Independent Groups Design Research Articles

Assessing inoculation's effectiveness in motivating resistance to conspiracy propaganda in Finnish and United States samples.

This study tested the motivational power of inoculation to foster resistance to conspiracy propaganda (9/11 Truth Movement), comparing inoculation effects across United States and Finnish study participants. We used a 2 inoculation (treatment vs. control) × 2 national culture (American vs. Finnish) independent groups design (N = 319), while examining the effects of motivational threat and thinking modes-analytic vs. intuitive-on the inoculation process. To test the effectiveness of the inoculation strategy, we used an excerpt from a conspiracy film Loose Change as a counterattitudinal attack message. Our results indicated that inoculation was effective at motivating resistance regardless of national culture. Inoculation effects emerged mostly as a direct effect on resistance and two indirect effects wherein motivational threat mediated the relationship between inoculation and resistance as well as inoculation and analytic mode of message processing. Although we found that an increase in analytic mode of processing facilitated resistance and intuitive processing increased conspiracy-theory endorsement, the indirect effects between inoculation and resistance via message processing modes were not significant. Finally, the data revealed national culture differences in analytic mode and cultural-context differences mostly pertaining to the relationships between thinking styles, media literacy, and modes of thinking. These results offer important theoretical implications for inoculation scholarship and suggest viable practical solutions for efforts to mitigate misinformation and conspiratorial beliefs.

Comparison between premortem histopathology findings in rats with and without traumatic brain injury: prospective application in forensic medicine.

The aim of this study was to compare pre-mortem histopathology findings in rats with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its prospective application in forensic medicine. This study involved 12 rats with 6 rats for each treatment group. This type of study is a laboratory experimental study with two independent groups design. The first group were rats that did not experience TBI. The second group was a group of rats with TBI. The subjects of this study were Rattus norvegicus rats, adult males, 4-8 weeks old, weighing 150-200 grams. On the 8 th day after the rats experienced traumatic brain injury, the rats were then euthanized using the cervical dislocation method, after euthanasia the rats were given craniotomy and brain tissue was taken for histopathology examination. The description of histopathology changes in the brain organs in the group of rat without TBI found that neuron cells looked normal although there were also degeneration (21.16 ± 2.56/FV), necrosis (5.75 ± 0.98/FV), apoptosis (2.91 ± 0.80/FV), congestion ( 0.91 ± 0.49/FV), inflammatory cells (4.58 ± 1.15/FV) and hemorrhage (2.41 ± 1.11/FV). Changes in the rat traumatic brain injury group showed a lot of damage to neuron cells in the form of degeneration (48.41 ± 3.27/FV), necrosis (36.66 ± 2.89/FV), apoptosis (18.91 ± 1.24/FV), congestion (2.50 ±0.31/FV), inflammatory cells (11.41 ± 1.71/FV) and hemorrhage (10.08 ± 2.17/FV). Based on the results of statistical analysis, it can be seen that in all parameters there is a significant difference (p ≤ 0.001). The premortem histopathology findings in rats with and without TBI which can be used for the benefit of forensic medicine in determining whether TBI is present or not. It is necessary to look more closely at the histopathology changes in the form of necrosis, apoptosis and hemorrhage.

An Exploratory, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Dipraglurant for Blepharospasm.

Blepharospasm is treated with botulinum toxin, but obtaining satisfactory results is sometimes challenging. The aim is to conduct an exploratory trial of oral dipraglurant for blepharospasm. This study was an exploratory, phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 15 participants who were assigned to receive a placebo or dipraglurant (50 or 100 mg) and assessed over 2 days, 1 and 2 hours following dosing. Outcome measures included multiple scales rated by clinicians or participants, digital video, and a wearable sensor. Dipraglurant was well tolerated, with no obvious impact on any of the measurement outcomes. Power analyses suggested fewer subjects would be required for studies using a within-subject versus independent group design, especially for certain measures. Some outcome measures appeared more suitable than others. Although dipraglurant appeared well tolerated, it did not produce a trend for clinical benefit. The results provide valuable information for planning further trials in blepharospasm. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

THE INFLUENCE OF PROJECT-BASED LESSON STUDY IN THE FORM OF INFOGRAPHICS AND 4C SKILLS ON LEARNING OUTCOMES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY WITH STUDENT MOTIVATION COVARIABLES

The lessons that can be used to solve teacher problems in this pandemic era is Lesson Study (LS) learning which can be projects Infoghrafic presentations and 4C (Critical Thinking and Problem Solving, Creativity and Innovation, Communication, dan Collaboration) thinking skills on research methodology. The purpose of this study is to further project-based LS learning is infoghrafic form in order to increase students' motivation and 4C thinking skills. This research uses Lesson Study has: preparing, performing, reflecting (checking) and follow up (act). The research design used was quasi-experiment, single factor independent groups design with use of covariate. The subject of this study was students of STKIP La Tansa Mashiro with the sample used totaling 46 students and technique used purposive sampling. The data in this study were using the Non-test and test. Data were analyzed test using the Anava One Way, Anacova and Product moment. The results, that: 1) there was LS learning which of projects through Infoghrafic presentations on 4C learning on reaserch of methodology. 2) There was the effect LS learning which of projects through Infoghrafic presentations on 4C learning on reaserch of methodology with students motivation covariable. 3) There was a significant effect between students motivation and reaserch of methodology. The results that LS learning which of projects through Infoghrafic presentations on 4C learning on reaserch of methodology and there is contribution students motivation towards learning outcomes in on methodology.

Reactance, Mortality Salience, and Skin-Cancer Prevention Among Young Adults

ABSTRACT In an experiment (N = 206) using skin cancer prevention messages and a 2 (mortality: salient, control) × 2 (freedom-limiting language: freedom-limiting, autonomy-supportive) independent-group design, we tested the terror management health model and integrated its predictions with the theory of psychological reactance. We used a sample of young adults because they are most at risk for excessive tanning. Consistent with the study predictions about proximal defenses, mortality salience significantly increased intentions to wear sunscreen all year around, relative to the control condition. A significant interaction between freedom-limiting language and mortality salience on behavioral intention to purchase high-SPF lotion revealed that, when a freedom-limiting message was paired with mortality salience, intentions to purchase high-SPF lotion were significantly greater as compared to autonomy-supportive language, indicating that mortality salience mitigated the maladaptive effects of reactance. These results add to a growing body of research identifying boundary conditions for reactance effects and, further, point to the utility of directive (albeit freedom-limiting language) in health-prevention messages attempting to communicate deadly health risks.

Determination of Sample Size Using Resource Equation Methods in Analysis of Variance Models in Animal Studies

The Resource Equation Method is a method developed as an alternative to power analysis for the calculation of sample size in animal studies. With this approach, the sample size is calculated based on the error degrees of freedom (DF) in the variance analysis model. In this study, one and two-factor variance analysis models, which are commonly used in animal studies, are discussed. The minimum and maximum sample size required for these models were calculating and presented in tables. While a minimum of 12 and a maximum of 21 animals in total are sufficient for two independent groups (Design 1), and the total number of animals goes up as the number of groups increases. In one factor, repeated-measures experiment design (Design 2), it was observed that the number of animals to be included in the study decreases significantly as the number of repetitions increases. For all factorial designs (Designs 3 and 4), 2 or 3 animals per subgroup were found to be sufficient. Repeat measure experimental designs can be chosen to increase the power of the study without increasing the number of animal/subjects. Statistical power was calculated for different numbers of groups in Design 1, based on their respective minimum and maximum samples sizes and Cohen's effect sizes, and for most cases, power was found to be much lower than 0.80. Statistical power exceeded 0.80 only in the case of very large effect sizes. Therefore, the researcher can test her hypotheses with larger effect sizes to reach 80% power with sample sizes in independent group comparisons. A determined effect size value for animal studies is not available in the literature. According to the results obtained in our study, the effect sizes for the 2 groups are 1.2, 1.5 and 2.0 for 3 or more groups 0.5; 0.7 and 0.9 can be recommended to take as small, medium and large effect sizes, respectively.

Juror decision-making within domestic sex trafficking cases: do pre-trial attitudes, gender, culture and right-wing authoritarianism predict believability assessments?

PurposeThis study aims to examine whether country of residence, sex trafficking attitudes, complainant gender, juror gender and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) influenced juror decision-making within a sex trafficking case.Design/methodology/approachJury-eligible participants from the USA and the UK participated in an online juror experiment in which an independent group design was used to manipulate the complainant’s gender. Participants completed the juror decision scale, the sex trafficking attitudes scale and the RWA scale.FindingsSex trafficking attitudes predicted the believability of both the defendant and complainant. Greater negative beliefs about victims predicted greater defendant believability and lower complainant believability. US jurors reported greater believability of both the complainant and defendant, and RWA was associated with greater defendant believability. However, none of the other factors, including complainant and juror gender, predicted participants’ verdicts. The findings suggest juror verdicts in sex trafficking cases may be less influenced by extra-legal factors, although further research is needed, especially with a more ambiguous case.Originality/valueThis is one of the few cross-cultural comparison studies in the area of jury decision-making, specifically regarding sex trafficking cases. The findings indicated that US participants held more problematic attitudes about sex trafficking than their UK counterparts, although all participants held problematic attitudes about sex trafficking. However, those attitudes did not affect verdict formation about either a male or female complainant. Participants who were more knowledgeable about sex trafficking reported greater complainant believability, suggesting that educational interventions may provide greater support for victims in court.

Computing analytic Bayes factors from summary statistics in repeated-measures designs

Summary Bayes factors are an increasingly popular tool for indexing evidence from experiments. For two competing population models, the Bayes factor reflects the relative likelihood of observing some data under one model compared to the other. Computing Bayes factors can be difficult, requiring one to integrate the product of the likelihood and a prior distribution on the population parameter(s) for both competing models. Previous work has obviated this difficulty for independent-groups designs. In this paper, we develop a new analytic formula for computing Bayes factors directly from minimal summary statistics in repeated-measures designs. This work is an improvement on previous methods for computing Bayes factors from summary statistics (e.g., the BIC method), which produce Bayes factors that violate the Sellke upper bound of evidence for smaller sample sizes. The new approach taken in this paper requires knowing only the F -statistic and degrees of freedom, both of which are commonly reported in most empirical work. In addition to providing computational examples, we report a simulation study that benchmarks the new formula against other methods for computing Bayes factors in repeated-measures designs. Our new method provides an easy way for researchers to compute Bayes factors directly from a minimal set of summary statistics, allowing users to index the evidential value of their own data, as well as data reported in published studies.

A role for enjoyment for encouraging fruit consumption

This work investigated the value of highlighting the enjoyment conferred by fruit for encouraging fruit consumption. Study 1 investigated the effects on fruit consumption of visualizing eating fruit that was either enjoyable, not enjoyable, or was unassociated with enjoyment. Study 2 investigated the effects on fruit consumption of health promotion posters that featured either enjoyable or less enjoyable fruit. Both studies used an independent-groups design, where young adults (Study 1, N = 142; Study 2, N = 221) were randomized to conditions, and outcomes: intentions to consume fruit, attitudes towards fruit, immediate fruit selection, subsequent fruit consumption; and a range of characteristics likely to be associated with fruit and vegetable consumption were assessed. In Study 1, higher intentions to consume fruit and more positive attitudes towards fruit were associated with higher likely enjoyment of the fruit visualized, higher fruit liking in general and higher fruit-related self-efficacy (smallest Beta = 0.270, p = 0.02). In Study 2, similar effects were found for likely enjoyment of the fruit featured on a poster; higher likely enjoyment also predicted greater immediate fruit selection (smallest Beta = 0.122, p = 0.03). These outcomes were also associated with variables often associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. Subsequent fruit consumption was only associated with past fruit consumption (smallest Beta = 0.340, p = 0.05). These two studies (Study 1 using visualisation, Study 2 using health promotion posters) highlight a role for enjoyment for encouraging fruit consumption. The value of enjoyment and the simplicity of the poster intervention particularly should be noted.

The Problem-Based Learning Model in Mathematics Subjects by Controlling the Critical Thinking Ability of Elementary School Students

The low competence of knowledge in mathematics subjects is due to the need for appropriate learning models. It refers more to the theories in learning materials rather than relating them to real life or students' daily lives. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the Problem-Based Learning model on the competence of mathematical knowledge by controlling the critical thinking skills of fifth-grade elementary school students. This study used a quasi-experimental design with the Nonequivalent Control Group Design and the Single Factor Independent Group Design With the Use Of Covariate data analysis design. The population in this study was 194 students from 3 different public schools. The sample was determined using the cluster random sampling technique. Previously the population was equalized using the Anava test. Methods of data collection using tests in the form of descriptions and research data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis techniques and inferential statistical analysis techniques using Anakova Test. The results of the hypothesis analysis obtained that the Problem-Based Learning model affected Students' Mathematical Knowledge Competence even though it had been controlled for the Critical Thinking Ability of Grade V Students in elementary schools. It was concluded that the Problem-Based Learning model could improve Students' Mathematical Knowledge Competence.

Dietary nitrate supplementation increases nitrate and nitrite concentrations in human skin interstitial fluid

Acute dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation can increase [NO3−], but not nitrite ([NO2−]), in human skeletal muscle, though its effect on [NO3−] and [NO2−] in skin remains unknown. In an independent group design, 11 young adults ingested 140 mL of NO3−-rich beetroot juice (BR; 9.6 mmol NO3−), and 6 young adults ingested 140 mL of a NO3−-depleted placebo (PL). Skin dialysate, acquired through intradermal microdialysis, and venous blood samples were collected at baseline and every hour post-ingestion up to 4 h to assess dialysate and plasma [NO3−] and [NO2−]. The relative recovery rate of NO3− and NO2− through the microdialysis probe (73.1% and 62.8%), determined in a separate experiment, was used to estimate skin interstitial [NO3−] and [NO2−]. Baseline [NO3−] was lower, whereas baseline [NO2−] was higher in the skin interstitial fluid relative to plasma (both P < 0.001). Acute BR ingestion increased [NO3−] and [NO2−] in the skin interstitial fluid and plasma (all P < 0.001), with the magnitude being smaller in the skin interstitial fluid (e.g., 183 ± 54 vs. 491 ± 62 μM for Δ[NO3−] from baseline and 155 ± 190 vs. 217 ± 204 nM for Δ[NO2−] from baseline at 3 h post BR ingestion, both P ≤ 0.037). However, due to the aforementioned baseline differences, skin interstitial fluid [NO2−] post BR ingestion was higher, whereas [NO3−] was lower relative to plasma (all P < 0.001). These findings extend our understanding of NO3− and NO2− distribution at rest and indicate that acute BR supplementation increases [NO3−] and [NO2−] in human skin interstitial fluid.

The effects of death awareness and reactance on texting-and-driving prevention.

Using a 2 (mortality: salient, control) × 2 (freedom-limiting language: freedom-limiting, autonomy-supportive) independent-group design, this study examined the relationship between mortality salience and psychological reactance in the context of texting-and-driving prevention messages. Theterror management health model and the theory of psychological reactance guided study predictions. Results showed mortality salience produced adaptive effects on attitudes toward texting-and-driving prevention and behavioral intentions to reduce unsafe driving practices. Additionally, some evidence for the effectiveness of directive, albeit freedom-limiting communication, emerged. These and other results are discussed along with the implications, limitations, and future research directions.

The values in action character strengths model: a resource for people in addiction recovery

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the Values in Action (VIA) character strengths profile of people in addiction recovery, to identify which strengths are meaningfully represented in this population. This was compared with the generalised profile of a normative population to identify the differentiating features. Reasons for the profile variance and the significance this has for addiction recovery have also been explored.Design/methodology/approachAn independent group design was adopted using purposive sampling. This saw participants (n = 100) complete the VIA Inventory of Strengths-P assessment to establish a character strengths profile for people in addiction recovery. To identify the differences in this profile, a mean score and rank order comparison was conducted, using data taken from a normative population. Additional exploratory analysis was conducted to establish if there were any significant differences in the character strength profile of males and females.FindingsIn descending order, the top five ranked strengths were kindness, humour, honesty, fairness and teamwork. The lesser five strengths in the profile were spirituality, zest, perseverance, prudence and self-regulation. A distinguishing feature was the presence of humour as a top five strength for people in addiction recovery. The existence of teamwork also deviated from the generalised normative population. There were two strengths shown to have a meaningfully higher score for females, teamwork and love. This did not change the strengths present in the overall top five for males or females, however.Originality/valueThis study contributes useful knowledge to the understanding of character strengths in addiction recovery. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time character strengths have been examined in a sample of people in addiction recovery.

Normative data for logographic and lexical Japanese paired associates

The current study aimed to provide normative paired-associate data for an unexplored logographic language system (Japanese). 240 participants with a mean age of 21.8 (SD = 3.6) were randomly allocated to one of three conditions in an independent groups design: logographic (Japanese symbol - English word), lexical (Japanese word - English word), or abstract paired associates (Japanese symbol - Japanese word). Participants underwent three study-test trials in each condition. Recall accuracy was found to increase across trials whilst relative item difficulty (correlations between trials in each condition) remained similar. A simultaneous multiple regression revealed that Japanese symbol stroke count was the only reliable and significant predictor of recall accuracy. Metacognitive measures, when correlated with recall accuracy, showed that participants were generally aware of how well they had learned the paired associates. Based on prior research into memory for pictures and words, we hypothesized that the recall accuracy of participants in the logographic condition would exceed that of those in the lexical condition. This hypothesis was rejected following a post hoc independent t-test comparing the two groups. This study provides a thorough normative data set that can be customized by researchers for diverse purposes in addition to novel insights, such as revealing participants’ recall accuracy for abstract paired associates for which they had no previous semantic representations.

The affiliative power of others' pain online

AbstractPain is rarely suffered alone. In contemporary online contexts, publicly shared pain can command the collective attention of hundreds, even millions of people. We sought to explore the possibility that collectively attending to others' pain promotes affiliation among those with whom it is attended online and identify the mechanisms that mediate these effects. Across two experimental studies, utilizing independent group designs, physically dispersed undergraduate students attended to real‐world videos depicting either physical, social, or no‐pain online. In Study 1 (N = 74, 66.22% female, Mage = 25.31 years, SDage = 6.81 years), we found evidence for the phenomenon of pain collectively attended to online, with online videos depicting physical and social pain eliciting stronger perceptions of collective attention than the non‐painful online video. In Study 2 (Time 1: N = 185, 75.14% female, Mage = 22.62 years, SDage = 7.44 years; Time 2: N = 91, 72.53% female, Mage = 23.32, SDage = 8.19), we subsequently found collectively attending to others' physical and social pain online indirectly promoted cohesion, interpersonal closeness, and desire to affiliate among participants through perceived emotional synchrony. This pattern of indirect effects was found immediately after collective attention to painful online content (Time 1) and at 1‐week follow‐up (Time 2). Although preliminary, our findings increase practical understanding of how shared pain can be harnessed to bond physically dispersed individuals together online, the implications of which we discuss in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Improving a trial participant information sheet through user testing in British South Asian women

Background: People from ethnic minorities in the UK have higher rates of mental health problems and are less likely to take part in mental health research. Previous research indicates that participant information sheets (PIS) are complex, and this complexity may impair comprehension more significantly for ethnic minority participants. Improving the readability of patient information can be achieved through user testing. We aimed to improve the readability of a PIS through user testing in an ethnic minority group in an ongoing trial (ROSHNI-2). Methods: An independent groups design was used to test the readability of the ROSHNI-2 PIS among South Asian women. There were two rounds of testing (n=31 women in total). South Asian women were asked to read the original PIS, then find and demonstrate an understanding of 19 key aspects of the trial. Based on the findings from the first round, the PIS was rewritten, redesigned, and retested. Results: Using the original PIS, only 2 of the 19 (11%) questions were found and understood by at least 80% of participants. In the revised PIS, 6 of the 19 (32%) questions were found and understood by at least 80% of participants. Conclusions: User testing and re-writing of a PIS resulted in a higher proportion of participants comprehending important information about a trial. This approach could improve participation in trials among ethnic minority communities.

Dampak Asesmen Diri Terhadap Karakter dan Literasi Ilmiah Siswa Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar

The implementation of the 2013 curriculum in Indonesia has not been carried out optimally. This study aims to analyze the differences in the implementation of self-assessment on character education and students' scientific literacy. The population of this study amounted to 192 students and the sample amounted to 21 students. Sample selection was done by simple random sampling technique. This research is quasi-experimental research (quasi-experimental) with Single Factor Independent Group Design. The data collection technique used a questionnaire for character and a test for scientific literacy. Data were analyzed using Manova. The results showed that the first hypothesis test value of F = 5.313 with a significance of 0.000 &lt;0.05, which means that there are differences in the character of students who take part in learning with the implementation of self-assessment with students who take part in learning with the implementation of conventional assessments. The results of the second hypothesis test show that F = 5.233 with 0.000 &lt;0.05, which means that there are differences in the scientific literacy of students who take lessons with the implementation of self-assessment and students who take lessons with the implementation of conventional assessments. The third hypothesis test shows that F = 1.660 with 0.000 &lt;0.05 which means that there are differences in the character and scientific literacy of students simultaneously between students who take lessons with the implementation of self-assessment and students who take lessons with the implementation of conventional assessments.

@#%$!: The Impact of Officer Profanity on Civilians’ Perception of What Constitutes Reasonable Use of Force

The current study was conducted to test how the presence of profane officer language during a use of force incident impacts how civilians perceive the reasonableness of the applied force. The study followed a 1 × 4 independent groups design with random assignment to one of four test conditions. Two dashcam use of force videos were stripped of audio and subsequently transcribed with a clean and profane-laden depiction of the officer’s language. Participants ( n = 234) answered a short questionnaire after watching their randomly assigned video. Measures include a 5-item reasonableness index, demographics, and test conditions. Two-way ANOVA and OLS regression were performed. Overall, participants considered videos with profane language to be less reasonable than the same video with clean language. While significant, most differences also correspond with medium and large effect sizes. This research found that profane officer language impacts how civilians perceive force reasonableness. Practical and policy implications are presented to move policing forward.

The Impact of Static Fluid E-Module by Integrating STEM on Learning Outcomes of Students

Students' success in learning can be seen from the achievement of student competencies. This means that several factors affect student learning outcomes, such as learning materials or e-module. E-module is a module packaged in electronic or digital form that contains a variety of interactive media. The situation found in the field is that the teaching materials used are still in printed form or textbooks and student learning outcomes are still in the low category of students. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of using STEM integrated e-module on static fluid materials. This research was quasi-experimental research with a single factor independent groups design. The research method used was the development method with the Hannafin and Peck instructional development model focused on product-oriented learning design. The instruments used in the study were final tests, observations, and worksheets. The data analysis techniques used in this research were descriptive statistical analysis, normality test, homogeneity test, t-test for two unrelated samples. Data analysis showed differences in learning outcomes in the experiment group compared to the control group. This indicates the influence of the STEM-integrated static fluid E-Module on student learning outcomes. Therefore, the STEM-integrated static fluid material electronic module design can improve student learning outcomes.

The Least Biased d to rpb-rpb to d Conversion Formula Combinations for the Meta-Analysis of Studies Using the Two Independent-Groups Design.

In a meta-analysis of ds, the utility of converting d to a point-biserial correlation (rpb), correcting rpb for study artifacts, and then converting rpb back to d depends on how accurately the d to rpb-rpb to d (dr-rd) method reproduces the original uncorrected ds. This study compared test ds (dt) converted to dr-rd ds to control ds (dc) to determine the dr-rd formula combinations with the least bias, defined as the difference between dr-rd ds and dc. dt were calculated with available conversion and rpb correction formulas at various base rates and SD ratios, whereas dc were calculated without conversion formulas at base rate .50 and SD ratio 1.00. Results showed that the lowest bias formula combinations reproduced dc at SD ratio 1.00, bias increased as SD ratio decreased, and formula combinations that produced the lowest bias values were, on average, more accurate than formula combinations that produced the next to lowest bias values. Findings provide the lowest bias dr-rd formula combinations for artifact-corrected meta-analyses of studies using the two independent-groups design.