Independent Extrusion Research Articles

Research on a Fiber Corner Compensation Algorithm in a 3D Printing Layer of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology for continuous fiber-reinforced composite (CFRC) printing has become a trend. This article is based on ‘independent extrusion’ FFF CFRC printing. The continuous fiber-reinforced filament (CFRF) printing solution is the contour offset method for obtaining executable g-code. When the CFRCF prints at the corner, it is found that the actual CFRC printing trajectory is inconsistent with the ideal laying trajectory. The causes of the error are analyzed, and an angle optimization algorithm is proposed. The corner optimization algorithm is verified by theoretical analysis and experimental analysis. From the experimental results, the corner optimization algorithm improves the 30° angle fit of CFRF printing by 90% and reliability has also been improved. When the printing length is 127,200 mm, there are 960 printing corners, and the failure rate is 0.

Abstract 11169: The HVCN1 Voltage-Gated Proton Channel Contributes to Ph Regulation in Canine Ventricular Myocytes

Regulation of intracellular pH (pH i ) in cardiomyocytes is crucial for cardiac function; however, currently known mechanisms for direct or indirect extrusion of acid from cardiomyocytes seem insufficient for energetically-efficient extrusion of the massive H + loads generated under in vivo conditions. In cardiomyocytes, voltage-sensitive H + channel activity mediated by the HVCN1 proton channel would be a highly efficient means of disposing of H + , while avoiding Na + -loading, as occurs during direct acid extrusion via Na + /H + exchange or indirect acid extrusion via Na + -HCO 3 - cotransport. PCR and immunoblotting demonstrated expression of HVCN1 mRNA and protein in canine heart. Patch clamp analysis of canine ventricular myocytes revealed a voltage-gated H + current that was highly H + -selective. The current was blocked by external Zn 2+ and the HVCN1 blocker 5-chloro-2-guanidinobenzimidazole (ClGBI). Both the gating and Zn 2+ blockade of the current were strongly influenced by the pH gradient across the membrane. All characteristics of the observed current were consistent with the known hallmarks of HVCN1-mediated H + current. Inhibition of HVCN1 and the NHE1 Na + /H + exchanger, singly and in combination, showed that either mechanism was largely sufficient to maintain pH i in beating cardiomyocytes, but that inhibition of both activities caused rapid acidification. These results show that HVCN1 is expressed in canine ventricular myocytes and provides a major H + -extrusion activity, with a capacity similar to that of NHE1. In the beating heart in vivo , this activity would allow Na + -independent extrusion of H + during each action potential and, when functionally coupled with anion transport mechanisms, could facilitate transport-mediated CO 2 disposal.

Research on Heating Zone Length of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites 3D Printing Nozzle

AbstractWith the development of 3D printing, continuous fiber reinforced composite (CFRTP C) 3D printing has received widespread attention. The print head is critical to distinguish between different components of the printing material. The printing nozzle is the key of CFRTPC 3D printing nozzle. Based on the “independent extrusion” type CFRTPC 3D printing, this paper studies the length of the heating zone of the continuous fiber reinforced filament (CFRF) printing nozzle. The research results show that when the CFRF printing speed is 300 mm/min, taking CFRF/PLA as an example, the effective heating zone length of the printing nozzle is between 2.62–5.45 mm, and the printing temperature range is between 204–234°C. Comprehensive consideration, the optimal printing zone length is 3.6 mm and the optimal printing temperature is 220 °C. The research of this paper is of great significance to the rapid development of CFRTPC 3D printer.

Preparation and Performance Index Test of Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Filament- Polylactic Acid for 3D Printer

The “independent extrusion” 3D printer of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites (CFRTPC) is gradually recognized by the market, but it cannot be widely used due to the limitations of printing materials. This paper focuses on the development of Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Filament- Polylactic Acid (CGFRF-PLA) for “independent extrusion” printing. The preparation device of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Filament (CFRF) was designed, and the effects of preparation process parameters such as temperature, speed and coupling agent on the performance index of CGFRF-PLA were studied by experiments, the best preparation process parameters were determined.