Independent Means Research Articles

Competing at Altitude Reduces In-Match Physical Demands of Professional Soccer Players Compared With Sea Level.

This study examined whether physical demands during soccer matches differ between sea level and altitude, considering variations by playing position. Thirty-seven professional players were monitored during 22 matches (11 at sea level and 11 at altitudes of 2200-4090m) with global navigation satellite systems. Independent mean differences were used to compare in-match physical demands (ie,total distance, distance covered at specific speed intervals, accelerations [ACCs] and decelerations [DECs], and maximal speed) between locations for 5 playing positions (central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards). At altitude, players covered shorter total distances (P < .001) and less distance in the 14.4- to 19.8-km/h(P < .001), 19.8- to 25.2-km/h (P < .001), and >25.2-km/h (P < .001) speed ranges. They also performed fewer ACCs (2.0-3.5m/s2, P < .001; 3.5-6.0m/s2, P < .001) and DECs (-3.5 to -2m/s2, P < .001; -6.0 to -3.5m/s2, P < .001) and achieved lower maximal speeds (P < .001). The impact of altitude varied by position: Central midfielders showed reduced performance in all variables, while central defenders (distance > 25.2km/h, ACCs [2.0 and 3.5m/s2], DECs [-3.5 and -2.0m/s2], and maximal speed), fullbacks (distance > 25.2km/h, ACCs, and DECs [-3.5 and -2.0m/s2]), and forwards (distances [total, 19.8-25.2km/h, and >25.2km/h] and ACCs [-3.5 and -6.0m/s2]) presented unclear differences (P > .05) between locations. Our study highlights the importance of considering playing positions when assessing the in-match activity profiles of sea-level resident soccer players competing at moderate to high altitudes.

Effect of differentiated instruction on primary EFL students’ writing performance and perception: The case of grade 7 students in Hawassa city, Ethiopia

This study examined the effect of Differentiated Instruction (DI) on Grade 7 students' writing performance and their perception towards the instruction. To this end, a quasi-experimental design with a mixed methods approach was employed. The study focused on readiness level among the other potential student characteristics that need to be taken into account for instruction differentiation. The study was conducted at Tabor Elementary School in Sidama Regional State of Ethiopia. A total of 82 elementary level students were subjects of the study. Data were gathered through writing test, perception scale questionnaire and interview and analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Independent Sample t-test, mean and standard deviation were used toanalyze the data. The results showed that the students in the experimental group exhibited higher score when compared with those in the comparison group. Furthermore, the participants’ perception towards differentiated instruction approach is shown to be positive.

Integrated testing and modelling of substructures using full-field imaging and data fusion

A new integrated testing and modelling paradigm based on full-field imaging and finite element (FE) analysis that utilises full-field data fusion is proposed for structural evaluation and model validation at substructure level. The approach is developed for the assessment of a composite wind turbine blade (WTB) substructure subjected to multiaxial loading, mimicking in-service conditions, using a new reconfigurable loading rig. A steel mock-up equivalent to the WTB substructure was used to demonstrate the new experimental, numerical, full-field imaging, and data fusion approaches. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) were used to obtain the complex load response of the substructure. Strains and displacements derived from DIC were fused with numerical predictions obtained using a FE-based stereo-DIC simulator, which provided unparalleled like-for-like data comparisons. A numerical FEA solution for TSA was also obtained that accounts for heat transfer and allowed an independent means of structural evaluation. The challenges of deploying full-field imaging on the substructure scale are highlighted alongside procedures for mitigating multiple deleterious effects that are concatenated in large structures testing. It is demonstrated that high quality and fidelity experimental data can be obtained and fused with numerical models to provide a comprehensive and quantitative structural assessment at the substructure scale. It is shown that the proposed full-field data fusion efficiently reveals uncertainties in both the models and experiments. The work provides important steps to support virtual testing at higher length scales and their integration into the design, development, and certification programs of next generation, high-performance structures.

Quotient Network-A Network Similar to ResNet but Learning Quotients

The emergence of ResNet provides a powerful tool for training extremely deep networks. The core idea behind it is to change the learning goals of the network. It no longer learns new features from scratch but learns the difference between the target and existing features. However, the difference between the two kinds of features does not have an independent and clear meaning, and the amount of learning is based on the absolute rather than the relative difference, which is sensitive to the size of existing features. We propose a new network that perfectly solves these two problems while still having the advantages of ResNet. Specifically, it chooses to learn the quotient of the target features with the existing features, so we call it the quotient network. In order to enable this network to learn successfully and achieve higher performance, we propose some design rules for this network so that it can be trained efficiently and achieve better performance than ResNet. Experiments on the CIFAR10, CIFAR100, and SVHN datasets prove that this network can stably achieve considerable improvements over ResNet by simply making tiny corresponding changes to the original ResNet network without adding new parameters.

Work-family conflict and job stress as predictors of quality of work-life among nurses

This study investigated predictors of quality of work life among nurses in Ipokia Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted to collect data using the Quality of Life Scale, Work-Family Conflict Scale, and Job Stress Scale. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 182 nurses (Females: 123; Males: 59). Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, t-test of independent mean, and one-way analysis of variance. Three hypotheses were generated and tested at a 0.001 level of significance. The result revealed that work-family conflict and job stress jointly predicted the quality of work-life among nurses [R2 = 286, F (2,181) = 37.648, p = .002). Also, job stress independently predicted the quality of work-life among nurses (β = .543, p = .001). However, work-family conflict did not independently predict the quality of work-life among nurses (β =-.001, p &gt;.05). It was concluded that work-family conflict was a significant factor when combined with job stress but not an independent predictor of quality of work-life among nurses. Therefore, the Chief Medical Director and Human Resource Department of hospitals should monitor the stress levels of their nurses to ensure continuous productivity and avoid unnecessary breakdown of nurses at Work and home.

Multiple meaning as a kind of iterative repetition in the Yakut language

The purpose of the article is to determine the semantic structure and features of the functioning of the means of expressing the proper multiple meaning as one of the subtypes of iterative repetition in the Yakut language. The object of the study is the semantics of an accurate or inaccurate quantitative account of situations. The subject of study is the so-called circumstances of multiplicity or counting complex. Based on the material of the Yakut language, the author, following I. B. Dolinina, adheres to the proposed terminology and suggests considering such cases of repeatability as an independent particular meaning of the iterative type of multiplicity. The main attention in identifying the semantic varieties of this meaning is paid to the use of such quantification features as certainty/uncertainty of the amount of repeatability and its limitation/unlimited. Depending on the correlation of these signs and the intensity of their manifestation, a list of representatives for each of them is determined. The main research method is functional–semantic, which uses the approach "from semantics to its formal expression" when describing linguistic material. Textual examples in the Yakut language are given using the method of morphemic glossing. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the systematization of the means of expression and the allocation of varieties of the actual multiple meaning, which had not previously become the subject of special research in Yakut linguistics. During the analysis of the functioning of adverbs with the semantics of multiplicity or counting, the methods of formation of representatives characteristic of each of the three subtypes of the actual multiple meaning (affixal, by reduplication and combination with the countable element "togul") were established. As an additional conclusion, we can cite the revealed dependence of the definition of the value in question on the temporal form of the predicate (statements with circumstances of multiplicity with a predicate in the form of the present-future and imperfect acquire habitual semantics). The theoretical significance of the results of this study is determined by the contribution to the study of the functional and semantic category of the aspectuality of the Yakut language, and may also be of interest for comparative and typological work in this field. Their practical significance is related to the possibility of their application in lexicographic and translation practice.

Searching the InSight Seismic Data for Mars’s Background-Free Oscillations

Abstract Mars’s atmosphere has theoretically been predicted to be strong enough to continuously excite Mars’s background-free oscillations, potentially providing an independent means of verifying radial seismic body-wave models of Mars determined from marsquakes and meteorite impacts recorded during the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport (InSight) mission. To extract the background-free oscillations, we processed and analyzed the continuous seismic data, consisting of 966 Sols (a Sol is equivalent to a Martian day), collected by the Mars InSight mission using both automated and manual deglitching schemes to remove nonseismic disturbances. We then computed 1-Sol-long autocorrelations for the entire data set and stacked these to enhance any normal-mode peaks present in the spectrum. We find that while peaks in the stacked spectrum in the 2–4 mHz frequency band align with predictions based on seismic body-wave models and appear to be consistent across the different processing and stacking methods applied, unambiguous detection of atmosphere-induced free oscillations in the Martian seismic data nevertheless remains difficult. This possibly relates to the limited number of Sols of data that stack coherently and the continued presence of glitch-related signal that affects the seismic data across the normal-mode frequency range (∼1–10 mHz). Improved deglitching schemes may allow for clearer detection and identification in the future.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in randomised controlled trials for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

Abstract Introduction ESC guidelines recognise the under use of disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments. These include CAMPHOR, PAH-SYMPACT, Emphasis-10 and Living with Pulmonary Hypertension (LPH). Patients highly value HRQoL as a treatment outcome in PAH. This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate HRQoL instruments and outcomes in RCTs in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Purpose To evaluate which PAH-RCT interventions improve HRQoL outcomes and compare the suitability of HRQoL instruments used. Method We searched MEDLINE (Jan 1970 to Dec 2023) and Cochrane Library from Jan 1990 to Dec 2023 (EMBASE, CT.gov, ICTRP, CINAHL) for RCTs in PAH. Abstracts and unpublished studies were excluded and PRISMA reporting structure followed. Trials meeting final selection criteria included HRQoL instruments sufficiently powered to detect a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Effective sample sizes were calculated in GPower3.1 from a two independent means model for 80% power, 5% significance, one-tailed test. Meta-analysis was performed in SPSSv28.1. Full search criteria are registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024484021). Results After removal of duplicates, 896 records were screened, 43 studies included a HRQoL endpoint. 8 studies were included in the meta-analysis after exclusion for insufficient data (n=10) or power (n=25). 3 of these did not meet the MCID (&amp;gt;33m) for six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and evaluated separately to discriminate accuracy of HRQoL instrument. Instruments available for comparison were Short Form-36(SF-36), EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) and Living with Pulmonary Hypertension (LPH). Studies not reaching MCID for 6MWD also showed no change in HRQoL (figure 1). Ambrisentan and exercise training demonstrate a significant improvement (p&amp;lt;0.05) in SF-36 physical(P) component (figure 2). This component was anchored to determine 6MWD MCID; other HRQoL values responded variably. Utility weighting to account for geographical variation was not reported with EQ-5D-5L and SF-36 in multicentre studies however AIR 2002 (Iloprost) was significant for both EQ-5D-5L instruments. The total component score of the disease-specific LPH was more sensitive to functional improvements and overall change in HRQoL compared to EQ-5D-5L (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion Fewer than 10% of all RCTs in PAH have adequately considered a HRQoL outcome measure. 8 RCTs were powered to assess HRQoL. Iloprost, ambrisentan, riociguat and exercise training interventions demonstrate significant improvement in HRQoL. LPH was the only PAH-instrument powered to detect change. LPH was more sensitive to HRQoL than generic instruments and is multidimensional. Geographical indexing should be considered for generic instruments such as EQ-5D-5L and SF-36 in multicentre trials. As a highly valued outcome for patients, future studies should prioritise HRQoL as an endpoint.Figure 1Figure 2

Constituent power and independence movements: On the founding and foundation of political orders and the meaning of political independence

This paper links the debates on constituent power and European independence movements in order to develop a theoretically compelling and empirically grounded conception of constituent power, as well as to assess in how far constituent power contributes to the meaning of political independence. In its first part, it builds upon recent republican contributions to the debates on corporate, joint and collective agency and argues that, even on individualist grounds, constituent power can convincingly be understood as a surplus of collective agency that corporate agency cannot encompass. In the second part of the paper, these preliminary theoretical considerations are confronted with the debates about Scotland's constitutional future and the 2014 independence referendum. This examination suggests further differentiation, but also facilitates insights into the interplay of the constituent power of the people with corporate forms of agency, as well as into changes of constituent peoples. In the final part, the paper inverts the perspective of inquiry to show that, once one is conscious of the complex relation between popular sovereignty and sovereignty that conceptions of corporate and collective agency help us to grasp, constituent power also proves to be an element of a compelling political conception of political independence.

Advantages, disadvantages and optimization of organ-sparing methods for uterine fibroids treatment

Introduction. Uterine fibroids (UF) are benign monoclonal hormone-depended tumors originating from smooth myocytes of cervix or body uterus affecting up to 29 % of women aged 15–45 years worldwide. Taking into account the current demographic situation and annually increasing tendency for pregnancy planning at older reproductive age, an organ-sparing strategy is becoming a first-priority approach for UF treatment.Aim: to investigate efficiency of selective progesterone receptors modulators (SPRM) for UF treatment in women of reproductive age.Materials and Methods. A prospective cohort study involved 40 patients with UF at average age of 39.3 ± 5.8 years. Using simple randomization, the patients were divided into 2 groups per 20 women in each. The average age of the patients was comparable and comprised 38.15 ± 5.65 and 40.5 ± 5.8 years in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.203). In both groups, after assessing liver function tests in accordance with the instructions, a treatment course with SPRM group drug (ulipristal acetate) was used at a daily dose of 5 mg for 84 days (one course) with an interval until the onset of second menstruation after drug withdrawal. Group 1 and group 2 received 2 and 3 therapy courses, respectively. After each course, patients underwent control ultrasound examinations (UE) by analyzing uterus volume and diameter of dominant myomatous node along with liver tests. A temporal quantitation of the difference between UF and dominant node two sizes as well as the maximum uterine volume size and effect size assessment was expressed as the difference of means (Δ) with a 95 % confidence interval (CI).Results. Based on UE data, the uterus size in group 1 was enlarged to an average of 129.49 ± 75.57 cm3, the maximum size of dominant node was 38.90 ± 17.38 mm; in group 2, the uterus was as large as 294.83 ± 161.37 cm3 with maximum size of the dominant node of 53.33 ± 25.48 mm. After therapy in group 1, dominant node size significantly regressed: after therapy course 1 an effect size of quantitated difference between UF two sizes and the dominant node (Δ) was 8.70 (4.11; 13.29) mm (p &lt; 0.001). After therapy course 2 vs. therapy course 1, a size stabilization (Δ) was noted comprising 1.00 (–1.39; 3.39) mm (p = 0.390); the total effect (Δ) was 9.67 (–14.59; –4.75) mm (p &lt; 0.001). In group 2, after therapy course 1, the dominant node also regressed, with effect size (Δ) of 9.49 (7.08; 11.89) mm (p = 0.001). The effect (Δ) after therapy course 2 vs. therapy course 1 in group 2 was more prominent reaching 10.74 (5.86; 15.61) mm (p = 0.001). However, after therapy course 3, a larger node size was observed compared to therapy course 2 – (Δ) 8.25 (0.67; 15.83) mm (p = 0.329). Despite the lack of pronounced negative dynamics, based on medical indications 9 patients in group 2 underwent uterine artery embolization to prevent disease relapse.Conclusion. SPRM therapy can be used both as an independent means for UF therapy and in combination with surgical interventions. Such an approach allows for some women to become pregnant without preceding myomectomy, whereas for those approaching age-related menopause to avoid surgical treatment and gently enter natural postmenopause. Currently, conservative and surgical treatment methods for leiomyomas should complement each other to achieve the best clinical outcomes.

Back to Kahneman

Abstract This paper examines Daniel Kahneman's concept of experienced utility and its roots in Bentham's hedonic utilitarianism. It focuses on Kahneman's call for a ‘separate value judgement’ to determine when experienced utility can be used to evaluate temporally extended outcomes (TEOs). Two potential judgements are proposed: comprehensiveness and personal independence. Comprehensiveness means that the measurement of utility captures all relevant aspects of instant utility. Personal independence means that the TEO is fully independent of other TEOs with which it might be combined (or ‘concatenated’). I argue that identifying TEOs meeting these criteria may be challenging, possibly restricting the applicability of experienced utility. I conclude by considering the implications for behavioural science's quest for an unambiguous, measurable operationalisation of utility.

ABOUT THE WORKS "KOFIYA" AND "SHARHI MULLO"

The article also emphasizes that Jami comes with verbal prepositions, the scientist fully explains the form of verbal prepositions, places of their application, the meanings of prepositions that require one form or another. This scientific article analyzes the following issues: In the work "Al-Favoidu-z-Ziyoiyya" by Abdurahman Jami, known as "Sharhi Mullo", the main feature of the verb is that it belongs to one of the three tenses, expressing an independent meaning. In particular, Abdurahman Jami's chapter on "verbs" includes past and present forms, imperative forms, transitive and intransitive verbs, passive pronouns, a number of meaningful verbs expressing suspicion and (reliable) knowledge (or thinking and calculation), auxiliary verbs, verbs actions expressing closeness, verbs expressing admiration, verbs of praise and insults. It is widely noted that the scholar does not limit himself to providing general information about these verbs, but clearly and accurately interprets the functions and meanings of each verb in this category, expresses their relationship and classifies them separately. The article is devoted to the unique style of Abdurahman Jami, especially his desire for originality. For example, a scientist thinks deeply, clearly expressing the essence, structure, (etymology) of words, grammatical rules. As a result of the study, the article emphasizes that no other complete works of classical Arabic linguistics have been found, which indicates the high scientific significance of the work "Al-Fawaidu-z-Ziyoyya". The results of the study will serve as a resource for those interested in classical Arabic.

국회의 입법권과 권력통제

The legislative power is responsible for establishing the norms necessary for national life, but it also fulfills a power-control function that allows it to control other constitutional institutions. However, the legislative power functions in different ways depending on the distribution of seats in the National Assembly. If the ruling party has a majority of seats, the executive branch is more likely to use legislation to implement its policies. In the opposite case, the legislative power can be used to control the executive power. Since the inauguration of the current government, the president and the National Assembly have been in serious confrontation and conflict. The National Assembly is pushing for its own legislation, and the president is responding by vetoing bills. The ruling party and the executive branch have also been using decree amendments instead of legislative amendments to create legal grounds. The National Assembly, the people's representative body, has the power to legislate, so it should control administrative legislation and enhance the democratization of administrative legislation. Ideally, the executive branch should enact appropriate administrative legislation based on its expertise and experience in law enforcement, but there are cases of administrative legislation based on administrative convenience or enforcement decrees that go beyond the intent of the parent law. There are also institutional limitations that prevent effective control through notification under Article 98(2)(3) of the existing National Assembly Act. Therefore, it is necessary to control inappropriate administrative legislation by supplementing the existing system. It is undesirable to create executive orders that directly violate the intent of the legislation and neutralize the legislation. The president's power to veto bills has inherent limitations and should be used sparingly. However, whether legal controls are available is another matter. Even if a president abuses his veto power, it is not easy to determine that it constitutes an impeachable offense. Similarly, the National Assembly can override the president's veto through a second reading, so there is a limit to the possibility of judging presidential and parliamentary authority disputes. It is also worth considering defining the limits of presidential veto power in future constitutional amendments. The National Assembly has joint fiscal authority with the executive branch, so a bill that requires the government to spend more than a certain amount of money for a certain reason is not necessarily unconstitutional because it infringes on the government's right to budget. However, the majority party should be cautious about enacting earmarks unilaterally. Congress should avoid pushing legislation that accelerates the deficit. Although impeachment by the National Assembly is part of the impeachment process, it should be recognized as an independent means of state control as it has a separate legal effect. Therefore, the National Assembly should explicitly define the constitutional or legal violations that constitute grounds for impeachment and strengthen the investigative powers of the Judicial Affairs Committee to ensure that the right to impeach becomes a clear state control power.

TIC 441725813: A new bright hybrid hot B subdwarf pulsator with differential core versus envelope rotation

Context. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) performs high-precision photometry over almost the whole sky primarily in search of exoplanet transits. It also provides exquisite data to study stellar variability, in particular for pulsating hot B subdwarf (sdB) stars. Aims. We present a detailed analysis of a new hybrid (p- and g-mode) sdB pulsator, TIC 441725813 (TYC 4427-1021-1), discovered and monitored by TESS for 670 days. Methods. The TESS light curves available for this star were analysed using prewhitening techniques to extract mode frequencies accurately. The pulsation spectrum was then interpreted through methods that include asymptotic period spacing relationships and the identification of rotational multiplets. We also exploited a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), low-resolution spectrum of TIC 441725813 using grids of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) model atmospheres to derive its atmospheric parameters. Results. The light curve analysis reveals that frequencies are mostly found in the g-mode region, but several p-modes are also detected, indicating that TIC 441725813 is a hybrid sdB pulsator. We identify 25 frequencies that can be associated with ℓ = 1 g-modes, 15 frequencies corresponding to ℓ = 2 g-modes, and six frequencies characteristic of p-modes. Interestingly, several frequency multiplets interpreted as rotational splittings of deep-probing g-modes indicate a slow rotation period of at least 85.3 ± 3.6 day, while splittings of mostly envelope-probing p-modes suggest a significantly shorter rotation period of 17.9 ± 0.7 day, which implies the core (mainly the helium mantle with possibly the deeper partially mixed helium-burning core that it surrounds) rotates at least 4.7 times slower than the envelope. The radial velocity curves indicate that TIC 441725813 is in a close binary system with a low-luminosity companion, possibly a white dwarf. While elusive in the available TESS photometry, a low-frequency signal that would correspond to a period of ∼6.7 h is found, albeit at a low S/N. Furthermore, we estimate the inclination angle to be ∼60° by two independent means. Conclusions. TIC 441725813 is a particularly interesting sdB star whose envelope rotates faster than the core. We hypothesise that this might be caused by the effects of a tidal interaction with a companion, although in the present case, the presence of such a companion will have to be further investigated. This analysis paves the way towards a more detailed seismic probing of TIC 441725813 using optimisation techniques, which will be presented in a second paper.

Comparative Study of Itopride Hydrochloride in-Vitro Drug Release in Various Brands of Sustained Release Capsules By RP-HPLC

Background: The World Health Organisation has advocated the use of generic medicines to make them accessible and affordable but studies have revealed that marketed products do not produce same therapeutic effects and hence are not interchangeable. Dissolution testing of generic solid dosage forms serves as a valuable tool for acquiring dissolution profiles and for assessing the similarity or dissimilarity between the formulations under examination. Objectives: To evaluate the in-vitro drug release profiles of different generic brands of Itopride Sustained release capsules that are commercially available in Indian market and compare them with the innovator product using model dependant and as well as model independent methods. To determine whether same medicine manufactured by different brands are interchangeable. Materials &amp; Methods: In this study Eight generic brands of Itopride 150mg sustained release capsules available in the Indian market were evaluated using dissolution test with the aim to assess their bioequivalence with the innovator product (Ganaton OD). Dissolution studies were performed using USP type II apparatus at 100 rpm in 900 ml 0.1N HCl while maintaining a temperature of 37±0.5 ºC. The samples were estimated by a validated HPLC method. Dissolution test results were statistically evaluated by employing both model dependant and model independent methods. In model dependant experimental data obtained for each dissolution profile were transformed by applying the equations of different kinetic models and the best-fit model was selected whereas in model independent approach fit factors, dissolution efficiency and mean dissolution times were calculated. Results: The Weibull model best explained the release of drugs from all the brands. Upon statistical evaluation of dissolution test results its was found that while similarity factor f2 was within the limits for all generic brands, difference factor f1 of two brands was out of acceptable range thus questioning their bioequivalency with the innovator product. Also the dissolution efficiency of four out of the brands was out of acceptable limits. Keywords: bioequivalence, difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), dissolution profile, comparison and evaluation..

Autonomous and sectoral perception of the concept of "justice" and its relation to judicial control

The present study delves into the complex interrelationship between the notions of "justice" and "judicial control," examining their independent and sectoral meanings both inside and outside of the Armenian legal system. Despite the fact that the terms are frequently used synonymously, this study aims to define their specific functions, especially with relation to administrative and constitutional law. The research endeavors to redefine the extent of judicial control by means of a critical analysis of Armenian constitutional provisions and a wider framework of international legal perspectives. It presents judicial control as a crucial, yet independent, function of justice. It looks at how the idea of judicial control has changed over time and the various interpretations it has received in various legal systems, drawing on historical examples. The paper examines the typologies of judicial tasks using a combination of theoretical and comparative legal techniques, highlighting important differences between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional judicial operations. The argument for the constitutional concept of justice's wider application than just settling legal disputes receives a lot of attention. The study shows that judicial control should be seen as a fundamental component of justice and essential to maintaining the rule of law, rather than as a secondary or auxiliary role, by looking at justice from a synoptic perspective. The article ends with helpful suggestions for improving judicial functions. It suggests that future legal changes should consider how justice is changing and how closely it is linked to judicial control in both the international and Armenian legal systems.

Solar PV system with maximum power tracking

The paper investigates the state-of-the-art architecture of photovoltaic systems (PVS) by evaluating the performance of the developed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm of fuzzy particle swarm optimization (FPSO) for temperate continental latitudes. The material of the paper gives an evaluation of traditional MPPT algorithms in relation to the state-of-the-art FPSO algorithm. The study summarizes the problems of On-Grid PV systems and analyzes methods of solving them by combining them with hydrogen technologies. The paper summaries the experience of observations of climatic factors and solar resources on the example of the Russian Federation. Thus, in 2023, the average winter temperature exceeded the norm by 4.7 °C, and the average summer temperature exceeded the norm by 4.9 °C compared to 2022. The paper analyses the level of insolation, which increased by 0.03 kWh/m2 by regions of Russia for the period 2022–2023. The experimental part of the work was carried out at the solar power plant (SPP) «Kalmykskaya» with coordinates 53.422832 north latitude and 55.266895 east longitude. The watt-volt field characteristic of photovoltaic modules (PVM) connected to the inverter was obtained experimentally. When compared, the correlation coefficient between the experimental power (P) and voltage (U) of the panels was found to be higher than that of the ideal panels, 0.933 versus 0.914. The correlation coefficient between the ideal P(U) function and the experimental one is (−0.475). The data for calculating the coefficient of performance (COP) of the implemented MPPT algorithm was also obtained experimentally, which was about 98.7%. The reliability of the data used in the calculations was confirmed by two independent means of measurement, the difference of the obtained results was less than 1%. In the last part of the experiment of this study, the dependence of insolation in a given geographical point on the generated PV field power was evaluated. The correlation coefficient was 0.47, while the inverter output voltage was maintained in the nominal range of (600 ± 20%)V. Thus, the authors of the study experimentally proved the efficiency of using MPPT on FPSO in temperate continental climate with duration of sunshine T = 1850 h per year. The effectiveness of the FPSO algorithm under the conditions of inverter distance from the common point of the DC switching cabinet (DСCC) has been confirmed. The effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm based on FPSO under conditions of partial shading, increased cloud cover and increased air temperature is concluded. Using the description of the current architecture of On-Grid SPP, the authors draw attention to the impossibility of operation of such systems without the presence of voltage in the reference network. In addition, the impossibility of the system operation at the value of PVM power over 1500 kW and at the voltage of panels less than 900 V is noted. To modernize the existing PVS architecture, for the first time, the use of a DCCC and an inverter with implemented MPPT on the FPSO in combination with a hydrogen (H2) production unit and nickel-hydrogen (Ni–H2) batteries is proposed. The researchers propose that when the PVM field voltage is below 900 V and when the PVM field power exceeds 1500 kW, energy can be diverted to H2 generation or to charge Ni–H2 batteries via a DCCC controller. Such an architecture will improve the continuity and efficiency of the PVS, reduce the carbon footprint, and allow the PVS to be used as an industrial uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The authors see the lack of standardization of implemented projects based on the ESG principle as the main problem of alternative energy development.

Analysis of influencing factors of risk perception among emergency nurses in China: An observational study.

To understand the current saturation of emergency nurses' risk perception and its influencing factors, and to explore the correlation between emergency nurses' risk perception and nurse's safety behavior. This study is a cross-sectional study. From January 2024 to February 2024 using the questionnaire star online survey method. The convenience sampling method was used to survey nurses in the emergency departments of 5 hospitals in China. Male and female emergency nurses (n = 189) from China were included in the final sample. Nursing risk perception questionnaire and nurses safety behavior scale were used for evaluation. The collected data were comprehensively analyzed using various statistical methods, including descriptive analysis, 2 independent samples t-test mean comparison, 1-way analysis of variance for differences, multiple linear regression analysis to identify influencing factors, and Pearson correlation analyze correlations. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant (2-sided). The emergency nurses score was (87.08 ± 20.18) on the risk perception scale, scoring rate 62.2%. The results of multiple regression showed that age, marital status, education level, professional title, monthly income level, and safety behaviors were the main factors influencing the risk perception of emergency nurses (P < .05). The results of correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the dimensions of nurses' risk perception and safety behaviors (R = 0.636, P < .01). Age, marriage, education level, years of work experience, professional title, duties. engagement type, monthly income level, participation in teaching work, safety training, and no adverse events were the influencing factors of risk perception. The research results emphasize that risk perception of emergency nurses has a positive prediction effect on safe behavior. It is suggested that nursing managers should optimize nursing workflow and human resource allocation, strategically add occupational risk training to vocational training, and strengthen nurses' safety behaviors.

Sedentary Behavior Of Elementary School Students Based On Class Teacher Perceptions And Physical Education Teacher, Sports And Health In The District Turen

This type of quantitative research using a comparative causal method was carried out by comparing the perceptions of class teachers and PJOK teachers to determine the sedentary behavior of elementary school students spread across Turen District. Data was collected via an online questionnaire/questionnaire (google form) with 5 Likert answer scales and analyzed using a single mean versus criterion test (one sample t-test) and an independent group mean difference test (independent sample t-test). IBM SPSS Statistics 25 is used to make it easier to calculate analysis results. The findings of this research are (1) The physical activity of elementary school children according to the class teacher has not met the adequate criteria set, (2) The physical activity of elementary school children according to the PJOK teacher has not met the adequate criteria set, and (3) There is no significant difference in mean. between the class teacher's perception and the PJOK teacher's perception of the sedentary behavior of elementary school age children.

Opening Keynote: The Many Meanings of Independence

Opening Keynote: The Many Meanings of Independence