Independent Farmers Research Articles

Analysis Of City Government And Farming Community Partnership In Food Security Policy: Urban Farming Program

The urban farming program is the city government policy to overcome the food security problem for the community's welfare. The study aims to discuss the partnership between the city government and the urban farming community in an urban farming program. It utilizes agricultural land and urban garden as the place for urban agroecological transformation as part of urban food security policy through the partnership capacity theoretical approach from Mathers, et al. This analytic descriptive study uses the case survey method, and data collection is obtained from the unstructured in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and observation in Jeruk urban village in Lakarsantri district in Surabaya. The findings show the success of the partnership between the department of food security and agriculture in Surabaya and Sri Sedono farmer group in the management of the integrated agricultural center. Urban farming program is influenced by mutual consensus which is beneficial to increase crop productivity. However, the result also indicates that the skill base factor is not optimal because of the limited personnel in PPL. Furthermore, the farmers are concerned about adopting new plant varieties. We suggest that the urban farming program can be sustainable and needs to increase the number of personnel in PPL. In addition, it is necessary to increase the entrepreneurial spirit of farmers so that they have innovation values to adopt new crop varieties, and the discipline through the increase of intensity assistance from PPL towards independent, skilled, and professional farmers.

The relationship between aflatoxin M1 and immunoglobulin levels in cows' colostrum.

The purpose of the present research was to assess the amounts of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in cow colostrum samples, as well as their relationship. The sampling involved 90 cows (54 Montofon and 36 Simmental) from 15 independent farms. An appropriate number of samples from the total mixed ration (TMR) used in feeding the cows were collected simultaneously with the colostrum samples. AFB1 in feed, AFM1, and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM) levels in colostrum were evaluated using the ELISA method. The AFM1 level in colostrum samples exceeded the maximum allowed values for raw milk. Ig levels were higher in Montofon-breed cows' colostrum than in Simmentals. However, it was determined that neither the breed nor the lactation number significantly affected the colostrum Ig level. It was determined that there was no linear relationship between the number of lactations and immunoglobulin levels or between AFM1 and immunoglobulin levels in colostrum. Similarly, it was determined that there was no linear relationship between the AFB1 level in the feed and the AFM1 level in the colostrum of animals consuming these feeds.

Corporate farming model for sustainable supply chain crude palm oil of independent smallholder farmers

Independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia contributed significantly to the sustainable of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) supply chain. On the other hand, sustainability in the process of implementing the supply chain system for independent smallholders is an issue that is extremely important for the success of the supply chain system for the CPO company. This study’s objective is to develop an alternative business model with the goal of strengthening the interaction that already exists between independent farmers and cooperatives in ensuring the existence of a supply chain for raw materials and having access to financial resources, knowledge, and technology. The selection of the research location considered several factors, including the size of the area’s oil palm plantations, the number of oil palm farmers who are self-sufficient, and the possibility of locating CPO plant. Study findings that, the new model by business canvas analysis as the upgraded model of existing model business recommended that it should be built based on the cooperative palm oil family which provides farmers with access to financial, replanting, intensification, and extensification and infrastructure by APKASINDO, BPDPKS, Bank, and other stakeholders to sustain the FFB supply chain in cooperation through a partnership program in a long-term scheme. This whole system was developed by corporate farming system based on the cooperative as the off taker of FFB farmers and develop mini plant CPO to produce cooking oil and biofuels and by product as the waste management system as the value added for farmers.

Using a Triple Sensor Collocation Approach to Evaluate Small-Holder Irrigation Scheme Performances in Northern Ethiopia

This study uses a triple-sensor collocation approach to evaluate the performance of small-holder irrigation schemes in the Zamra catchment of Northern Ethiopia. Crop water productivity (CWP), as an integrator of biomass production and water use, was used to compare the overall efficiencies of three types of irrigation systems: traditional and modern diversions, and dam-based irrigation water supply. Farmer-reported data often rely on observations, which can introduce human estimation and measurement errors. As a result, the evaluation of irrigation scheme performance has frequently been insufficient to fully explain crop water productivity. To overcome the challenges of using one single estimation method, we used a triple-sensor collocation approach to evaluate the efficiency of three small-scale irrigation schemes, using water productivity as an indicator. It employed three independent methods: remotely sensed data, a model-based approach, and farmer in-situ estimates to assess crop yields and water consumption. To implement the triple collocation appraisal, we first applied three independent evaluation methods, i.e., remotely sensed, model-based, and farmer in-situ estimates of crop yields and water consumption, to assess the crop water productivities of the systems. Triple-sensor collocation allows for the appraisal and comparison of estimation errors of measurement sensor systems, and enables the ranking of the estimators by their quality to represent the de-facto unknown true value, in our case: crop yields, water use, and its ratio CWP, in small-holder irrigated agriculture. The study entailed four main components: (1) collecting in-situ information and data from small-holder farmers on crop yields and water use; (2) derivation of remote sensing-based CWP from the FAO WaPOR open database and time series; (3) evaluation of biomass, crop yields and water use (evapotranspiration) using the AquaCrop model, integrating climate, soil data, and irrigation management practices; (4) performing and analysis of a categorical triple collocation analysis of the independent estimator data and performance ranking of the three sensing and small-holder irrigation systems. Maize and vegetables were used as main crops during three consecutive irrigation seasons (2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20). Civil war prevented further field surveying, in-situ research, and data collection. The results indicate that remote sensing products are performed best in the modern and dam irrigation schemes for maize. For vegetables, AquaCrop performed best in the dam irrigation scheme.

Sosialisasi Pengolahan Limbah Organik Menggunakan “Maggot BSF” Untuk Pakan Ayam di Dusun Dadapan, Magelang

Organic waste remains a major issue in several areas as it causes negative impacts such as environmental pollution. One of the causes is the lack of public understanding of how to process organic waste. Organic waste processing can be carried out using BSF maggot. Utilizing BSF maggot for organic waste processing is a form of sustainable benefit. BSF maggot can be used as animal feed, and its residue can be used as organic fertilizer. This study employs a qualitative method to deeply describe the sequence and results of community service activities conducted for the PKK mothers' community. The community service was conducted in the form of a socialization event aimed at providing an understanding of organic waste processing using BSF maggot and its potential as an alternative chicken feed. The activities included socialization on BSF maggot farming techniques, the role of BSF maggot in processing organic waste, the benefits that can be obtained, and the provision of BSF maggot samples for independent farming. The evaluation results show that all participants understood the BSF maggot farming techniques for processing organic waste and applying it as chicken feed in their surroundings.

Implementasi Program Petani Mandiri dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Petani di Kecamatan Sumberrejo Kabupaten Bojonegoro

This study aims to examine the implementation of the Independent Farmer Program in Sumberrejo Sub-district, Bojonegoro Regency, a flagship priority program of the local government. This program is governed by Regent Regulation Number 43 of 2020 concerning the Second Amendment to Regent Regulation Number 20 of 2019, which amends Regent Regulation Number 48 of 2018 on the Independent Farmer Program. The program seeks to improve farmers' welfare through empowerment and access to agricultural resources. The study's findings indicate that the program faces challenges, such as low farmer awareness and the suboptimal implementation of several initiatives. The research employs a qualitative approach with a case study method, involving in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis. Recommendations include enhancing farmer outreach and training, as well as strengthening program monitoring and evaluation to ensure effectiveness and sustainability.

Financial impact of low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 on commercial broiler chicken and egg layer production systems in Pakistan

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) subtype H9N2 is endemic in Pakistan and impacts poultry farming through disease related mortality, poor weight gain and reduced egg production. This study aims to estimate the farm-level financial impact of LPAI H9N2 infection on commercial broiler and layer production systems in Pakistan.A questionnaire based cross-sectional survey of 138 broiler farms and 136 layer farms in Pakistan was conducted in 2019. Primary data collected by cross-sectional survey along with expert opinion and published literature were used to parameterize five stochastic production and gross margin models for three broiler and two layer production systems: fully integrated production (FIP), partially integrated production (PIP) and independent farming production (IP) systems. Partial budget analysis were then carried out to estimate the financial impact of LPAI H9N2.Results indicate that in broiler production systems, starting with 35,000 day old chicks (DOC) per batch, the net cost of disease (million PKR/production cycle) was estimated at 4.10 (14,862 USD), 4.62 (16,747 USD) and 2.46 (8917 USD) for IP, PIP and FIP systems, respectively. The disease produced a negative gross margin (defined here as revenue minus replacement and variable costs) in IP (-53 PKR (-0.19 USD)/DOC bought) and PI (-25 PKR (-0.091 USD)/DOC bought) systems, while remained positive for FIP systems (87 PKR (0.32 USD)/DOC bought). For layer production systems, (mean flock size as 48,000 DOCs) the net cost (million PKR/production cycle) was 29.75 (107,095.21 USD) and 29.51 (106,223.45 USD) IP and PIP systems, respectively, and produced negative gross margin in both systems.The outcomes of the study highlight the vulnerability of independent and partially integrated production systems to the disease. These findings also offer a decision-making tool to the farmers and policy makers to evaluate avian influenza surveillance systems and control interventions in Pakistan.

A Structural Equation Modelling Approach in Assessing the Sustainability of Indonesian Smallholder Oil Palm Farming

Oil palm plantations (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in Indonesia have been considered as a leading sector to increase the country's economic growth, create jobs, and improve the distribution of people's income The production of oil palm fruit commodities in 2019 reached a total of 51,443,315 tonnes (Director General of Plantations, 2020). Its export volume in 2019 was 29,135,179 tonnes, equivalent to US$ 20,802,708,000. Oil palm crop production in Indonesia is managed by three groups: state-owned plantation companies, private plantation companies, and smallholder plantations. Oil palm plantation areas spanned 14,677,560 hectares in 2019, 41% of which were community-based plantations. These areas produced 14,846,112 tonnes of palm oil in the same year, accounting for 16% of the national palm oil crop production volume (Directorate General of Plantations, 2020). The development of oil palm plantation areas has made a major contribution to the country's foreign exchange reserves, added to local revenue, encouraged the acceleration of economic development, and encouraged poverty alleviation in rural areas. This study aims to analyse the economic, social, environmental, institutional, and technological influences on the sustainability of independent oil palm farms in Sintang District. The research method used is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) operated through the AMOS programme. While the tools used in this study using a questionnaire with 216 respondents. From a total population of 491 respondents. The findings of this study indicate that the C.R value of the economic dimension is 4.026, social is 2.920, environmental is 3.237, institutional is 3.247, and technology is 2.694. This shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of the sustainability of independent oil palm farming.

What are the Major Barriers and Challenges Faced by Independent Oil Palm Smallholder Farmers in RSPO Certification?

The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certification is essential for promoting sustainable palm oil production; however, smallholder farmers face significant obstacles in meeting its standards, hindering their growth. This study aims to identify the main barriers and challenges for independent oil palm smallholders in the RSPO certification process and to propose strategies for overcoming these issues. Using a mixed-methods approach, researchers collected data from 60 smallholders through a snowball sampling method and analyzed it using descriptive statistical techniques such as frequency counts and cross-tabulations. Critical barriers identified include high certification costs, lack of knowledge, limited resources, difficulties tracking production yields, and challenges meeting social requirements. Furthermore, smallholders struggle with adapting cultivation practices, accessing markets, maintaining commitment, building capacity, and navigating bureaucratic hurdles. Organizations are urged to adopt market development strategies, enhance their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, and facilitate better access to sustainable technologies to tackle these challenges. Additionally, enhancing green skills, simplifying record-keeping, reinforcing farmer groups, and offering financial incentives, including soft loans and tailored training, are critical. Streamlining certification procedures will also alleviate administrative burdens, enabling smallholders to adopt sustainable practices more effectively.

The contribution of urban farming to urban food security: the case of “Buruan SAE”

ABSTRACT This study focuses on urban farming practices in Bandung, West Java, known as Buruan SAE, a programme initiated by the Department of Food Security and Agriculture, Bandung. The objectives of this study are to analyse the effects of urbanisation on urban farming and to explore the potential of urban farming in supporting food security. This study uses a qualitative approach. The results of the study show 3 important issues: the diverse production of urban farming is able to meet the food needs of community members and some have already become independent farmers; there has been a change in the attitude of the people of Bandung city, through urban farming they have become ‘farmers’ a completely new activity for them; urban farming provides a source of income for the urban community. These findings suggest that urban farming can enhance the sustainability of the Buruan SAE community.

Cost reduction for upscaling voluntary sustainability standards: the case of independent oil palm smallholders in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Upscaling Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) can generate ecological and social benefits at a scale that is meaningful to address pressing environmental issues such as climate change and biodiversity losses. Lack of resources and risks of implementation gaps may, however, hinder the success of upscaling VSS. This paper aims to fill the gap in the literature regarding options to reduce certification costs to upscale VSS amid the limited financial resources available for certification. The paper presents the result of action research involving 3,507 independent oil palm farmers who are members of six farmer groups in two districts in Central Kalimantan to achieve Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certification. The research found that achieving economies of scale by increasing the total number of certified farmers can reduce the certification costs per farmer. By establishing a district-level entity, the costs related to audits, RSPO membership fees, and the establishment of farmer groups, such as developing standard operating procedures (SOPs), can be lowered. Implementation gaps were not found with the increase of farmers joining the project based on the training frequency and the external audit findings reports on farmers' compliance with RSPO principles and criteria. The findings of this study provide a basis for promoting the upscaling of VSS, including through the RSPO jurisdictional approach.

85. Effect of Bacillus sp. PB6 (ATCC PTA-6737) on the caecal microbiota of broiler chickens in four independent Belgian farms

85. Effect of Bacillus sp. PB6 (ATCC PTA-6737) on the caecal microbiota of broiler chickens in four independent Belgian farms

Field efficacy of a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome modified-live virus vaccine with an emphasis on growth performance.

This field evaluation was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 (PRRSV-2) modified live virus vaccine at three independent pig farms. Three farms were selected for this study based on their respiratory disease status caused by PRRSV-2 infection in post-weaning and growing pigs. Each farm housed a total of 40, 18-day-old pigs that were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups. Pigs were administered a 1.0mL dose of the bivalent vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered saline at the same age. Vaccinated groups were measured and calculated significantly (p<0.05) higher in body weight and average daily weight gain on all three farms compared with unvaccinated groups. Vaccinated groups elicited PRRS antibodies and PRRSV-2-specific interferon-γ secreting cells, which reduced the amount of PRRSV-2 genomic copies in the blood and reduced macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions severity when compared with unvaccinated groups. The field evaluation data demonstrated that a new PRRSV-2 modified live virus vaccine was efficacious in swine herds suffering from respiratory diseases caused by PRRSV-2 infection.

Dari Petani Subsisten Ke Ekonomi Pasar

Independent oil palm plantations in the region are extensive compared to other local crop production. Oil palm has become an important plantation product for local communities. Oil palm plantations significantly change the socio-economic and environmental conditions of local communities. Oil palm plantations in the sub-district contribute significantly more to plantation production than other small-scale crops. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the transition of small-scale agriculture to a market economy and to determine the factors driving this change. This research was conducted in Parindu sub-district, considering that oil palm plantations account for 61.33% of the area. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method. Sampling was done using target sampling. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The triangulation technique was used to check the validity of the data. The data analysis method used the Miles and Hubermen analysis model (data reduction, presentation, and review). The informants in this study were independent oil palm farmers. The research found that before the introduction of market-oriented commercial farming systems, the Parindu community practiced subsistence farming, shifting cultivation and rubber plantations, and the results were sufficient to meet the needs of their families. They did not cultivate rubber as their main job, but as a side job in between their work as farmers. The desire to fulfill family needs became a strong foundation for the transformation of the agricultural economy from subsistence farming to the field of product marketing through the market economy. This change affected farmers' lifestyles, which were reflected in their possessions and assets. Property and wealth clearly increase honor and dignity as well as social status.

Case Study of Economic Growth with the Act of Monopoly on Food Control in the Field of Poultry Farming from Upstream to Downstream by PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Tbk

This study discusses economic growth, that economic growth does not only provide positive impacts but also negative impacts such as the existence of monopoly crimes that grow because unfair competition practices are based on tight business competition because they are required to increase profits as much as possible. The company PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Tbk (CPIN) is indicated to have committed a monopoly violation in controlling food in the poultry sector in its business activities. The purpose of this study is that the government is expected to be truly present in trying, and anticipating, and or overcoming crimes in the field of monopoly practices and unfair business competition. Namely in overcoming the practice of controlling products from upstream to downstream, the authority in this case is the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU). This research method uses Normative Juridical analysis using secondary data with primary materials in the form of laws and expert opinions. The results of this study are that Business actors must implement Law No. 5 of 1999 Regarding Their Business Activities, and also the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) must take a legal approach to PT Charoen Pokphand Indonesia (CPIN). In this study it can be concluded that all independent farmers are in a very weak position. Because they do not have a bargaining position against suppliers who supply input components such as seeds, feed and medicine, and do not have bargaining power from the sales side, because the market is controlled by poultry integrators such as in this study PT. CPIN. So that monopoly practices occur in product control from upstream to downstream.

Land tenure conflicts in forest areas: obstacles to rejuvenation of small-scale oil palm plantations in Indonesia

Purpose This study aims to investigate the problems small-scale oil palm plantations in Indonesia’s forest areas face and the government policies addressing them. Design/methodology/approach Survey and data collection were used to determine the socioeconomic, environmental, legal and governance problems related to the development of smallholder plantations. Information was obtained from the respondents via a rapid rural appraisal approach. Findings The potential land for potential participants in the community oil palm rejuvenation programme is a forest area of 1,628,749.60 ha. Owing to its legal dimensions and unsustainable land management, the rejuvenation regulatory programme has not reached independent farmers. Research limitations/implications The use of plantation space beyond its designation hinders the government’s goal of accelerating the rejuvenation programme. The problems regarding the accumulation of forest area result in low achievement of the annual rejuvenation target in Riau Province (21%–25%). The authors present solutions to resolve land ownership conflicts and implement strategic policies to ensure the sustainable development of such plantations. Originality/value The authors introduce a conflict–resolution model for small-scale smallholder oil palm plantations to resolve the problems of forest area claims unaddressed in the Indonesian Job Creation Law. Land conflict resolution is categorised into five typologies: oil palm plantations with business permits; those without a forestry permit and subject to administrative sanctions; business activities in forest areas without forestry permits; resolving non-conformities in the progress of land or management controlled and used in forest areas prior to their designation by removing land parcels through modifying the forest area boundaries; and the settlement for farmers without cultivation registration certificates but have established plantations and whose land tenure can be proven.

Analysis of the effect of oil palm partnership pattern on the selling price and quality of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) at the level of independent farmers in Sumber Rejeki village Sungai Lilin District Musi Banyuasin Regency

The objectives of this research are: (1) To examine the partnership patterns among independent oil palm farmers in Sumber Rejeki Village. (2) To identify factors that influence the price and quality of FFB within the partnership patterns of independent oil palm farmers in Sumber Rejeki Village. (3) To assess the impact of partnership patterns on the price and quality of FFB among independent oil palm farmers in Sumber Rejeki Village. (4) To provide recommendations for a relevant partnership management model to be implemented in the partnership patterns of oil palm farmers in Sumber Rejeki Village. This research was conducted in Sumber Rejeki Village. The research methods used are survey method and purposive sampling method. The number of samples taken is 31 independent oil palm farmers from Sumber Rejeki Village. The sample was determined using the Slovin’s method. The research findings indicate that: The partnership model existing in Sumber Rejeki Village is the inti-plasma partnership. The factor that most influences the price of FFB is the quality of the seeds. The factor that most affects the quality of the FFB is the level of ripeness. The analysis has shown that there is a significant impact of the village cooperative unit, core companies, and independent farmers on the price and quality of FFB in Sumber Rejeki Village. The recommended partnership model to be implemented, based on the first priority alternative results, is the core-plasma partnership with a focus on the criteria of capital support.

ISPO introduction program for independent smallholders: Initial steps towards mandatory ISPO 2025

The government, through Peraturan Presiden RI Nomor 44 Tahun 2020, mandates Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification for smallholder farmers within five years of its enactment. However, by December 2022, only 32 farmer groups had achieved ISPO certification. The Gunung Ambat Farmers Group, which has already received funds from the PSR program, is one of the independent farmer groups with the potential to acquire ISPO accreditation. Yet, members' understanding of this certification remains low due to a lack of socialization or training from the government or other entities. This initiative aims to promote the regulation and provide training on the concepts and requirements for ISPO certification. Activities include administering questionnaires to assess knowledge, conducting training sessions, engaging in puzzle games, and practicing the documentation of farming activities. The results indicate significant improvements in farmers' understanding before and after the training. Initially, farmers had no knowledge of ISPO certification; however, post-training, over 70 percent of participants understood the certification, with an average of 35 percent comprehending its principles and criteria. Participants are also encouraged to document their farming progress, enhancing their skills in farming business documentation and administrative tasks.

Beef Cattle Production and Market of Beef Cattle Farmer in Lamphun Province

The objectives of this research were to study: 1) beef cattle production of farmers, 2) beef cattle markets in Lamphun province, and 3) problems and recommendations on beef cattle production in Lamphun province. The research samples consisted of two groups. Group 1, for quantitative research, were 210 beef cattle farmers in Lamphun province who had more than 21 head of beef cattle each. The data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics as percentage, mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation. Group 2, for qualitative research, were 13 key informants who were representatives of beef cattle farmers and stakeholders in beef cattle production and market in Lamphun province. The data were collected by in-depth interview and analyzed by content analysis. The results showed that: 1) Most of farmer were male (about 93.33 %) with average ages of 42±34.58 years. Approximately 43.81 % were educated at primary level and had 35±26.15 years of experience in beef cattle production. Lamphun province had two types of beef cattle production which were 95.24% independent beef cattle farmers and 4.76% beef cattle community enterprise members. Farmers raised 4 types of beef cattle which were purebred beef cattle (50.71%), fattening beef cattle (31.44%), culled beef cattle (13.31%) and fattening quality beef cattle (4.54%). 2) Beef cattle markets in Lamphun province included beef cattle markets and beef markets. Beef cattle were sold at the farms, at beef cattle and buffalo markets and beef cattle fattening market, while butchered beef was sold through local markets in Lamphun province. And 3) the problems in beef cattle production were in beef cattle breeds, feed and farm management. The recommendations for beef cattle production were that beef cattle farmers should establish collaborative groups to develop beef cattle fattening quality production, and relevant agencies should advise and help farmers in farm management, implementing standard slaughterhouse and sources for selling beef cattle.

Urgency of Social Capital to Improve the Resilience of Independent Oil Palm Farmers in Managing Oil Palm Plantations in Peat Areas: Lessons from Indonesia

Objective: This research focuses on studying the social capital of oil palm farmers in Sidomulyo Village, Wanaraya District, Barito Kuala District, South Kalimantan Province. Theoretical Framework: The study aims to achieve two main objectives: firstly, to identify the social capital possessed by independent oil palm farmers; secondly, to describe how they maintain this social capital. Method: Qualitative research methods were employed to gain a profound understanding of the social capital that supports the success of independent smallholders in managing oil palm plantations. The study was conducted in Sido Mulyo village, Wanaraya district, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Informants, serving as sources of information, were selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection involved observation, in-depth interviews with selected informants, and daily records, which played a crucial role in this research. The obtained data will be subjected to phenomenological analysis. The study revealed two key findings: first, various forms of social capital, and second, how this social capital is utilized. Results and Discussion: The identified forms of social capital include: (1) the social networks established by farmers with middlemen to sell palm oil to processing companies, (2) their membership in peasant groups, and (3) the work ethic exhibited by farmers as transmigrants. The utilization of social capital for their progress as farmers involves: (1) maintaining relationships in social networks to secure favorable palm oil prices and access to financial capital, (2) leveraging farmer groups to access fertilizer subsidies and protect against the threat of land fires, and (3) employing social norms to foster mutual assistance in preserving road access to oil palm plantations. Research Implications: This research contributes to understanding the various capitals owned by smallholders in oil palm plantation exploitation and the use of social capital for their success in plantation management palm oil. This model can be a reference for communities who want to get similar success in the development of oil palm plantations and can be done also in other locations that have the same land structure. Originality/Value: Social capital plays a crucial role in the success of independent farmers managing oil palm plantations. Several conclusions have been drawn regarding social capital in the management of oil palm plantations by independent smallholders. Firstly, the forms of social capital owned by independent oil palm plantation farmers include: (1) social networks established by farmers with middlemen for selling oil palm to processing companies, (2) membership in farmer groups, (3) the work ethic possessed by farmers as transmigrants, and (4) the social norms embraced by transmigrant farmers. Secondly, the utilization of social capital for their progress as farmers is carried out through: (1) maintaining relationships in social networks to secure palm oil prices and access capital, (2) utilizing farmer groups to access fertilizer subsidies and safeguard against the threat of land fires, and (3) applying social norms to foster mutual assistance in maintaining oil palm plantation infrastructure and addressing and preventing palm oil plantation fires.