent nitrite ions, two of which are bonded in the monodentate fashion and two, in the bidentate fashion. There are three independent Cs atoms in the structure; their coordination surrounding is constituted by the O atoms of NpO 2 + cations and NO 2 - anions. The Cs(1) atom has the coordination surrounding in the form of a 9-vertex polyhedron; Cs(2), in the form of a 10-vertex polyhedron; and Cs(3), in the form of an 8-vertex polyhedron. In the structure of Cs4[NpO2(NCS)5]·2.5H2O, the Np atom has the coordination surrounding in the form of a pentagonal bipyramid with the equatorial plane formed by the nitrogen atoms of five independent NCS– ions. There are four independent Cs cations in the structure; their coordination surrounding is constituted by the O, N, C, and S atoms. The surrounding of the Cs(1), Cs(2), Cs(3), and Cs(4) atoms can be described as 11-, 14-, 12-, and 9-vertex polyhedra, respectively. The IR and electronic absorption spectra of the compounds are presented.

Synthesis and structure of crystalline complexes of Np(V) with isophthalic acid. Cation-cation interaction in the compounds [(NpO2)2(C6H4(COO)2)(H2O)]·H2O and M[(NpO2)(C6H4(COO)2)]·2.5H2O, M = [H3O], [NH4], and [C(NH2)3

New Np(V) isophthalate complexes of the compositions [(NpO2)2(C6H4(COO)2)(H2O)]·H2O (I) and M[(NpO2)(C6H4(COO)2)]·nH2O, where M = [H3O] (IIa), [NH4] (IIb), and [C(NH2)3] (IIc), were synthesized and studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Cation-cation interaction was revealed in their structure. In the structure of I, each of three nonequivalent NpO2 groups is a bidentate ligand and simultaneously coordinates two adjacent neptunyl(V) ions to form “square” cationic networks. The cationic networks in the crystal are linked by bridging [C6H4(COO)2]2− anions exhibiting the coordination capacity equal to 5. Three independent Np atoms are characterized by different shapes of the coordination polyhedron (CP): hexagonal, pentagonal, and tetragonal bipyramids. Tetrameric cationic complexes in which each NpO2 group is a monodentate ligand and a coordination center for the adjacent group are formed in the structure of II. The cationic complexes are linked by the bridging [C6H4(COO)2]2− anions whose coordination capacity is 4; the CPs of the Np atoms are pentagonal bipyramids. In the structure of II, replacement of relatively small outer-sphere hydroxonium and ammonium cations by guanidinium cation does not alter the overall structural motif of the crystal.

Cation-cation interaction in the double Th(IV)/Np(V) nitrate [H3O][Th2(NpO2)3(H2O)9(NO3)12]·2H2O

A new double Th(IV)/Np(V) nitrate, [H3O][Th2(NpO2)3(H2O)9(NO3)12]·2H2O, was isolated in the crystalline form and studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Two independent Np atoms in the structure have the coordination polyhedra (CPs) in the form of pentagonal bipyramids with “yl” O atoms in the apical vertices. The equatorial plane of the Np(1) CP is constituted by the O atoms of the bidentate nitrate ion, two water molecules, and “yl” O atom of the adjacent Np(2)O2 group. The equatorial plane of the Np(2) CP is constituted by five water molecules disordered over two positions. The coordination surrounding of the Th4+ cation is formed by the O atoms of five bidentate nitrate ions disordered over two positions and the O atoms of two Np(1)O2 groups; the coordination number of the Th(1) atom is 12. Mixed-element cation-cation (CC) interaction of types NpO 2 + iTh4+ and NpO 2 + iNpO 2 + is observed in the structure. It leads to the formation of corrugated cationic networks. The CC interaction in the crystal is the main structure-forming factor. The hydroxonium ions [H3O]+, coordinated water molecules, and water molecules of crystallization are proton donors in hydrogen bonding. The three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds additionally stabilizes the crystal packing.

Cation-cation interaction in mixed-valent An(IV)/Np(V) tribromoacetates [An(NpO2)(H2O)3(CBr3COO)5]·CBr3COOH·nH2O, An = Th(IV), Np(IV)

The structure of new mixed-valent An(IV)/Np(V) compounds [An(NpO2)(H2O)3(CBr3COO)5]·CBr3COOH·nH2O, where An(IV) = Th and Np, was studied. Two independent Np(V) atoms have the coordination surrounding in the form of pentagonal bipyramids with the O atoms of NpO 2 + dioxocations in apical positions; the equatorial planes of the bipyramids are constituted by the O atoms of five CBr3COO− ions. Two independent An(IV) atoms have the oxygen surrounding in the form of distorted tricapped trigonal prisms (CN = 9) constituted by the O atoms of four CBr3COO− ions, two NpO 2 + cations, and three water molecules. Eight of ten independent CBr3COO− anions link the An4+ and NpO 2 + cations in the bidentate bridging fashion into electrically neutral chains [An(NpO2)(H2O)3(CBr3COO)5]n, and two CBr3COO− anions interact with two independent NpO 2 + dioxocations in the monodentate fashion. CBr3COOH and water molecules are located between the layers. In the [An(NpO2)(H2O)3(CBr3COO)5]n chains, NpO 2 + cations alternate with An4+ cations, and mixed-valent An(IV)/Np(V) cation-cation interaction arises, in which each NpO 2 + cation acts as a bidentate ligand and An4+ acts as coordination center for two dioxocations. [Th(NpO2)(H2O)3(CBr3COO)5]·CBr3COOH·2H2O is the first example of a Th(IV) compound in which cation-cation bonds with the NpO 2 + ions are present.

Crystal structure of the Np(IV) compound [Np(DMSO)7(NO3)](ClO4)3 (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide)

The Np(IV) complex [Np(DMSO)7(NO3)](ClO4)3 was synthesized and studied by single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The crystal structure contains three crystallographically independent formula units. The complex cations [Np(DMSO)7(NO3)]3+ contain bidentate chelate nitrate ions and DMSO molecules coordinated to the Np atom via O atom. The coordination polyhedra (CPs) of the two crystallographically independent Np atoms can be described as base-monocapped tetragonal antiprisms, whereas the CP of the third crystallographically independent Np atom should be described as a trigonal prism tricapped at lateral faces. In contrast to many other structures of dimethyl sulfoxide complexes of actinide and lanthanide perchlorates, the DMSO molecules and perchlorate ions in the structure under consideration show no disordering.

Overcoming State Hurdles to Independent NP Practice

Overcoming State Hurdles to Independent NP Practice

Histamine 2 receptor mediates IL-4-dependent class switching to IgE in B cells (65.5)

Abstract Histamine is a critical mediator of allergic disease and signals through four receptors. We recently showed that histamine 2 receptor (H2R) is essential for IL-4 mediated eosinophil recruitment and that H2R deficient mice are protected from allergic airway inflammation. Additionally, we observed an inability to generate IgE in these mice. This was not due to a sensitization defect, since the mice are capable of generating antigen specific IgG1. However, the functions of H2R on B cells are unclear. Here we show that H2R is not required for B cell development and proliferation and that H2R deficient mice are capable of generating antibodies to the T independent antigens NP FICOLL and NP LPS. However, H2R deficient B cells were unable to class-switch to IgE in vitro. This was further characterized by an absence of epsilon specific post-switch transcripts in H2R deficient B cells. The upregulation of CD23 in response to IL-4 was also impaired in H2R deficient B cells. STAT6 phosphorylation in IL-4 treated B cells from H2R deficient mice was also reduced. These findings suggest that histamine is vital in permitting IL-4 signaling to mediate STAT6 phosphorylation and for the switch to IgE that occurs in B cells.

Neptunium Thiophosphate Chemistry: Intermediate Behavior between Uranium and Plutonium

Black crystals of Np(PS(4)), Np(P(2)S(6))(2), K(11)Np(7)(PS(4))(13), and Rb(11)Np(7)(PS(4))(13) have been synthesized by the reactions of Np, P(2)S(5), and S at 1173 and 973 K; Np, K(2)S, P, and S at 773 K; and Np, Rb(2)S(3), P, and S at 823 K, respectively. The structures of these compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Np(PS(4)) adopts a three-dimensional structure with Np atoms coordinated to eight S atoms from four bidentate PS(4)(3-) ligands in a distorted square antiprismatic arrangement. Np(PS(4)) is isostructural to Ln(PS(4)) (Ln = La-Nd, Sm, Gd-Er). The structure of Np(P(2)S(6))(2) is constructed from three interpenetrating diamond-type frameworks with Np atoms coordinated to eight S atoms from four bidentate P(2)S(6)(2-) ligands in a distorted square antiprismatic geometry. The centrosymmetric P(2)S(6)(2-) anion comprises two PS(2) groups connected by two bridging S centers. Np(P(2)S(6))(2) is isostructural to U(P(2)S(6))(2). A(11)Np(7)(PS(4))(13) (A = K, Rb) adopts a three-dimensional channel structure built from interlocking [Np(7)(PS(4))(13)](11-)-screw helices with A cations residing in the channels. The structure of A(11)Np(7)(PS(4))(13) includes four crystallographically independent Np atoms. Three are connected to eight S atoms in bicapped trigonal prisms. The other Np atom is connected to nine S atoms in a tricapped trigonal prism. A(11)Np(7)(PS(4))(13) is isostructural to A(11)U(7)(PS(4))(13). From Np-S bond distances and charge-balance, we infer that Np is trivalent in Np(PS(4)) and tetravalent in Np(P(2)S(6))(2) and A(11)Np(7)(PS(4))(13). Np exhibits a behavior intermediate between U and Pu in its thiophosphate chemistry.

The Role of Animacy in Teiwa and Abui (Papuan)

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Structures of 1-(Arylseleninyl)naphthalenes: O, G, and Y Dependences in 8-G-1-[p-YC6H4Se(O)]C10H6

Structures of 8-G-1-[p-YC6H4Se(O)]C10H6 [1 (G = H), 2 (G = F), 3 (G = Cl), and 4 (G = Br): Y = H, OMe, OCH2Ph, t-Bu, Me, Cl, and NO2] and (1-C10H7)2SeO (5) are investigated by the X-ray crystallographic analysis. Structures of 1 are all A with regard to the naphthyl group (1 (A)), where the Se-C(Ar) and Se-O bonds are perpendicular to and parallel to the naphthyl plane, respectively. Those of 2-4 are also A. Since structures of 8-G-1-(p-YC6H4Se)C10H6 [7 (G = F), 8 (G = Cl), and 9 (G = Br)] are all B, the results exhibit that B of 7-9 change dramatically to A of 2-4 with the introduction of O atoms. The factor to determine the A structures of 1-4 by O is called O dependence. The origin of the O dependence is the nonbonded np(O)- - -pi(Nap) interaction, which results in CT from np(O) to pi(Nap) since O in 1-4 is highly electron rich due to the polar Se+=O- bond and pi(Nap) acts as an acceptor. There are two types of np(O)'s, npy(O) and npz(O), if the directions of the Se-O bond and the p-orbitals of pi(Nap) are taken in the x- and z-axes, respectively. Double but independent np(O)- - -pi(Nap) interactions in 5 lead to 5 (AA). The conformation of the p-YC6H4Se group in 1 changes depending on Y (Y dependence), although the effect is not strong. The Y dependence is explained on the basis of the magnitude of CT of the np(O)-->pi(Ar) type in 1, in addition to the np(O)- - -pi(Nap) interaction. The structure around the Se=O group in 1 is close to that of 5 (AA), if the accepting ability of the p-YC6H4Se group is similar to that of the naphthyl group. A of 2-4 are further stabilized by the np(G)- - -sigma(Se-O) 3c-4e interactions, which are called G dependence. QC calculations performed on the methyl analogues of 1-4 (11-14, respectively) reproduced the observed structures, supported the above discussion, and revealed the energy profiles. The energy-lowering effect of the O dependence would be close to the G dependence of the nonbonded n(Br)- - -sigma(Se-O) 3c-4e interaction in 14 if the steric repulsion between Br and Se is contained in the G dependence. The value is roughly predicted as 20 kJ mol(-1). The structures of 1-5 are well explained by O, G, and Y dependences.

Crystal structure of a double Np(V) ammonium propionate, NH4[(NpO2)3(C2H5COO)4(H2O)]·3H2O

The structure of NH4[(NpO2)3(C2H5COO)4(H2O)]·3H2O was studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The single crystals were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. In the structure, there are three crystallographically independent Np atoms with different equatorial surrounding. All of them have CN 7; the coordination polyhedron is a distorted pentagonal bipyramid. Each NpO 2 + cation is bonded to four other cations, acting simultaneously as a bidentate ligand and a coordination center for two other dioxocations. The cation-cation interactions result in formation of trigonal-hexagonal cationic networks.

Neptunium(VI) Chromate Complex with 1,2-Diammoniopropane {H3NCH2CH(NH3)CH3}[(NpO2)2(CrO4)3(H2O)] · 3H2O: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties

New neptunium(VI) complex {H3NCH2CH(NH3)CH3}[(NpO2)2(CrO4)3(H2O)] · 3H2O is synthesized; its crystal structure is determined and IR and near-IR absorption spectra are recorded. The crystallographic data are: a = 10.805(2) A, b = 11.238(2) A, c = 17.615(8) A, space group P212121, Z = 4, V = 2139(1) A3, R = 0.051, wR(F2) = 0.109. The crystal structure of the compound is built of the anionic layers of [(NpO2)2(CrO4)3(H2O)]2n– n . The {H3NCH2CH(NH3)CH3}2+ cations and crystallization water molecules are arranged between the layers. Coordination polyhedron of two crystallographically independent Np atoms has the shape of a pentagonal bipyramid. The equatorial plane in one Np polyhedron is formed by the oxygen atoms of four chromate ions and water molecule and by the oxygen atoms of five chromate ions in the other one.

Synchrotron radiation study of neptunium phosphide

NpP orders at ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\sim}120\mathrm{K}$ into an incommensurate longitudinal antiferromagnetic structure and becomes commensurate with $\mathbf{k}=〈\frac{1}{3}00〉$ at ${T}_{\mathrm{com}}=70\mathrm{K}$ with a first-order phase transition. We have examined the magnetic phase diagram with resonant x-ray magnetic scattering (RXMS) on a single crystal of NpP with the photon energy tuned to the Np ${M}_{4}$ edge at 3.846 keV. A number of phases are present just above ${T}_{\mathrm{com}}$ but in the lower 3+, 3- phase a single peak is observed, together with a tetragonal distortion. Our study is in agreement with earlier neutron work, but the increased wave vector resolution with RXMS gives more details. A satellite at $2k$ was observed below ${T}_{\mathrm{com}}$ in the unrotated $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ polarization channel with a strong dependence on the incident photon energy. A model for this is proposed by considering small differences in the charge distribution around the two independent Np sites in the commensurate 3+, 3- phase, and is consistent with the observation by M\"ossbauer spectroscopy of two different electric quadrupole moments in this temperature range. However, to determine the origin of this signal its intensity as a function of the azimuthal angle must be determined.

Direct reconstruction of isosinglet amplitudes for nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering

The direct reconstruction of the isospin I = 0 amplitudes is discussed under the assumption that the I = 1 amplitudes are known and that a sufficient number of independent np observables have been measured at a centre-of-mass angle θ. We show that at least one observable measured at angle π — θ is necessary in order to determine the I = 0 amplitudes, including the phase relative to the I = 1 amplitudes. Special cases at θ = 0, π/2 and π are also discussed.

Detached NPs in Japanese conversation: Types and functions

Speakers segment their utterances into intonation units, the majority of which are substantive units which convey ideas of events, states, or referents (Chafe 1993, 1994). This paper analyzes NPs which constitute independent phrasal intonation units, one syntactic type of substantive units occurring in informal Japanese conversation between sixteen pairs of same-sex friends. More specifically, the study explores the types and discourse functions of independent NP intonation units that are detached from the clausal structure which codes some cognized event or state. It is argued that Japanese conversation manifests five types of detached NPs, and these five types have important functions. That is, while the detached NPs which occur in conversational interaction are often treated as fragments of discourse or performance errors, they are indeed an important phenomenon, worthy of study. The existence of the detached NPs, although not directly concerned with the core task of conversation, i.e., communication of propositional content, is important discourse functionally, and it can be explained in terms of discourse communicative, interactional, and information flow-related motivations