Independent Branch Research Articles

Advocating for environmental law – grounds for its status as an independent branch of law in Slovak legal doctrine

The article traces the historical development of environmental regulation in Czechoslovakia, and subsequently Slovakia, highlighting the transition from fragmented legal frameworks to comprehensivelegislation, notably Act no. 17/1992 Coll. on Environment. It explores theoretical debates on whether environmental law constitutes an independent legal branch, examining criteria, such as subject matter, objectives, distinct principles, regulatory methods, and international dimensions. While advocating for environmental law’s recognition as a distinct branch, the article acknowledges ongoing debates and emphasizes the need for continued inquiry to reach consensus. Overall, it provides insights into environmental law’s evolution, challenges, and potential role within legal theory and practice.

Exploring the mitogenomic of Lottiidae (Patellogastropoda): phylogenetics, gene rearrangement and evolutionary divergence time estimations

BackgroundLottiidae (Gray, 1840) is a derived family of Patellogastropoda and an important component of intertidal benthic communities. The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been frequently used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of Patellogastropoda. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to sequence the complete mitogenomes of five species. We analyzed the basic base composition characteristics of these mitogenomes, constructed a phylogenetic tree, compared the characteristics of gene rearrangement with other related species, and discussed the evolutionary patterns between gastropod species and the evolutionary relationships of each subclass. In addition, we aim to infer the differentiation time and evolutionary characteristics of various species in the order Patellogastropoda. These results will enrich the mitogenome database of Patellogastropoda and enhance our understanding of the genetic characteristics of Lottiidae and the phylogenetic relationships between gastropods.ResultsWe obtained the mitogenomes sequences of Lottia peitaihoensis, Patelloida saccharinoides, Patelloida ryukyuensis, Nipponacmea sp. and Nipponacmea nigrans, using next-generation sequencing technology. We analyzed the basic structural characteristics of their mitogenomes and found that their lengths ranged from 16.6 kbp to 19.1 kbp. While N. nigrans and P. saccharinoides contain 39 genes, L. peitaihoensis, P. ryukyuensis, and Nipponacmea sp. have only 38 genes, with one trnW less. The most abundant base among the five species is T, and most protein coding genes (PCGs) use ATT, ATG, and ATA as starting codons, and TAA and TAG as stopping codons. We selected the mitogenomes of 10 Lottiidae species for selection pressure analysis and found that all PCGs were subject to purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Patellogastropoda is a fundamental branch of the Gastropoda, and Lottiidae, within Patellogastropoda, is an independent branch at the outermost of the entire phylogenetic tree. Comparison of mitochondrial gene sequences of all Patellogastropoda species revealed a high degree of gene rearrangement within the family Lottiidae, eight sequences present among the 10 species examined. By estimating their divergence times, we found that the divergence of limpets occurred as early as the Permian period of the Paleozoic Era, and a large number of species diverged in the Cenozoic Era.ConclusionThe data obtained from this study will provide information on the assembly of the mitochondrial genome of the Lottiidae species, which will contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary status and relationship among thes family of Patellogastropoda.

Joep Leerssen’s imagology and Yuri Lotman’s semiotic ideas

Having emerged as an independent branch of literary studies, today, imagology is represented by various schools. Its most prominent representative, Joep Leerssen, has developed a holistic version of the imagological theory, which, in many respects, correlates with constructivist approaches to understanding nationalism. The main categories of imagology as interpreted by this school are ethnic stereotype, ethnotype, category of the imaginary, non-falsifiability, imagotypes, imaginary discourse, auto-image, hetero-image, context, common places, imagemes, and the representativeness trap.From the point of view of semiology, ethnic stereotypes, which are studied by imagology, are the signs by means of which their bearer interprets for himself the sphere of interaction between people, in which they act as representatives of certain nations. Thus, the imagosphere can be interpreted as part of the semeosphere, distinguished from it only by problem-thematic rather than by structural-functional features. Accordingly, many of Yuri Lotman’s semiotic ideas can potentially be productive for research in the field of imagology.Imagologists and semiologists analyze the same works of literature and formulate different conclusions largely because they use different types of the scientific discourse in the categories of which they conduct their research. However, in essence, these conclusions are often not so different, at least not mutually exclusive.

Identification of Legal Psychology as an Independent Branch of Law

The science article conducts a theoretical and legal analysis of a new field of scientific knowledge – legal psychology from the standpoint of its perception as an independent branch of law. In the context of the above, the problematic aspects of legal psychology as a scientific, educational and applied branch of legal knowledge are studied on the basis of previously developed by legal psychologists levels of interaction and integration of law and psychology. The formation of legal psychology as a science and vectors of application of its achievements in judicial practice is analyzed. The author's approach in the formation of a new independent branch of law – legal psychology and determining its place in the classification of branches of law is proposed. The author emphasizes the need and urgent demand for the separation of legal psychology as a separate special branch of law that can regulate specific legal relations inherent in the fundamental (profiling) branches of law. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that in domestic legal science the division of the legal system in the field is assessed not in terms of its practical value, but rather in terms of confirming and defending certain scientific and theoretical ideas and concepts, contrary to the expediency of combining certain legal relations in the branch of law to achieve the desired social result through comprehensive study and regulation of specific relations. This, in turn, slows down the formation of new branches of law demanded by legal practice, among which legal psychology is singled out. It is emphasized that the question of the branch affiliation of legal psychology has not only theoretical but also practical significance, uniting individual legal relations in the field of law in order to achieve the desired social result through comprehensive study and regulation of these relations. Attention is drawn to the special classification of legal psychology as a special branch of law, as the latter combines the rules of law governing public relations and related to primary social relations aimed at concretization, strengthening certain rules of basic branches of law, while providing special legal regime for a particular type of social relations. By subordination in legal regulation, legal psychology belongs to the procedural types of branches of law, as it combines the rules of law that determine the procedure, the order for implementing substantive law (criminal procedure, civil procedure, commercial procedure, administrative procedure law). It is proposed to include legal psychology in an independent branch of law, given the presence of features that are inherent in the branches of law; the specificity of the regime of legal regulation; its direct connection with the needs of practice; recognition of its achievements in judicial practice; unification of certain legal relations in the subject of law; conditionality of functional purpose and the place of this industry in the legal system (its type in the classification of industries).

Jewish Art Studies in the Lithuanian Yiddish Press of the Interwar Period (1918–1940)

Summary Lithuanian art studies as an independent branch of science began to take shape in the First Republic of Lithuania between year 1918 and 1940. During 22 years in a multinational free state, it followed a winding path of mastery, professionalism, and the formation of a critic’s thought. However, if the origins, development, and forms of interwar Lithuanian art studies already are being explored, the Jewish art studies are still waiting for its first investigations. The purpose of this article is to broaden the scope of Lithuanian art research by incorporating the layers of interwar Jewish art studies conducted in the Yiddish language. Using the combined methodology of research as method of source studies, the aspects of social history of art and the comparative method, the Jewish art studies were analysed as a specific phenomenon which functioned alongside Lithuanian art studies. Throughout this research, over 1,000 Yiddish publications were reviewed to find the answers to the never previously discussed questions – how many Jewish art historians and critics contributed articles to the Yiddish press, what kind and quality of publications about Jewish art were featured, what aspects of Jewish art, artists, and society did Jewish art critics emphasise, and what kind of relationship existed among art critics, artists and public. The article also encompasses the short biographies of the most prominent Jewish authors in the field of art criticism.

Problems and perspectives of development of Russian turkey breeding

Turkey breeding as an independent branch of domestic poultry farming is currently one of the most promising areas of agriculture. Over the past decades, there has been an active growth in demand for the products of this sector, which entails a proportionate increase in the share of enterprises specializing in turkey breeding. The intensification of turkey breeding in Russia has led to the need to structure and standardize technological processes by developing a narrowly focused regulatory framework. In addition, the problem of ensuring the epizootic well-being of turkey farms also remains relevant today. Regular vaccination is the main measure of veterinary control, which limits or completely stops the dissemination of infections between farms. This article highlights statistical data that most fully reflect the dynamics of turkey farming development in our country; studies the existing regulatory framework governing the stages of poultry production; and also touches upon issues of specific prevention of a number of the most economically significant infectious diseases of birds.

On the question of administrative-delicit law of Ukraine

The article notes that the active development of social relations affected the renewal of the doctrinal foundations of Ukrainian administrative law, as a result of which there are constant discussions in the modern science of administrative law of Ukraine, including those directly related to administrative-legal relations. And therefore, the prospects of administrative and legal science, as well as the fields of administrative law, are connected with modern tasks that science sets before itself in accordance with social requirements, which must be solved, including through the application of measures. It is emphasized that administrative law regulates a significant number of different social relations, among which a special place is occupied by administrative-delict relations, which cover a variety of relations that are subject to the norms of administrative law, which is currently in the stage of systemic reform and is mostly connected with relations to ensure implementation of human and citizen rights and freedoms, consideration of administrative disputes, application of measures of administrative responsibility, bringing to disciplinary responsibility persons of public law. Attention is drawn to the attempts to reform the administrative-tort legislation, since the codified act of the administrative-tort legislation adopted in Soviet times does not meet the realities and requirements of today. Therefore, the issue of updating the administrative-delict legislation occupies a prominent place in the scientific developments of domestic legal scientists. Existing scientific discussions on the separation of administrative-tort law into an independent branch of law exist to this day, but we must state that administrative-tort law, despite its own specificity, a significant number of various functions (regulatory, binding, permitting, protective, educational etc.), is a sub-branch of administrative law, which has a special subject of legal regulation, which is a set of legal norms that regulate relations arising from the doctrine of administrative tort. It is emphasized that the formation of modern administrative-delict law involves interaction with the institutions of administrative responsibility provided for by the sectoral norms of laws, which may include the procedure of bringing a person to administrative responsibility, completely different from that regulated by the Code of Administrative Offenses, which requires new theoretical views on the establishment of a system of administrative penalties.

К вопросу об определении места градостроительного права в системе права России

A relevant and controversial aspect in the modern theory of law in the development of the modern doctrine of the legal system is the question of the intersectoral division of the Russian legal system, the criteria for its construction, as well as the isolation and systematization of legal norms that are complex in nature. The purpose of the article is to establish intersectoral connections, criteria for systematization and the place in the system of Russian law of urban planning norms as a legal community that combines elements of private law and public law influence in the mechanism of legal regulation. A systematic approach and such logical research methods as analysis and synthesis made it possible to determine the place of urban planning norms in the system of Russian law as an independent branch of law with a special mixed type of legal regulation. Scope of application of the results: the main results and conclusions of the study can be used as the basis for the formation of new approaches to building a legal system and criteria for differentiating legal norms. In addition, the recognition of urban planning law as an independent branch of law will significantly facilitate the processes of law enforcement and law-making activities in the urban planning industry. Conclusions: the totality of the subject, method, principles, goals and functions of urban planning norms, forming a special mechanism of legal regulation, indicates the qualitative originality of the regulated sphere of social relations and the isolation of urban planning law as part of the Russian legal system as a branch of law. At the same time, the complex nature of urban planning law by type of legal regulation is due to the interpenetration of private law and public law interests.

HydraViT: Adaptive multi-branch transformer for multi-label disease classification from Chest X-ray images

Chest X-ray is an essential diagnostic tool in the identification of chest diseases given its high sensitivity to pathological abnormalities in the lungs. However, image-driven diagnosis is still challenging due to heterogeneity in size and location of pathology, as well as visual similarities and co-occurrence of separate pathology. Since disease-related regions often occupy a relatively small portion of diagnostic images, classification models based on traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are adversely affected given their locality bias. While CNNs were previously augmented with attention maps or spatial masks to guide focus on potentially critical regions, learning localization guidance under heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of pathology is challenging. To improve multi-label classification performance, here we propose a novel method, HydraViT, that synergistically combines a transformer backbone with a multi-branch output module with learned weighting. The transformer backbone enhances sensitivity to long-range context in X-ray images, while using the self-attention mechanism to adaptively focus on task-critical regions. The multi-branch output module dedicates an independent branch to each disease label to attain robust learning across separate disease classes, along with an aggregated branch across labels to maintain sensitivity to co-occurrence relationships among pathology. Experiments demonstrate that, on average, HydraViT outperforms competing attention-guided methods by 1.9% AUC and 5.3% MAE, region-guided methods by 2.1% AUC and 8.3% MAE, and semantic-guided methods by 2.0% AUC and 6.5% MAE in multi-label classification performance.

Digital Law in the Russian Legal System

The transformation of public relations, taking place under the influence of the widespread introduction of digital technologies, required the formation of a new legal framework, which tends to constantly expand. In this regard, the possibility of distinguishing digital law as an independent branch is widely discussed in science, although the very possibility of using the combination of «digital law» is sometimes questioned. As an alternative to this combination, the categories of «Internet law», cyber law, etc. are periodically used. Based on an analysis of existing scientific points of view, as well as an assessment of the specifics of relations arising from the implementation of digital rights and the use of digital technologies, the author concludes that there is the possibility and expediency to divide digital law into sections. This is due to due to the specifics of the relations that make up its subject, characterized by the special subject construction, the scope of their practical implementation, the principles of building these relations. This in turn determines the peculiarities of the method of their regulation, characterized by a combination of imperative and dispositive approaches, legislative regulation while maintaining a significant role of self-regulation. At the same time, it must be recognized that building a coherent system of digital law is to some extent hindered by the process of permanent transformation of relations arising in this area.

Exploring the Use of Subtitling in Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language: Theories and Applications

Technology occupies a significant resource that can be exploited empirically to contribute to translation learning and research, as it can give enormous opportunities for language learners and educators to exploit in their teaching and provide students with practical learning activities. Many researchers highly recommend the extensive use of IT in enhancing the competence of translation students and L2 learners' language skills. Since there has been an abundance of empirical research studies carried out over the last two decades, many novice researchers cannot review and handle them within their limited time. For this reason, this paper introduces the key researchers who carried out studies on the employment of audiovisual translation (AVT) in language learning and teaching; it explores and reviews the main previous research studies conducted on the impact of audiovisual translation, namely subtitling and subtitles on enhancing language learning. It first considers briefly how audiovisual translation emerged as an independent branch of Translation Studies (ST), then discusses its development as well as its continuity within Translation Studies. It also explores its classifications and highlights future research avenues.

Ecuadorian Quechua and Quechuan classification

Abstract According to the traditional Quechuan classification which has dominated Andean historical linguistics since the 1960s, the Ecuadorian Quechua group (Andean Quichua, Amazonian Quichua, Colombian Ingano, and lower Pastaza Inga in Peru) belongs to the “Quechua II” branch, supposedly including all northern and southern Quechuas, and to the “Quechua IIB” sub-branch, said to also include the Chachapoyas-Lamas Quechua group and the “coastal” Quechua documented by Domingo de Santo Tomás in the mid-16th century. This study evaluates the traditional classification of Ecuadorian Quechua and shows that it does not meet the basic standards of subgrouping based on shared innovations. Special attention is given to the historical status of contrastive complex stops, traditionally claimed to be an Aymara-influenced innovation in Cuzco Quechua, supposedly transferred to Ecuadorian Quechua through “superstrate” influence; instead, it is demonstrated that these sounds have correspondences across the Quechuan family, confirming them as retentions that are uninformative for classification. The study goes on to individually evaluate all proposed criteria for the traditional classification of Ecuadorian Quechua, finding that none hold up as shared innovations, leading to the conclusion that Ecuadorian Quechua is an independent branch of the Quechuan family. Historical records document how this branch originated in Ecuador when Quechua was first introduced by the Incas, then was adopted by the Spanish as a colonial standard, and then became fragmented into four modern languages, all within a period of about 500–600 years.

Execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine: separate doctrinal approaches

It is indicated that the key problem in the activity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is ensuring the implementation of its decisions. Without solving this issue, it is impossible to guarantee the supremacy of the Constitution, the principle of separation of powers and the existence of an independent judicial branch of government as a separate institution. Ignoring the decisions of the constitutional control body undermines the very system of checks and balances, the authority of the Basic Law and the constitutional order in the country in general. These principles underlie the implementation of decisions of constitutional courts, the purpose of which is to ensure constitutional legality. In Ukraine, the mechanism for the implementation of the decisions of the Central Committee of Ukraine has already been developed in general, but there are problems related to the non-implementation of some of its decisions for a long time. Therefore, the task of further improvement of this mechanism and its proper legislative regulation remains relevant. The authors claim that Ukraine has already developed a mechanism for implementing decisions of the Constitutional Court. However, this system is not perfect, which is evidenced by the fact of non-execution of individual court decisions. Therefore, the issue of continuing the work on improving the existing mechanism for implementing decisions of the body of constitutional jurisdiction, securing it properly at the legislative level, remains urgent. At the same time, the problem of the quality of such execution comes to the fore, for the solution of which it is necessary to develop criteria for the effectiveness of the execution of court decisions, which will allow to assess the quality of the legal acts that are introduced and the work of the responsible entities. Both outlined problems definitely need further thorough scientific research. In addition, according to the authors, it should be noted that the issues of the legal nature of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the criteria for the effective implementation of its decisions remain interacting categories and, therefore, require thorough scientific study. At the same time, clarifying the legal force of the Court’s legal positions is complicated by the lack of their legislative definition, by a certain difficulty in understanding the role and place of the body of constitutional jurisdiction in the system of state power. At the same time, the legal positions have a normative and mandatory character, reflected in the acts of the KSU. The need to ensure their immutability follows from the principles of legal certainty and stability of the Constitution. However, the possibility of revising some legal positions in connection with the change in the socio-political structure of the state is gaining relevance.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ ДЕМОГРАФИИ

The article presents the terminology of the concept of "demography", chronology and conceptual and historical aspects of the development of demographic views, knowledge, methods, directions, concepts, the subject of research and institutionalization of demography as an independent scientific branch.

Atacama desert is a source of new Micromonospora strains: description of Micromonospora sicca sp. nov

Several strains were isolated from subsurface soil of the Atacama Desert and were previously assigned to the Micromonospora genus. A polyphasic study was designed to determine the taxonomic affiliation of isolates 4G51T, 4G53, and 4G57. All the strains showed chemotaxonomic properties in line with their classification in the genus Micromonospora, including meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan, MK-9(H4) as major respiratory quinone, iso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0 as major fatty acids and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol as major polar lipids. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains 4G51T, 4G53, and 4G57 showed the highest similarity (97.9 %) with the type strain of Micromonospora costi CS1-12T, forming an independent branch in the phylogenetic gene tree. Their independent position was confirmed with genome phylogenies, being most closely related to the type strain of Micromonospora kangleipakensis. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity analyses between the isolates and their closest phylogenomic neighbours confirmed that they should be assigned to a new species within the genus Micromonospora for which the name Micromonospora sicca sp. nov. (4G51T=PCM 3031T=LMG 30756T) is proposed.

Pseudomonas beijingensis sp. nov., a novel species widely colonizing plant rhizosphere.

A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize the three bacterial strains (FP830T, FP2034, and FP2262) isolated from the rhizosphere soil of rice, corn, and highland barley in Beijing, Heilongjiang, and Tibet, respectively, in PR China. These strains were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and have one or two polar flagella. They exhibited optimal growth at 28 °C and pH 7.0 in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl and showed fluorescence under ultraviolet light when cultivated on King's B plates. The FP830T genome size is 6.4 Mbp with a G+C content of 61.0 mol%. FP830T has the potential to promote plant growth by producing various metabolites such as fengycin, pyoverdin, indole-3-acetic acid, and the volatile substance 2,3-butanediol. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that three isolates formed an independent branch, which most closely related to type strains Pseudomonas thivervalensis DSM 13194T and Pseudomonas zanjanensis SWRI12T. The values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization between three isolates and closest relatives were not higher than 93.7 and 52.3 %, respectively. The dominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c), and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c/C18 : 1 ω6c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and aminophospholipid. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone (Q-9). Based on polyphasic taxonomic analysis, it was concluded that strains FP830T, FP2034, and FP2262 represented a novel species within the genus Pseudomonas, and Pseudomonas beijingensis sp. nov. was proposed for the name of novel species. The type strain is FP830T (=ACCC 62448T=JCM 35689T).

TECHNOLOGY OF VISUAL PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS IN PEDAGOGICAL COMMUNICATION

Background. The article discusses modern profiling techniques, the integration of which into pedagogical communication will improve the quality of the educational process at a university. The relevance of the study is due to the decisive role of pedagogical communication in the education and upbringing of the younger generation, the need to enrich it with new communication technologies. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the importance of constructing a visual psychodiagnostic technology that promotes operational perception, including non-verbal, external manifestations, of individual characteristics of students in order to establish effective interaction with them. Objectives of the study: presentation of profiling in the context of its formation as an independent branch of psychological knowledge; studying the nature of teachers’ ideas about the possibilities of using operational “reading” techniques in the educational process of a university; designing a technology for operational visual psychodiagnostics, determining its structural components. Methodology. To achieve this goal, systemic, interdisciplinary and person-oriented approaches were used, which made it possible to systematize the structural components of visual psychodiagnostics technology as enriching traditional methods of interaction with students in pedagogy. The results of the study allowed us to draw a conclusion about the special role of visual psychodiagnostics in the operational perception and understanding of students, its demand by university teachers, as evidenced by the data of the survey. The applied value of the technology is indicated, associated with the possibility of interpreting external non-verbal manifestations as reflecting internal states and intentions. Conceptual and substantive grounds for designing the technology are proposed, and its format is defined as person-oriented.

The transformation of the nuclear law of the Russian Federation into an independent public complex branch of law as a way to strengthen global nuclear security in the world

This article considers the process of transformation of the Russian Federation nuclear law into an independent public complex branch of law and its important role in improving global nuclear safety. Since it is well known that the criteria of distinguishing branches of law are usually the subject and method of legal regulation as well as the existence of their own codification, the authors are confident of such a need. The results of the analysis of the state corporation Rosatom activities serve as the basis for the proposed theses and only confirm this confidence. The main idea of the article is to assert the need for changes in the Russian legal system structure in order to increase the effectiveness of regulation in the field of nuclear safety. The paper examines the evolution of nuclear law in Russia, identifies the basic principles and norms of this area of law as well as the need to make changes to adapt to modern challenges and threats. Supporting its position by analyzing the current state of the Russian nuclear industry and world standards in the field of nuclear safety, the article suggests practical steps to strengthen legal regulation to ensure safety in the nuclear field. Special attention is paid to the importance of strengthening international nuclear safety through the modernization of the national nuclear legal system, its compliance with international norms and standards. The article discusses current issues, including the development of nuclear doctrine, control of nuclear materials, responsibility for violation of international nuclear obligations and other aspects affecting global nuclear security. The study is an important contribution to understanding the problems of nuclear law in the context of global safety, and also substantiates the need for independent development of this branch of law to ensure stability and security on the world stage. The authors of the article offer specific recommendations for improving legislation and practice in the field of nuclear law in order to strengthen global nuclear safety

ЗЕМЕЛЬНІ ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯ: РОЗМЕЖУВАННЯ КРИМІНАЛЬНОЇ, АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОЇ І ДИСЦИПЛІНАРНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ

The constitutional principles of a democratic and legal state guide the development of Ukraine in the direction of people’s rule and a legal state. Therefore, the subsystem of legal norms regulating homogeneous relations in the sphere of public and state maintenance of law and order acquires special importance for the materialization of formal and declarative norms about a democratic and legal state. Therefore, it is relevant to substantiate the need to separate the rules (norms) of public (public) order and disciplinary responsibility for their violation from the branches of administrative legislation into a separate branch according to the postulates of law. It is appropriate that the state regulation of behavior in public (public) places should be set out in the Code of Public Order. And the norms regulating responsibility for land, forest, air, etc. misdemeanors were transferred to the basic codes regulating legal relations in the relevant spheres of socio-economic life. At the same time, the primary task is to update and reform legislation based on the postulates and axioms of legal theories. The formation and development of civil society, organized into a democratic, social, legal state, in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty, leads to changes in the very essence of delictological legal relations, a return to the postulates of legal theory (in the context of revived natural law). The separation of prescriptions and sanctioned customs of public order into an independent branch of law by including public rules regulating this order in its institutions forms a system of norms of public legal order. The proposed differentiation and systematization of legal responsibility is the basis for bringing the legal system into compliance with the axioms of the theory of law (jurisprudence) based on the postulates of Roman civil law. This will contribute to the improvement of both public order, in particular, and the development of civil society institutions, democracy, and the establishment of the rule of law in general. As well as the humanization of legal responsibility, the spread of educational and psychological measures of social (moral) responsibility, the strengthening of the discipline of social coexistence, the education of citizens’ self-discipline as a component of individual legal awareness. The transfer of norms regarding the responsibility for land offenses of private law officials and citizens to the basic land code will allow to systematize and separate the norms regarding the direct administrative responsibility of public law officials (state authorities, local self-government bodies) for illegal actions (inaction), land offenses in the field of management. Key words: legal responsibility, criminal offense, administrative offense, land offenses, land offenses in the field of management, public order, public misdemeanor.

Значение научного наследия В.Д. Сорокина для развития теории административно-процессуального права как самостоятельной отрасли российского права

Based on the analysis of the opinions existing among administrative scientists about the existence of administrativeprocedural law as a separate branch of law, the reasons preventing such recognition are formulated in the article. Consideration of these reasons through the prism of V.D. Sorokin’s scientific heritage, in particular, the main properties of the process developed by him as a legal category and a mechanism of legal regulation operating at the macro level (at the level of branches of law), allowed the author of this article to conclude that these reasons are not an obstacle to the recognition of administrative procedural law as an independent branch of Russian law.