Independent Breeders Research Articles

Preliminary study on a yield-prediction model of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid based on simple sequence repeat markers for breeding optimization by independent breeders in China

Preliminary study on a yield-prediction model of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid based on simple sequence repeat markers for breeding optimization by independent breeders in China

Studi Kelayakan Usaha Ternak Ayam Broiler Pada Pola Mandiri Dan Pola Kemitraan di Kabupaten Klaten

<p><em>This study aims to determine the feasibility of broiler chicken farming in partnership and independent patterns in Klaten Regency. The research method used is descriptive analysis. The samples used were determined deliberately. Analysis methods include revenue, costs, profits, B/C ratio indicators, R/C ratio, and Performance Index. Primary and secondary data were used in this research. The research results show that acceptance of the partnership pattern has an average of IDR 73,661,548 greater than the independent pattern. The average profit and total profit received by partnership breeders is much greater than that of independent breeders, amounting to IDR 28,004,337. The B/C ratio of the independent pattern broiler chicken farming business is 0.61 for the partnership pattern, while for the independent pattern, it is -0.15. The partnership pattern is more worth pursuing than the independent pattern as seen from the R/C ratio value where the partnership pattern is 1.61 while the independent pattern is 0.97 which is not worth pursuing. The environmental and legal aspects of the partnership pattern are feasible in the legal aspect, while the environmental aspect is not yet feasible because air pollution still occurs and the large number of flies that arise due to unprocessed chicken manure.</em></p>

An Economic Method to Identify Cultivars and Elite Lines in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) for Small Seed Companies and Independent Breeders

Radish is a root vegetable crop, and many F1 cultivars have been developed by exploiting heterosis. Considerable time and resources are required to test the performance and combining ability of F1 cultivars and parental lines; therefore, economical methods to identify them are needed before field tests. This study was conducted to determine the minimum number of markers needed to identify cultivars and elite lines. PCR-based markers were applied to radish cultivars and elite lines and selected based on chromosomal location, polymorphic information content, and allele frequency. The power of selected marker sets to detect genetically similar cultivars or elite lines was confirmed using cultivars with high genetic similarity and elite lines with the same parents. Eleven markers successfully identified not only all 105 radish cultivars tested but also cultivars with high genetic similarity reported in previous studies. Fourteen markers, including the nine among 11 markers for cultivar identification, also successfully distinguished all 115 elite lines tested, including ones with the same parents and separated at F2–F6 generations. The markers developed for the identification of radish cultivars and elite lines require only 11 and 14 markers, respectively, and simple PCR and gel electrophoresis instruments. This method is very simple and can be easily applied to other crops.

Pengaruh Kemitraan Terhadap Risiko Produksi Usaha Ternak Ayam Broiler di Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten

Serang Regency is one of the broiler producing regions in Banten Province. Broiler’s production in Serang Regency faces a high risk of chicken production and mortality. Production risk also has an impact on the breeder’s income and decisions to breed broilers. This research aimed to analyze the risk of the broiler breeder’s production and analyze the effect of partnerships on the risk of broiler breeding in Serang Regency. This research was conducted in Serang Regency, Banten Province. The selection of respondents was done by purposive sampling to collect 64 broiler breeders. The number of samples is divided into 32 partnered breeders and 32 independent breeders. The Just and Pope model is used to analyze production risk. The results of the analysis showed that the production risks faced by partnered breeders are higher than independent breeders. Besides that, partnerships do not have a significant influence to reduce the risk of production of broiler breeding. The results of the analysis showed that the factors of production that are increasing production risk in broiler are vaccines, labor, medicines, husks, dummy partners, and dummy seasons. Factors that are reducing production risk in the business of broiler are feed, heat, and vitamins.

Constraints and benefits of KUB chicken cultivate in Central Java Province, Indonesia

Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development has released the KUB (Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan) chicken to increase the contribution of local chickens to the national meat supply for community’s animal protein needs. This paper aims to determine the constraints and benefits of KUB chickens cultivating in Central Java Province. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive methods with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The R/C analysis results showed that breeders would get more significant profit by raising KUB chickens (2.38) compared to local native chickens (1.72). KUB chicken farming faces several obstacles, including suboptimal productivity of eggs and chicken meat, limited availability of KUB chicken seeds, inadequate location and size of the cage, attacks of poultry disease during the transition season and low access to bank credit. Therefore, it is advisable to cultivate KUB chickens in battery cages in a broader area to optimise the productivity and minimise mortality rates. The government can encourage seed resources management unit (UPBS) and collaborate with private companies and independent breeders to carry out KUB chicken breeding to increase the availability of KUB chicken seeds. The government is also expected to facilitate an access to bank credit for KUB chicken breeders, especially for business capital.

ANALISA KEUNTUNGAN USAHA PETERNAKAN AYAM BROILER POLA MANDIRI DI KABUPATEN MALANG (Studi Kasus Di Kecamatan Karangploso Kabupaten Malang)

The study was conducted on several independent pattern broiler breeders in Karangploso District, Malang Regency, East Java Province. This type of research is quantitative research. The choice of location is based on the consideration that based on secondary data obtained from the Animal Husbandry and Animal Health Office of East Java Province, it is stated that Karangploso Subdistrict is one of the regions with the largest broiler population in Malang, amounting to 1,044,402 in 2018 (Malang Animal Husbandry, 2018). This aim of this research is to analyze the average amount of income and the amount of profit generated from independent pattern broiler chicken farming in Karangploso District, Malang Regency. Data collection was carried out in January 2019 - February 2019 with a purposive sampling method with criteria. The sample used is all independent breeders of broiler chicken with a total of 13 respondents. Quantitative analysis is calculated from total revenue, revenue, R / C ratio, BEP, ROI, and Payback Period (PBP). The results can be concluded that the independent pattern of broiler business in Karangploso District is feasible to be developed. The calculated value of the R / C ratio, BEP, and ROI is increasing from year to year. The average R / C ratio> 1, which is 1.07%. The average value of BEP, ROI, and PBP increased from 2016 to 2018, so that the independent broiler chicken breeding business can be declared profitable and feasible to be developed.

Winter is coming: harsh environments limit independent reproduction of cooperative-breeding queens in a socially polymorphic ant.

Cooperative breeding animals frequently inhabit harsh environments. It is widely accepted that harsh environments hinder independent reproduction, and this constraint maintains individuals in family groups. Yet the assumption that harsh ecological conditions reduce the success of members of cooperative breeding groups when breeding independently has not been experimentally tested. We addressed this shortcoming using the socially polymorphic Alpine silver ant, Formica selysi. This species has single-queen (independent breeders) and multiple-queen (cooperative breeders) colonies coexisting within populations. We placed newly mated queens emerging from each type of colony to breed alone in either a harsh or mild winter condition and recorded their brood production and survival. Queens emerging from single-queen colonies were unaffected by the winter condition and were more successful at founding a nest independently than queens from multiple-queen colonies. By contrast, queens from multiple-queen colonies had higher mortality after a harsh than after a mild winter. These results support the long-held assumption that harsh environments constrain independent reproduction of members of cooperative breeding groups.

PEMILIHAN BIBIT TERNAK SAPI POTONG MELALUI KOMBINASI METODE AHP DAN METODE MFEP

Beef is a livestock product that has economic value. The high demand for meat requires farmers to cultivate cows by supplying cattle to meet consumer needs. In terms of selecting beef cattle seeds, independent breeders still do traditionally. During this time farmers still use the trial and error method in choosing the best type of cow even just concerned with the price factor. This will obviously affect the quality of cattle which results in expensive maintenance costs, less than optimal production yields and even death of cows. The purpose of this study was to conduct a study of the application of technology in the selection of the best beef cattle to increase livestock yield, especially for local independent breeders. The technology used is a combination of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the Multy Factor Evaluation Process (MFEP) Method. Through a combination of methods, researchers analyzed each criterion and alternative related to the selection of the best beef cattle. AHP method was chosen because it has the ability to analyze more consistent criteria. While the selection of the MFEP method is due to having the ability to analyze alternatives based on existing criteria in a simple and accurate way. The results of the AHP and MFEP analysis method are AHP analysis to assist in determining the priority factors of beef cattle seedlings and applied to the MFEP method which produces the highest alternative A6 with a value of 0.508. This research is expected to become a new foundation for farmers in knowing the criteria and alternatives in determining the best type of beef cattle.

SUPPLY CHAIN PARTNERSHIP INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS ON BROILER PRODUCTION

Livestock sub-sector is an important part of agricultural development which in addition aims to meet the needs of food and nutrition of the wider community in order to improve the quality of human resources, it must also be able to improve the welfare of farmers. In the livestock sub-sector, many partnership models have been developed including partnerships in broiler business. In order to improve the welfare of farmers, especially broiler breeders in Bogor regency, good structuring is needed in an effective and efficient supply chain partnership institution. Thus, it can increase farmers' income, and ensure the sustainability of people's livestock business, especially broiler business. This study aims to: 1) Identify institutional supply chain management of broiler businesses; 2) Analyze the performance of supply chain partnership institutional broiler businesses in Bogor regency, West Java province. Primary data is obtained through observation and in-depth interviews (in-depth interviews, while secondary data is obtained from related institutions and literature. Collected data is processed quantitatively and qualitatively descriptive. The results of the study conclude: (1) Broiler breeders, namely: Farmers Mandiri, and partnership breeders, which are divided into partnerships on the basis of verbal agreements and officially partnered farmers in partnership. Independent breeders are those who manage and finance all production input needs needed during the production process and are free to market their products. Partner farmers are farmers who have been bound by cooperation both verbally and in writing with companies supplying DOC, feed, vaccines and medicines, so that these farmers only prepare pens, labor and livestock equipment, because all the needs of DOC, feed and medicine and vaccines have been provided by companies that partner with a. (2) Forms of cooperation in marketing live chicken and meat, namely breeders selling live chickens to traders / brokers who then market to retailers in conventional markets. Marketing in the form of broiler is aimed at consumers (restaurants / restaurants. Independent farmers generally market products through traders), independent farmers are free to market to any collector, while farmers in partnership are obliged to market their products to the core. get higher profits compared to breeders partnering verbally and independently.

KOMPETENSI PETERNAK AYAM RAS PEDAGING DI DESA CIBITUNG KULON KECAMATAN PAMIJAHAN KABUPATEN BOGOR

Breeders in Cibitung Kulon Village, Pamijahan District of Bogor Regency were farmers who implemented the partnership system. The breeders were plasma breeders with proprietary cages in capacity of 15,000 to 70,000 chickens. Under these conditions, it was important for all owners of the cage as the plasma to be able to manage the availability of feed and other livestock production to prevent any delay in feeding and make sure provision of the appropriate dosage of vitamins regularly as what was happened in independent breeders. Therefore, the competence of independent farmers in managing livestock business, and the factors associated with the level of farmers competence were described in descriptive analysis and analysed by statistical test of Spearman’s Rank. Noted that the farmers in this study were in the productive age where the majority were high school graduated, owned cages with area of 1000-1500 m 2 , while the role of extensions were quite well. The level of competence of broiler breeders in Cibitung Kulon village was still not very good, and the factors related to the competence of livestock breeders in running the broiler enterprise include age, length of the business running and the area of cage. While the level of education and the role of the extension were not related.

Risiko Harga Ayam Broiler Pola Kemitraan dan Mandiri di Kabupaten Bekasi

Constraints often faced by broiler breeders in West Java Province are the selling price of broiler chickens that are not always stable. One of the selling prices of broiler chickens is created by the conditions of demand and supply in the market, so that in certain conditions when the number of broilers increases, the selling price of chicken can be very low and when the number of broilers decreases due to constraints in the production process, the selling price of chicken can increase . The purpose of this study was to measure the level of price risk faced by broiler chickens in Bekasi Regency. This research was conducted in Bekasi Regency, West Java Province. Sampling is done by purposive and snowballing method. The number of samples is divided into 35 independent breeders and 39 partner farmers. Data collection is done through interviews directly with the respondent farmers using a questionnaire. The collected data is then analyzed using the coefficient of variation. The results of the study show that the price risk faced by independent farmers is much smaller than the price risk received by partner farmers. Keywords: broiler chicken, partnership, price risk.

Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds: A Long-Term Fieldwork with the Ground Tits Endemic to the Tibet Plateau as a Model System

Cooperative breeding in birds has been interesting to behavioral and evolutionary biologists as many basic questions associated with the mysterious phenomenon remain unsolved. The wasteland and meadow on the Tibetan plateau represent extremely harsh environments in the world. Since 2004, we have studied cooperative breeding behaviors of the ground tits Parus humilis endemic to the plateau. After knowing the basic structure of this species society, we are accumulating data to analyze lifetime fitness of helpers vs. independent breeders to test the kin-selection theory, cooperative breeding in relation to climate conditions to explore the mechanisms underlying ecological constraints, the relationship between cooperative breeding and extra-pair paternity across populations to elucidate genetic monogamy as the driver of helping behavior, and environmental conditions as extrinsic factors together with social interaction as intrinsic factors to give insight into population dynamics of avian cooperative breeders. Life-long efforts of researchers are required to uncover the mysteries of the ground tit society.

Breeding strategies for the Italian Jersey

Jersey dairy cows were introduced in Italy in the early 1980’s, and in 1991 the Italian Jersey Herd book was established. During the last decade the number of registered cows has doubled and nowadays there are more than 5000 registered cows from 488 herds. Most herds have Jersey and Holstein cows even if some “only-jersey” herds do exist. Nevertheless, the Italian Jersey population is, from a genetic point of view, the result of independent breeders’ decisions with regard to importation rather than the result of a national selection program with genetic goals clearly defined. As a result of the growing interest of the breeders, national genetic breeding value estimation.......

Cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding in primates?

Several hypotheses propose that cooperative breeding leads to increased cognitive performance, in both nonhuman and human primates, but systematic evidence for such a relationship is missing. A causal link might exist because motivational and cognitive processes necessary for the execution and coordination of helping behaviors could also favor cognitive performance in contexts not directly related to caregiving. In callitrichids, which among primates rely most strongly on cooperative breeding, these motivational and cognitive processes include attentional biases toward monitoring others, the ability to coordinate actions spatially and temporally, increased social tolerance, increased responsiveness to others' signals, and spontaneous prosociality. These processes are likely to enhance performance particularly in socio-cognitive contexts. Therefore, cooperatively breeding primates are expected to outperform their independently breeding sister taxa in socio-cognitive tasks. We evaluate this prediction by reviewing the literature and comparing cognitive performance in callitrichids with that of their sister taxa, i.e. squirrel monkeys, which are independent breeders, and capuchin monkeys, which show an intermediate breeding system. Consistent with our prediction, this review reveals that callitrichids systematically and significantly outperform their sister taxa in the socio-cognitive, but not in the non-social domain. This comparison is complemented with more qualitative evaluations of prosociality and cognitive performance in non-primate cooperative breeders, which suggest that among mammals, cooperative breeding generally produces conditions conducive to socio-cognitive performance. In the hominid lineage, however, the adoption of extensive allomaternal care presumably resulted in more pervasive cognitive consequences, because the motivational consequences of cooperative breeding was added to an ape-level cognitive system already capable of understanding simple mental states, which enabled the emergence of shared intentionality.

Susceptibility of Various Parental Lines of Commercial White Leghorn Layers to Infection with a Naturally Occurring Recombinant Avian Leukosis Virus Containing Subgroup B Envelope and Subgroup J Long Terminal Repeat

Chickens from seven different parental lines of commercial White Leghorn layer flocks from three independent breeders were inoculated with a naturally occurring avian leukosis virus (ALV) containing an ALV-B envelope and an ALV-J long terminal repeat (LTR) termed ALV-B/J. Additional groups of chickens from the same seven parental lines were inoculated with ALV-B. Chickens were tested for ALV viremia and antibody at 0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 wk postinfection. Chickens from all parental lines studied were susceptible to infection with ALV-B with 40%-100% of inoculated chickens positive for ALV at hatch following embryo infection. Similarly, infection of egg layer flocks with the ALV-B/J recombinant virus at 8 days of embryonation induced tolerance to ALV with 86%-100% of the chickens viremic, 40%-75% of the chickens shedding virus, and only 2/125 (2%) of the chickens producing serum-neutralizing antibodies against homologous ALV-B/J recombinant virus at 32 wk postinfection. In contrast, when infected with the ALV-B/J recombinant virus at hatch, 33%-82% of the chickens were viremic, 28%-47% shed virus, and 0%-56% produced serum-neutralizing antibodies against homologous ALV-B/J recombinant virus at 32 wk postinfection. Infection with the ALV-B/J recombinant virus at embryonation and at hatch induced predominately lymphoid leukosis (LL), along with other common ALV neoplasms, including erythroblastosis, osteopetrosis, nephroblastomas, and rhabdosarcomas. No incidence of myeloid leukosis (ML) was observed in any of the commercial White Leghorn egg layer flocks infected with ALV-B/J in the present study. Data suggest that the parental line of commercial layers may influence development of ALV-B/J-induced viremia and antibody, but not tumor type. Differences in type of tumors noted in the present study and those noted in the field case where the ALV-B/J was first isolated may be attributed to differences in the genetics of the commercial layer flock in which ML was first diagnosed and the present commercial layer flocks tested in the present study.

Psittacine beak and feather disease: a first survey of the distribution of beak and feather disease virus inside the population of captive psittacine birds in Germany.

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is the most common viral disease of wild and captive psittacine birds. Here, we designed the first survey to investigate the existence of subclinical infections and the distribution of the causative agent named beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) inside the population of captive psittacine birds in Germany. DNA was isolated from feathers of 146 symptom-free birds from 19 different genera (all psittaformes) taken from 32 independent breeders from all over Germany. The presence of BFDV was analysed by performing polymerase chain reaction assays. Fifty-eight (39.2%) samples were found to be positive for BFDV. As expected, there was no significant predominance of one sex to be infected with BFDV.

Extrapair paternity, inclusive fitness, and within‐group benefits of helping in western bluebirds

In central coastal California, USA, 3–16% of western bluebird (Sialia mexicana) pairs have adult male helpers at the nest. Demographic data on a colour‐ringed population over a 13‐year period indicate that helpers gain a small indirect fitness benefit through increases in the number of young fledged from nests of close kin. A small proportion of adult helpers (16%) that were able to breed and help simultaneously had higher annual inclusive fitness than males that only bred. These males comprised such a minor proportion of helpers that the mean fitness of helpers was still lower than the mean fitness of independent breeders. We used DNA fingerprinting to determine whether extrapair fertilizations alter within‐group benefits enough to tip the balance in favour of helping behaviour. Overall, 19% of 207 offspring were sired by males other than their social father and extrapair fertilizations occurred in 45% of 51 nests. Intraspecific brood parasitism was rare so that mean mother‐nestling relatedness approximated the expected value of 0.5. Extrapair paternity reduced putative father‐offspring relatedness to 0.38. Mean helper‐nestling relatedness was 0.41 for helpers assisting one or both parents and 0.28 for helpers aiding their brothers. Helpers rarely sired offspring in the nests at which they helped. Helping was not conditional on paternity and helpers were not significantly more closely related to offspring in their parents’ nests than to offspring in their own nests. Although helpers may derive extracurricular benefits if helping increases their own or their father's opportunities for extrapair fertilizations, within‐nest inclusive fitness benefits of helping do not compensate males for failing to breed. Breeding failure and constraints on breeding are the most likely explanations for why most helpers help.

Importance of habitat saturation and territory quality for evolution of cooperative breeding in the Seychelles warbler

COOPERATIVE breeding, which often involves young remaining on their natal territory and helping their parents to raise subsequent broods1–3 is mostly explained by habitat saturation: young are constrained from becoming independent breeders by a shortage of breeding territories2,4. Here I present two lines of evidence against this hypothesis for the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis. first, territory quality has a significant effect on dispersal: vacancies arising on territories are mostly filled by prebreeding birds from territories of the same or lower quality. Second, individuals that delay reproduction in high-quality territories, but which eventually breed there, have greater lifetime fitness than those that disperse at one year of age and breed immediately in lower-quality territories. These results support the 'benefits of philopatry,5,6 hypothesis, which emphasizes the lifetime inclusive fitness benefits from staying at home. The transfers of warblers to unoccupied islands was the strictest experimental test of this hypothesis. At first there was no cooperative breeding, but as all high-quality areas became occupied, young birds born on high-quality territories began to stay as helpers, rather than occupying breeding vacancies on low-quality territories. Therefore habitat saturation and territory quality are both involved in the evolution of cooperative breeding.