Independent Foundation Research Articles

A Study on the Influence of Hydraulic Compactor Reinforcement on the Force Law of an Independent Foundation Under a Column and Its Safety Standard

Due to the complexity of the actual geotechnical environment, the backfill compaction design theory and calculation method are not reflected in the current specification. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of the hydraulic compactor on the foundation structure during the treatment of the backfill of an independent foundation under a column, the Menard formula was modified. At the same time, relying on an independent foundation project under a column in Jinan, the dynamic model of compactor tamping backfilling soil was established. The applicability of the calculation formula is verified by simulating the single-point multiple tamping on the backfill directly above the foundation tie beam, and the influence law of two factors, the thickness of the backfill and the tamping energy, on the force of the foundation tie beam is elucidated. The results show that after reaching the optimum number of tamping, the cumulative soil settlement and the effective reinforcement depth of tamping show a stable trend, and their simulation results are in good agreement with the analytical solution, which provides a supplement to the relevant safety standards. At this critical point, the force on the tie beams peaked and showed up and down fluctuations under the subsequent ramming action. The tamping action of the compactor has a significant effect on the structural forces within the effective reinforcement range, and there is a negative correlation between the magnitude of the structural forces and the thickness of the backfill. According to the numerical calculation results to choose the best construction programme, the on-site monitoring shows that under 42 KJ tamping energy and 1.5 m single backfilling thickness, the tie beam reinforcement stress reaches 18.5~55.5% of the specification warning value, which meets the safety standard. The research results of this paper can provide important guidance for the hydraulic tamping treatment of an independent foundation backfill project.

The Paradigm of Pregressivism: Strengthening Education in The Era of Merdeka Belajar

Based on Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, it is stated that education is an educational endeavor carried out through improving the learning atmosphere in the classroom and proactive learning that prioritizes self-potential, spiritual, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and skills needed by himself, the surrounding community and the nation and state. Until now, the latest curriculum can only answer this law, namely the Merdeka Belajar curriculum. The Merdeka Belajar curriculum is a curriculum that gives freedom to teachers and schools to develop the potential of students optimally, according to the needs and interests and talents of students, so this is in line with the mandate of the Law. This is also in line with one of the paradigms or philosophies of education, namely the paradigm of progressivism. Progressivism opposes the implementation of traditional education. The progressive school supports the implementation of education that is centered on student participants and develops their various abilities as provisions for facing social life in their environment. This means that progressivism is one of the schools that wants progress, which will bring about a change. Progressivism highly values a person's ability to solve problems through the experiences that everyone has. The research method used in this research is a literature study by collecting sources of journals, books and related articles, then understanding, processing and drawing conclusions. The results of this research show that progressivism has made a major contribution to the world of education in Indonesia. This school has laid the foundations of independence and freedom to students. Students are given freedom, both in theory and practice, to develop talents and skills latent in themselves without being hampered by obstacles made by others.

Abstract PO4-13-04: Added Value from Patient Advocates in a Translational Working Group: the COMET Study

Abstract Introduction: A phase III multicenter prospective randomized clinical trial called “Comparing an Operation to Monitoring, with or without Endocrine Therapy (COMET)” (NCT02926911) assesses the risks/benefits of active monitoring (AM) versus surgery for women with low-risk ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It is funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and enrolled 997 women between 06/30/17 and 01/13/23. Research Patient Advocates (PAs) have been embedded from the study design stage and continue to provide guidance as part of the COMET leadership team. The COMET biobank is funded by independent foundations and is managed through monthly Translational Working Group (TWG) meetings. The TWG includes PAs, clinicians, pathologists, radiologists, and researchers from multiple institutions who discuss topics like categorization of biospecimens into discovery/validation sets; development of a pathology workflow/sample tracking process; use of small samples; and potential areas of future research/technologies that may improve DCIS diagnostics, prognostics, and care management. Methods: The TWG leveraged the existing Alliance Foundation Trials, LLC biobank infrastructure and facilitates the collection, submission, storage and analysis/use of blood, tissue, and breast images collected at specified timepoints and stored in central tissue/image repositories. PAs are active and integral in the TWG, assisting with logistical issues (contracts, transfer agreements, resource requests); communicating with sites; identifying study topics and biomarkers relevant to diverse patients; providing guidance on commercial predictive/prognostic tests; promoting effective stewardship of samples; ensuring overall focus remains on advancing clinical utility; and reporting translational study results to trial participants who agreed to donate samples/images. Results: Over 90% of requested samples/images have been submitted by ˃85 sites. Each patient’s biospecimens and pathology images are linked and de-identified for research. Use of artificial intelligence (AI) is being considered to assist in sample review. TWG members have complementary areas of expertise/experience and promote active stewardship for effective management of these scarce resources. PAs have played key roles concerning equitable data-sharing and acceleration of data and material transfer agreements. They have also been active in development of standards for discovery/training sets, validation test sets; communication procedures for patient cases that progress to future breast events; ways to catalog technologies (e.g., multi-omics, AI); and in research proposal review. Consensus has been achieved regarding major issues such as authorship, biospecimen custodianship, intellectual property, and criteria relevant to patient needs. Logistical barriers, including data sharing and technicalities of biospecimen release, have been resolved. The TWG also played an integral role in resolving recruitment challenges to COMET by creating standard pathology eligibility criteria, resulting in evidence-based protocol amendments that increased accrual. A retrospective review of biospecimens has been performed to determine adequacy for ensuing correlative molecular and spatial profiling studies. Conclusion: PAs help the COMET TWG set policy, and oversee biospecimen/image collection, and biobank use and sharing. PA input also facilitates equitable, transparent research studies and technology development that can improve personalized decisions for surgery versus AM in women with low-risk DCIS. PAs in the TWG aim to integrate the diagnostic and prognostic tools developed as part of the COMET study into future patient care. Citation Format: Deborah Collyar, Desiree Basila, Thomas Lynch, Stuart Schnitt, Jeffrey Marks, Siri Strand, Terry Hyslop, Sunil Badve, Mark Watson, H. T. Carisa Le-Petross, Lars Grimm, Robert West, Anna Weiss, Anna Rapperport, Lorraine King, Rachel Factor, Marc Ryser, Ann Partridge, E Shelley Hwang, Alastair Thompson. Added Value from Patient Advocates in a Translational Working Group: the COMET Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-13-04.

SAFETY AND INNOVATION. CONTRADICTIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIONS

Problem statement. Innovative development of the economy is rightfully considered one of the most important strategic tasks for Ukraine on the path to ensuring national security and the safety of citizens' livelihoods. The current state of affairs in the implementation of innovations indicates that without creating special conditions for innovative activities in the country, we risk transforming from an industrial nation into a raw material and food base for developed countries around the world. This article explores the components of the effect achieved through the application of repair and restoration technologies, which enable the restoration of essential operational characteristics of machinery and equipment without disrupting the technological and production processes. |The purpose of the article. It analyzes the specific reasons behind the low receptiveness to innovations in our country, using the example of implementing such technologies. The article proposes solutions to address the challenges of innovation adoption based on the utilization of hardware control of machinery and equipment's performance, updating the regulatory framework, optimizing the management and remuneration system in enterprises. Conclusion. For the first time, a terminological apparatus of energy-resource service for objects of the technosphere is proposed. The conceptual principles of investment and innovation legislation are proposed for the first time. The essence of domestic innovative 'Technology of Disassembly Engineering of Friction Surfaces' is disclosed. The main contradictions in the implementation of innovative technologies in Ukraine are revealed. Ways to solve problems in the implementation of innovations based on the use of hardware control of the performance of machines and mechanisms, updating the regulatory framework, optimizing the management and payment systems for labor at enterprises are proposed. The suggested solutions can be valuable for strengthening the foundation of national industrial safety and economic independence in Ukraine, as well as for stimulating labor efficiency in the real sector of the economy.

Independence of Judges in Deciding Criminal Cases Perspective on the Principle of Legality

Judges' independence in resolving criminal cases ensures justice and legal certainty inside the legal system from the standpoint of the legality principle. Independence from unlawful interference, autonomy in interpreting the law, and independence from internal and external pressure are all included. Judges must be strengthened to enhance the concept of judges' independence as much as possible. The legality concept can be seen in judges' suitable and effective resolution of criminal cases, which results in justice and legal certainty. To gain a complete picture of judges' independence in making decisions about criminal cases from the standpoint of legality principles, this study employed a normative juridical approach method, utilizing secondary data gathered through literature research with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The data was then analyzed using qualitative juridical methods. As a foundation for guaranteeing justice in the legal system, the study's findings indicated that judges' independence in resolving criminal cases from a legal standpoint is crucial. The legality principle, which highlights the idea that there can be no crime without law, must serve as the foundation for judges' independence in making decisions on criminal matters. In order to protect the defendant and uphold justice and legal certainty, the judge is not allowed to overstep or break any of the legal restrictions placed to stop abuse of authority. Beyond imposing penalties that fall short of the legal minimum, judges are also constrained by the idea of legality. Researchers contend that material legality, which emphasizes community-felt justice through ideas like restorative justice, should be added to the definition of legality. More research is still needed on this transition.

Optimal fissioning strategies of social insects with respect to colony dynamics and nest founding probability

Social insects demonstrate two fundamentally different modes of reproduction, independent colony foundation (ICF) by single fertilized queens or dependent colony foundation (DCF) by fissioning of existing colonies into two or several new colonies (swarms). In some species, both reproductive modes occur in parallel. The benefits and disadvantages of DCF vs. ICF have been widely discussed and been subject to empirical studies, but a formal theoretical treatment of the topic is still incomplete. Taking honey bees as example, we provide a resource allocation model of colony dynamics to analyze the ecological conditions under which DCF may be favored over ICF. Using mathematical and numerical methods, we show that it critically depends on the survivorship function linking swarm size to the probability of swarm establishment whether ICF or DCF results in a higher output of surviving new colonies. Because building larger swarms requires larger inter-swarm time intervals, DCF can only be a better strategy if this disadvantage is over-compensated for by a strong size-dependent swarm survivorship and survival of single queens is very low. Colony growth rate has no effect on this decision and the impact of maximum possible colony size is negligible. Further, there is a discontinuity in the optimal swarm size, so that either a swarm size of 1 (ICF) is the best strategy, or emitting swarms of considerable size (DCF). Consequently, a direct evolutionary transition from ICF to DCF appears unlikely and may have been triggered by selective pressures promoting movement of complete nests or distributing single colonies over several nests (polydomy).

Capitalizing on Freedom of Expression for Creativity: A Case Study of Dawit Isaak Library, Malmö, Sweden

ABSTRACT In democratic societies, cultural organizations function based on principles of freedom of expression. In non-democratic countries, promoting this fundamental value can be more challenging for such organizations and their actors. This paper explores potential interactions between structure and agency that can leverage freedom of expression, creating an environment conducive to development and creativity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with human rights experts and employees of Dawit Isaak Library in Malmö, Sweden. The paper finds that capitalizing on freedom of expression is interdependent with other resources, and that financial autonomy is an essential aspect. This can be achieved through various means, including strategic partnerships, careful sponsorships, collaborations with like-minded cultural entities, and the establishment of independent financial foundations through endowment funds and crowdfunding initiatives. We argue that it is crucial to strengthen the efforts of institutions active in this domain while supporting individuals’ and groups’ agency to create change in non-democratic societies. The paper also emphasizes the role of cultural and symbolic capital, highlighting the significance of exercising caution and striking a balance between freedom of expression and other human rights principles to prevent conflicts and safeguard vulnerable groups’ rights.

Analysis of the Presentation of Financial Statements of a Non-Profit Organization (Case Study of Independent Private Foundation Orphanage Bengkulu City)

The characteristics of non-profit organizations are different from business organizations. The fundamental difference lies in the way the organization obtains the resources needed to carry out its various operating activities. non-profit organizations obtain resources from donations from other contributing members who do not expect anything in return from the organization while business organizations obtain resources from the capital of owners or investors who expect a return on any profits earned by the organization.This study aims to analyze the presentation of financial statements of non-profit organizations (a case study of the Bengkulu city independent private foundation orphanage). The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of the application of ISAK 35 concerning financial statements of non-profit organizations in achieving transparency and accountability at the orphanage of the private foundation mandiri Bengkulu city. The data analysis used is descriptive comparative, which is a research method that compares a theory that applies to events that occur in the field.The results of this study indicate that the Bengkulu city independent private foundation orphanage in general has not made financial reports in accordance with ISAK 35, but in the financial statements made by the independent private foundation orphanage has implemented ISAK 35 even though it is only 55.55%, while for transparency and accountability as a whole the orphanage has been transparent and accountable, in its financial statements.

Contractual obligations in Civil Law of Ukraine: Executive points

The article explores the theoretical aspects of terminating civil obligations, emphasizing the unique role of contracts as legal facts. It asserts that contracts, established by parties in a legal transaction, serve as independent foundations for initiating, modifying, or terminating legal relations. The terms of civil contracts create distinct mechanisms for rightful termination, aligning with legal models for the occurrence of right-terminating legal facts. The author highlights the dependency of contractual obligations on the lawful intent of the involvedparty or objective circumstances, prescribed by the legal model in the contract. When thesemodels align with actual events, they lead to the realization of parties' expectations and thetermination of obligations. These legal facts contribute to the regulatory function of the law,ensuring the fair exercise of rights and interests as defined in the contract. The article provides a detailed list of such legal structures and conducts a legal analysis of their implications

Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Retaining Structures and Adjacent Buildings during the Excavation of Deep and Long Pits

Excavation of deep and long pits can cause strata deformation and settlement of adjacent buildings. The excavation of a deep foundation pit of a nearby building in Zhengzhou City, China, is taken as the research object. The foundation of the foundation pit is an independent foundation under the column, the depth of the foundation pit is 24.5∼26.3 m, and the support form of an underground continuous wall and four internal supports is adopted. The stress and deformation characteristics of retaining structures during the construction of deep and long pits and their impact on the deformation of nearby buildings were studied through on‐site monitoring and finite element simulation. The analysis focuses on the effects of different excavation stages on adjacent structures, with the main conclusions as follows. After excavation, the underground continuous wall far from the building undergoes a “rotating‐kick” displacement, while the underground continuous wall on the side near the building only shows a “kick” displacement. Adjacent buildings have little influence on the distribution of shear force and bending moment of the underground continuous wall of the foundation pit. The first horizontal strut experiences pressure, gradually shifting to tension as excavation continues, with the maximum stress reaching 3.6 × 103 kN. The second, third, and fourth horizontal struts mainly bear compressive forces, increasing with the depth of the struts. The building primarily undergoes settlement in the early stages of deep and long pit excavation. As the excavation progresses, the building points near the pit begin to bulge, but the building corners far from the pit continue to show settlement. During the excavation of the deep and long pit, the differential settlement of the long side of the nearby building first decreases and then increases, and the differential settlement of the short side changes from a slight decrease to a significant increase. The settlement evolution of the building is as follows: overall settlement ⟶ overall uplift ⟶ uplift of the side of the building near the pit ⟶ outward tilting away from the pit. The findings may provide references for designing, constructing, and operating deep and large foundation pits.

Comparative evaluation of different spinal stability metrics

Direct in vivo measurements of spinal stability are not possible, leaving computational estimations (such as dynamic time series and structural analyses) as the feasible option. However, differences between different stability assessment approaches and metrics remain unclear. To explore this, we asked 32 participants to perform 35 cycles of repetitive lifts with and without load (4/2.6 kg for males/females). EMG signals and 3D kinematics were collected via 12 surface electrodes and 17 inertial sensors, and three dynamical stability measures were computed: short and long temporal and conventional maximum Lyapunov exponents (LyE) and maximum Floquet multipliers (FM). A dynamic subject-specific EMG-assisted musculoskeletal model computed four structural stability measures (critical muscle stiffness coefficient at which spine becomes unstable, average spine stiffness, minimum and geometric average of Hessian matrix eigenvalues). Across cycles, dynamical and structural stability outcomes varied noticeably. Temporal short-term LyE and all structural stability measures were more influenced by the cycle percentage (posture factor) than by phase (lifting, lowering) or load factor. The effect of all factors were non-significant for FM and long LyE, except for the posture on LyE-L with a small effect size. Pearson's correlations revealed a weak to moderate, or non-existent, correlation between structural and dynamical stability metrics, with small shared variances, underscoring their distinct and independent nature and theoretical foundations. Moreover, the low sensitivity of dynamic measures to posture and load factors, found in this study, calls for further examination. Considering the limitations and shortcomings of both dynamical and structural stability assessment approaches, there is a need for the development of improved musculoskeletal stability evaluation techniques.

The Property Rights of the Church in the Roman Empire

The present paper deals with the legal capacity and especially the property rights of the growing Christian communities and church institutions within the Roman Empire from the beginning to the Justinianic era. In the beginning, the believers’ charitable donations became the property of the bishops. Later, when the local Christian communities became legal persons, the property of the bishops was separated from the property of the congregations. The local churches could already own real estate before 313. After 313, the legal capacity of the Catholic congregations was confirmed. Later, following the example of local churches, monasteries and finally charitable institutions also became legal entities. Charitable houses were also personal associations and not foundations; independent foundations – similarly to the rules of classical Roman law – did not exist in Justinianic law. The edicts of the Christian emperors greatly facilitated the acquisition of property by local churches, monasteries and charitable institutions. Furthermore, a number of legal rules were made for the special protection of ecclesiastical property.

Diagnostic criteria for Buerger's disease: International Consensus of VAS - European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine.

Buerger's disease (BD) remains a debilitating condition and early diagnosis is paramount for its effective management. Despite many published diagnostic criteria for BD, selective criteria have been utilized in different vascular centers to manage patients with BD worldwide. A recent international Delphi Consensus Study on the diagnostic criteria of BD showed that none of these published diagnostic criteria have been universally accepted as a gold standard. Apart from the presence of smoking, these published diagnostic criteria have distinct differences between them, rendering the direct comparison of patient outcomes difficult. Hence, the expert committees from the Working Group of the VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine critically reviewed the findings from the Delphi study and provided practical recommendations on the diagnostic criteria for BD, facilitating its universal use. We recommend that the 'definitive' diagnosis of BD must require the presence of three features (history of smoking, typical angiographic features and typical histopathological features) and the use of a combination of major and minor criteria for the 'suspected' diagnosis of BD. The major criterion is the history of active tobacco smoking. The five minor criteria are disease onset at age less than 45 years, ischemic involvement of the lower limbs, ischemic involvement of one or both of the upper limbs, thrombophlebitis migrans and red-blue shade of purple discoloration on edematous toes or fingers. We recommend that a 'suspected' diagnosis of BD is confirmed in the presence of a major criterion plus four or more minor criteria. In the absence of the major criterion or in cases of fewer than four minor criteria, imaging and laboratory data could facilitate the diagnosis. Validation studies on the use of these major and minor criteria are underway.

The Assistant and Feature of China Medical Board(CMB) in Korea in the 1950s-70s: Focusing on the Annual Reports of CMB.

This study analyzes the annual reports of CMB in order to examine CMB's assistance of Korea. CMB originally assisted medical education in China, and it turned to assist Asia with changes in the international situation. This paper examines three periods spanning from 1953 to 1980 when Korea received CMB assist. The first period was from 1953 to 1962, when Korea received help with material resources that were lacking after the Korean War. The second period was from 1963 to 1972 during which the scale of assistance further expanded. Additionally, Seoul National University began to have human resources with the necessary support for education and research with the assistance from CMB. The third period was from 1973 to 1980, when the CMB newly established the overall direction of aid, the contents of assistance for Korea also changed. Throughout this period, Korean medicine was able to lay the foundation for independence, and public health, including community medicine, came to be considered as an important aspect of society.

한복진흥법 제정안의 검토와 과제

The hanbok is an umbrella term which is used to refer to traditional ethnic Korean clothes. According to the Cultural Heritage Protection Act, the cultural heritage means artificially or naturally formed national, racial, or world heritage of outstanding historic, artistic, academic, or scenic value, which is classified into the tangible cultural heritage and the intangible cultural heritage. The “hanbok”, Korean clothing is a very significant element of the Korean cultural heritage and tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The ancient hanbok consisted of a jeogori(top), baji(pants), chima(skirt), and the po(coat). These basic structural features of the hanbok remains unchanged to this day. However, modrenized hanbok is patterned after the hanbok worn in the Joseon dynasty. Koreans wear hanbok for formal or semi-formal occasions and events such as weddings, festivals, celebrations, and ceremonies these days. In 1996, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established “Hanbok Day” to encourage to wear the hanbok. In 2022, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism designated “Hanbok Life” as a national intangible cultural heritage. The Hanbok Promotion Center is one department of the Korea Craft and Design Foundation (KCDF). But for the more positive promotion of the hanbok should the Hanbok Promotion Center be the independent Foundation. And more important thing is that the Hanbok Promotion Act should be enacted.

The History of Education in Nursing: The Time Is Now.

The History of Education in Nursing: The Time Is Now.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with higher risk of 3rd degree atrioventricular block: a Danish nationwide registry study

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is suggested to affect the function of the cardiomyocytes and electrical pathways which could cause conduction abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias, such as 3rd degree atrioventricular block. The association of T2DM and 3rd degree atrioventricular block has never been confirmed in large nationwide studies. Purpose To determine the association between T2DM and 3rd degree atrioventricular block. Method This nationwide nested case-control study design included patients older than 18 years, diagnosed with 3rd degree atrioventricular block between 1st of July 1995 and 31st of December 2018. Five controls from the risk set of each case of 3rd degree atrioventricular block were matched on age and sex to fit a Cox regression model with time-dependent exposure (T2DM) and time-dependent covariates and baseline hazard function stratified for age and sex. Subgroup analysis was conducted with Cox models for each subgroup. Results We identified 31.177 cases with 3rd degree atrioventricular block that were matched with 155.885 controls. The mean age was 78 years and 60% were males. Cases had higher prevalence of T2DM (20% vs 7.8%), hypertension (70% vs 43%) myocardial infarction (16% vs 6.6%), and heart failure (21% vs 5.9%) compared to the control group. In a Cox analysis T2DM was significantly associated with a higher rate of 3rd degree atrioventricular block [HR 2.61 (95% CI: 2.54–2.71)]. The association remained in several subgroup analyses of diseases suspected to be associated with 3rd degree atrioventricular block. There was a significant interaction with sex and age groups and comorbidities of interest including hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure and myocardial infarction (Figure 1). Conclusion T2DM is associated with a higher rate of 3rd degree atrioventricular block. The findings were consistent across subgroups. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): This work was funded by the independent research foundation Skibsreder Per Henrik, R. og Hustrus Fond

Co-operatives for sustainable development

Co-operatives are recognised as important vectors for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) set out in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development because they promote democracy, ensure fair income distribution, foster social inclusion, and care for the environment. However, the focus of co-operatives on members and local community diminishes their national and international visibility, adversely affecting their potential contribution to the realisation of SDGs. The authors of this short article are co-leading an interdisciplinary research project, funded by the Independent Social Research Foundation and endorsed by the UK Society for Co-operative Studies, that conceptualises co-operatives as commons institutions and considers how mobilising the notions of institutional complementarities and polycentric governance can help promote the view that co-operatives can make a significant contribution to the sustainable development agenda.

Freedom as Social and Philosophical Category (Comparative Analysis of Alash Intellectuals’ Ideas and Philosophy of French Existentialists J.P. Sartre and A. Camus)

This article defines approaches to understanding freedom as a social and philosophical category through the spectacle of Kazakh intellectuals of Alash Party and existentialist philosophers from France (A. Camus, J.P. Sartre), performs the comparison and comparative analysis of understanding the phenomenon of freedom. In the history of philosophical thought, the concept of freedom underwent a long evolution; it was a subject of deep scientific sensemaking. This scientific interest has persisted up to the present day. From the research point of view, we obtain not only means helping to make possible a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of freedom, but also an opportunity to understand our modern world. The ideological inspirer, the leader of the Alash party was Alikhan Bukeykhan. This is an outstanding personality in the history of our state, due to him and other representatives of the Kazakh intellectuals; the foundation of independence was laid. Philosophical concepts of French existentialists, J.P. Sartre and A. Camus, in the context of freedom problem cause deep research interest since they not only consider the essence of human freedom but also aspects of freedom manifestations under conditions of social changes.

Eusociality and the transition from biparental to alloparental care in termites

AbstractIn eusocial organisms, cooperative brood care within a colony represents a situation where the ancestral parental care duties have shifted away from the reproductive parent(s) towards their offspring. The shift to alloparental care was often instrumental in the initial emergence of eusociality, as it ultimately contributed to the establishment of the reproductive division of labour.Remarkably, eusocial taxa such as ants and termites, which still display an ancestral independent colony foundation phase, must go through an obligatory parental care period, as a temporary subsocial family unit. In termites specifically, an incipient colony inherently remains a woodroach family unit until alloparental care is established. Colony foundation success can then be limited by a series of factors that may include environmental, behavioural, symbiotic and physiological constraints.In this study, 450 incipient termite colonies (Coptotermes gestroi) were established to investigate the timing of physiological changes in founders during the transition from biparental to alloparental care. Results showed that the finite initial internal nutritional resources that alates carry during the dispersal flight are a primary limiting factor for successful colony establishment. TheCoptotermesqueen and king must rapidly establish (<150 days) their first cohort of offspring to reach alloparental care or simply run out of resources and die. Alates, therefore, carry just enough internal resources to produce the first few alloparents (< 15 workers) to prime the system towards colony ergonomic growth, with a definitive shift to solely reproductive functions.Eusocial insect primary reproductive traits were optimized for three successive functions within the life cycle of a colony: alate dispersal (sexual reproduction), colony foundation (parental care) and colony growth (increased egg production towards colony maturity). However, results suggest that trade‐offs involving these functions appear to primarily favour dispersal ones (quantity vs. quality of alates), as founder(s) carry minimal resources and have no room for parental care inefficiency and as they then fully rely on their alloparents for further reproductive output.The transition towards alloparental care during colony foundation of eusocial insects may, therefore, reflect on the initial evolutionary transition from ancestral subsociality to eusociality.Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.