Incremental Variance Research Articles

Filling in the missing pieces: Personality traits (un)related to dishonest behavior

Despite notable progress in the study of dishonest behavior and in particular the identification of personality traits (most notably, Honesty-Humility) that are robust predictors of individual differences in dishonesty, prior research has also left several traits untested or yielded inconsistent or inconclusive findings for other traits. We herein provide corresponding evidence, testing the associations between dishonesty and six operationalizations of Big Five Agreeableness, the dark tetrad traits, impression management and lie scales, and self-control versus impulsivity. We relied on a large dataset ( N = 1,916) across two incentivized measurements of dishonesty (separated by about 5 weeks) and tailored hierarchical modeling, and preregistered all hypotheses prior to data analysis. As expected, neither impression management and lie scales nor self-control versus impulsivity were related to dishonesty. By contrast, dark tetrad traits were consistently associated with dishonesty, though almost entirely due to their shared aversive core, the dark factor of personality. Finally, several (but not all) operationalizations of Big Five Agreeableness were associated with dishonesty, but none explained incremental variance above Honesty-Humility whereas the opposite was always the case. We discuss the implications of these findings for recent controversies about basic personality structure, the question of theoretical parsimony, and the dangers of jingle-fallacies.

The health action process approach to promote regular physical activity among people with disabilities: A hierarchical regression analysis.

People with disabilities continue to cope with high levels of stress, such as disability-related stress and sociopolitical stress. Helping people with disabilities engage in regular physical activity to improve health and reduce stress is more important than ever. This study evaluated demographic covariates, the health action process approach (HAPA) constructs (action self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, risk perception, intention/commitment, maintenance and recovery self-efficacy, and action and coping planning), and positive person-environment variables (autonomous motivation, resilience, hope, and social support) as motivators for regular physical activity in a sample of people with disabilities. People with disabilities participated in an online study (N = 266). Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the incremental variance in physical activity scores accounted for by variables in the regression model. Demographic covariates, HAPA constructs, and positive person-environment variables accounted for 38% of the total variance in physical activity scores (a large effect size). Low income was a risk factor that significantly and negatively associated with regular physical activity, while self-efficacy, action and coping planning, and social support were significantly and positively associated with reular physical activity after controlling for other variables. Autonomous motivation, resilience, and hope were significantly associated with regular physical activity at the zero-order correlation level, but not significant in the regression model. This study provides strong empirical support for the HAPA constructs, which can be used to inform the development of theory-driven and empirically supported physical activity interventions to improve health, stress management, and well-being of people with disabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Understanding the impact of witnessed workplace mistreatment: A meta-analysis of observer deontic reactions and employee outcomes.

This meta-analysis aims to understand the impact of witnessed workplace mistreatment. Bringing together two streams of research, it examines (a) the boundary conditions of observer reactions that reflect a principled moral disapproval of violations of interpersonal justice (i.e., deontic reactions) and (b) the extent to which witnessed mistreatment explains incremental variance in a range of employee outcomes beyond the effects of experienced mistreatment. The results demonstrate that observer psychological and behavioral deontic reactions are not straightforward. For example, while observers have negative reactions toward perpetrators, they fail to intervene and have mixed reactions toward targets. Findings from a series of moderator analyses illuminate the role of perpetrator rank, mistreatment severity, and study context in explaining these disparate observer deontic reactions. Further, although experienced mistreatment explains more variance in most employee outcomes than witnessed mistreatment, witnessed mistreatment still has a unique and sizable contribution. The implications of these findings and future directions for research on witnessed mistreatment are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Longitudinal prediction of psychosocial functioning outcomes: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Section-II personality disorders versus alternative model personality dysfunction and traits.

We aimed to determine and compare the longitudinal predictive power of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition's (DSM-5) two models of personality disorder (PD) for multiple clinically relevant outcomes. A sample of 600 community-dwelling adults-half recruited by calling randomly selected phone numbers and screening-in for high-risk for personality pathology and half in treatment for mental health problems-completed an extensive battery of self-report and interview measures of personality pathology, clinical symptoms, and psychosocial functioning. Of these, 503 returned for retesting on the same measures an average of 8 months later. We used Time 1 interview data to assess DSM-5 personality pathology, both the Section-II PDs and the alternative (DSM-5) model of personality disorder's (AMPD) Criterion A (impairment) and Criterion B (adaptive-to-maladaptive-range trait domains and facets). We used these measures to predict 20 Time 2 functioning outcomes. Both PD models significantly predicted functioning-outcome variance, albeit modestly-averaging 12.6% and 17.9% (Section-II diagnoses and criterion counts, respectively) and 15.2% and 23.2% (AMPD domains and facets, respectively). Each model significantly augmented the other in hierarchical regressions, but the AMPD domains (6.30%) and facets (8.62%) predicted more incremental variance than the Section-II diagnoses (3.74%) and criterion counts (3.31%), respectively. Borderline PD accounted for just over half of Section II's predictive power, whereas the AMPD's predictive power was more evenly distributed across components. We note the predictive advantages of dimensional models and articulate the theoretical and clinical advantages of the AMPD's separation of personality functioning impairment from how this is manifested in personality traits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessing the predictive validity of expectancy theory for academic performance

BackgroundDespite expectancy theory’s widespread appeal and influence as a framework for motivation in organizational and educational settings, studies that have examined the theory’s validity for performance-based outcomes, particularly with academic performance as the criterion, have been characterized by inconsistent results. Given numerous methodological concerns associated with past studies (e.g., prevalence of between-person rather than within-person design), we examined the predictive validity of expectancy theory for academic performance using methods that were consistent with the theory’s original conceptualization. Additionally, we assessed the validity of the theory for students’ study effort.MethodsThe final sample included 123 undergraduate students who reported their final grades in four courses. Study effort and other variables were measured with self-report surveys. Because course grades were nested within each person, multilevel modeling was used to test study hypotheses.ResultsBoth the valence model and the force model predicted a student’s current study effort, but contrary to expectations, neither model predicted a student’s final course grades. In contrast, both valence for academic success and the simplified force model (based only on valence and expectancy) predicted current study effort, final course grades, and explained incremental variance beyond cognitive ability. Furthermore, the predictive validity of this force model was relatively stable across the 11 weeks of the study.ConclusionsBased on methods congruent with expectancy theory’s original framework, we find that the force model does not predict academic performance. An alternative version of the model, however, predicts course grades and has incremental validity over cognitive ability. Our results have several significant theoretical and practical implications.

When time theft promotes performance: Measure development and validation of time theft motives.

The prevailing viewpoint has long depicted employee time theft as inherently detrimental. However, this perspective may stem from a limited understanding of the underlying motives that drive such behavior. Time theft can paradoxically be motivated by neutral and even laudable intentions, such as promoting work efficiency, thus rendering it potentially beneficial and constructive. Across three mixed-methods studies, we explore the motives behind employee time theft, develop and validate an instrument to assess these motives, and examine how they differentially predict time theft behavior. Specifically, in Study 1, we use a qualitative method and identify 11 types of time theft motives. Study 2 embarks on the development of measures of these motives, subsequently validating their factor structure. Study 3 examines their incremental variance in predicting time theft behavior by controlling for personality and demographic variables. Overall, these studies reveal that employees' engagement in time theft can be driven not solely by self-oriented motives but also by others- and work-oriented motives. Further, each of these motives provides incremental value in understanding time theft behavior. Implications for both research and practice emanating from these findings are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Constructs of the Stress–Appraisal–Coping Theory and Positive Human Traits as Predictors of Perceived Stress in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Rehabilitation Professions

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) often have to cope with high levels of stress. Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) stress–appraisal–coping theory emphasizes the relationship between the individual and the environment, suggesting that a stress response is highly influenced by individual appraisal processes. This study aimed to evaluate constructs of Lazarus and Folkman’s stress–appraisal–coping theory and positive human traits as predictors of perceived stress in a sample of 477 adults with MS. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the incremental variance in perceived stress accounted for by demographic covariates, functional disabilities, challenge appraisal, and positive human traits. Core self-evaluations, challenge appraisal, limitations in social/cognitive functioning, agency hope, and age were significant predictors in the final model, accounting for 68% of the variance in perceived stress scores (R2= .68,f2= 2.13; large effect size). Core self-evaluations and challenge appraisal were the strongest predictors of perceived stress. The findings from this study will help rehabilitation professionals develop empirically supported stress management and well-being interventions, enabling people with MS to cope effectively with stressors and challenges and improve their health and well-being.

Examining the Criterion and Incremental Validity of the MMPI-3 Impulsivity Scale.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) includes a new Impulsivity (IMP) scale designed to assess for poor impulse-control and non-planful behavior, which was added to broaden the utility of the instrument. The current study aimed to examine the criterion and incremental validity of the IMP scale. A university student sample (n = 1,440) and a community sample oversampled for externalizing tendencies (n = 231) were used for this purpose, and IMP scores were compared to scores on various well-validated criterion measures of impulsivity and externalizing psychopathology. To examine the scale's incremental validity, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether IMP adds to other MMPI-3 Specific Problem (SP) scales in the prediction of relevant criteria. The IMP scale primarily showed meaningful correlations with the Negative Urgency and Positive Urgency on the UPPS-P. Significant correlations were also observed with the cognitive, behavioral, disinhibition, and lifestyle domains of various psychopathy measures, as well as measures of antisocial personality disorder and substance use. The IMP scale scores accounted for incremental variance in most of the directly relevant criterion measures above and beyond scores of other MMPI-3 SP scales. Several important caveats, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Self- and observer ratings of team reflection: A mixed methods approach

The extent to which self- and observer ratings of team reflection are related and whether the different data sources can explain incremental variance in team performance improvement has not yet been examined. We therefore studied teams working on a hidden profile task. Team reflection was measured using self-reports and audio data. Self- and observer ratings did not correlate with each other but simultaneously predicted team performance improvement. In contrast to self-ratings, observer-rated quality positively predicted performance improvement independent of controlling for observer-rated quantity. Conclusively, both data sources appear to be diagnostically valuable and should be considered when examining team reflection.

Genetic susceptibility to neurodevelopmental conditions associates with neonatal DNA methylation patterns in the general population: an individual participant data meta-analysis.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia (SCZ) are highly heritable and linked to disruptions in foetal (neuro)development. While epigenetic processes are considered an important underlying pathway between genetic susceptibility and neurodevelopmental conditions, it is unclear (i) whether genetic susceptibility to these conditions is associated with epigenetic patterns, specifically DNA methylation (DNAm), already at birth; (ii) to what extent DNAm patterns are unique or shared across conditions, and (iii) whether these neonatal DNAm patterns can be leveraged to enhance genetic prediction of (neuro)developmental outcomes. We conducted epigenome-wide meta-analyses of genetic susceptibility to ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia, quantified using polygenic scores (PGSs) on cord blood DNAm, using four population-based cohorts (n pooled=5,802), all North European. Heterogeneity statistics were used to estimate overlap in DNAm patterns between PGSs. Subsequently, DNAm-based measures of PGSs were built in a target sample, and used as predictors to test incremental variance explained over PGS in 130 (neuro)developmental outcomes spanning birth to 14 years. In probe-level analyses, SCZ-PGS associated with neonatal DNAm at 246 loci (p<9×10-8), predominantly in the major histocompatibility complex. Functional characterization of these DNAm loci confirmed strong genetic effects, significant blood-brain concordance and enrichment for immune-related pathways. 8 loci were identified for ASD-PGS (mapping to FDFT1 and MFHAS1), and none for ADHD-PGS. Regional analyses indicated a large number of differentially methylated regions for all PGSs (SCZ-PGS: 157, ASD-PGS: 130, ADHD-PGS: 166). DNAm signals showed little overlap between PGSs. We found suggestive evidence that incorporating DNAm-based measures of genetic susceptibility at birth increases explained variance for several child cognitive and motor outcomes over and above PGS. Genetic susceptibility for neurodevelopmental conditions, particularly schizophrenia, is detectable in cord blood DNAm at birth in a population-based sample, with largely distinct DNAm patterns between PGSs. These findings support an early-origins perspective on schizophrenia. HorizonEurope; European Research Council.

Clusters of multidimensional exercise response patterns and estimated heart failure risk in the Framingham Heart Study.

New tools are needed to identify heart failure (HF) risk earlier in its course. We evaluated the association of multidimensional cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) phenotypes with subclinical risk markers and predicted long-term HF risk in a large community-based cohort. We studied 2532 Framingham Heart Study participants [age 53±9years, 52% women, body mass index (BMI) 28.0±5.3kg/m2, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) 21.1±5.9kg/m2 in women, 26.4±6.7kg/m2 in men] who underwent maximum effort CPET and were not taking atrioventricular nodal blocking agents. Higher peak VO2 was associated with a lower estimated HF risk score (Spearman correlation r: -0.60 in men and -0.55 in women, P<0.0001), with an observed overlap of estimated risk across peak VO2 categories. Hierarchical clustering of 26 separate CPET phenotypes (values residualized on age, sex, and BMI to provide uniformity across these variables) identified three clusters with distinct exercise physiologies: Cluster 1-impaired oxygen kinetics; Cluster 2-impaired vascular; and Cluster 3-favourable exercise response. These clusters were similar in age, sex distribution, and BMI but displayed distinct associations with relevant subclinical phenotypes [Cluster 1-higher subcutaneous and visceral fat and lower pulmonary function; Cluster 2-higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV); and Cluster 3-lower CFPWV, C-reactive protein, fat volumes, and higher lung function; all false discovery rate<5%]. Cluster membership provided incremental variance explained (adjusted R2 increment of 0.10 in women and men, P<0.0001 for both) when compared with peak VO2 alone in association with predicted HF risk. Integrated CPET response patterns identify physiologically relevant profiles with distinct associations to subclinical phenotypes that are largely independent of standard risk factor-based assessment, which may suggest alternate pathways for prevention.

The role of parenting- and employment-related variables on fathers' involvement in their children's education.

Parent involvement strongly correlates with children's educational attainment. Sociocultural shifts in parenting roles and shared responsibilities have driven an increase in the need for involvement of fathers in activities to support their children's educational development. Several factors are thought to influence father involvement in children's education; however, the most salient factors remain unclear. To examine which variables correlate with father involvement in their children's education using a combination of demographic, parent-related and employment-related variance. A total of 166 fathers of at least one child aged 6-17 years and residing across five industrialized Western countries participated in an online survey. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis (HMRA) was performed to examine the total and incremental variance using regression models including demographic, parenting- and employment-related variables linked to educational involvement. The variables included in the current study could explain a large and statistically significant 34% of the variability in fathers' educational involvement. Of these variables, only four were statistically significant in the final model. Specifically, fathers were more likely to be engaged in their children's education when their children were younger, and when parent self-efficacy, positive work-to-family interface and financial anxiety were high. The study's findings indicate that a positive work environment can help fathers better support their children's education, offering a new focus for future interventions and policies. This includes those focused on targeting work-related constructs to optimize family functioning.

White matter integrity and functional connectivity of the default mode network in acute stroke are associated with cognitive outcome three months post-stroke

BackgroundKnowledge about factors that are associated with post-stroke cognitive outcome is important to identify patients with high risk for impairment. We therefore investigated the associations of white matter integrity and functional connectivity (FC) within the brain's default-mode network (DMN) in acute stroke patients with cognitive outcome three months post-stroke. MethodsPatients aged between 18 and 85 years with an acute symptomatic MRI-proven unilateral ischemic middle cerebral artery infarction, who had received reperfusion therapy, were invited to participate in this longitudinal study. All patients underwent brain MRI within 24–72 h after symptom onset, and participated in a neuropsychological assessment three months post-stroke. We performed hierarchical regression analyses to explore the incremental value of baseline white matter integrity and FC beyond demographic, clinical, and macrostructural information for cognitive outcome. ResultsThe study cohort comprised 34 patients (mean age: 64 ± 12 years, 35% female). The initial median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 10, and significantly improved three months post-stroke to a median NIHSS = 1 (p < .001). Nonetheless, 50% of patients showed cognitive impairment three months post-stroke. FC of the non-lesioned anterior cingulate cortex of the affected hemisphere explained 15% of incremental variance for processing speed (p = .007), and fractional anisotropy of the non-lesioned cingulum of the affected hemisphere explained 13% of incremental variance for cognitive flexibility (p = .033). ConclusionsWhite matter integrity and functional MRI markers of the DMN in acute stroke explain incremental variance for post-stroke cognitive outcome beyond demographic, clinical, and macrostructural information.

Confidence Weighted Learning Entropy for Fault-Tolerant Control of a PMSM With a High-Resolution Hall Encoder

There are several non-idealities that can degrade magnetic Hall-effect sensors performance and impact related applications. Thus, a confidence weighted learning entropy (CWLE) is proposed as a fault-tolerant control strategy for field-oriented control (FOC) of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). It combines sensorless and sensor-based control, while capitalizing on their major advantages, such as operation from standstill and at lower speeds, fast dynamic response, and fault tolerance to encoder errors. Encoder fault detection is based on learning entropy, that monitors weights increments of two predictive filters of angular displacement. If the two observed systems behave similarly, the variance of the weights increments is similar. A higher variance, on the other hand, reflects unforeseen misbehavior of a particular system, leading to a decrease in its confidence. A voting mechanism based on confidence weighted average then decides which of the two systems should be used for FOC of PMSM. The method has been experimentally verified on a high-speed PMSM, achieving more reliable control performance with fast response to encoder failures.

Interpersonal supports for basic psychological needs and their relations with motivation, well-being, and performance: A meta-analysis.

People's motivational processes, well-being, and performance are likely to be facilitated through the support of others. Self-determination theory argues that interpersonal supports for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are crucial to achieve these outcomes. In the present study, we provide a comprehensive examination of this formulation based on a meta-analytic database consisting of 4,561 effect sizes from 881 independent samples (N = 443,556). Our results indicate that supports for autonomy, competence, and relatedness were strongly positively related with the satisfaction of these basic needs and strongly negatively related to their frustration. Interpersonal supports for basic needs were strongly positively related with subjective well-being and exhibited small to moderate positive associations with performance. Moderation analyses showed general stability of effects across cultures, although correlations of autonomy support to autonomous motivation weakened as a function of individualism. The opposite pattern was observed for the correlation between relatedness support and intrinsic motivation. Some effects also declined as a function of sample age and lag in measurements. We also find that competence- and relatedness-supportive behaviors explained incremental variance in basic need satisfaction even after controlling for the more established effects of autonomy support. In addition, lateral need supports explained incremental variance in basic need satisfaction after controlling for vertical sources of support. In sum, our results are consistent with the premise that to support optimal motivation, well-being, and performance, a broad set of behaviors that nurture all three basic needs, together with different sources of interpersonal support, should be considered to yield the most benefit. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Does Studying Latin in Secondary Education Predict Study Achievement in Academic Higher Education?

AbstractStudying Latin in secondary education is still widespread in Europe and believed to result in cognitive benefits, even beyond the linguistic domain. In this study we explored the relation between such study and later academic achievement in higher education (N = 1,898). First, we demonstrated that Latin students exhibit increased levels of study achievement in higher education, particularly in study programs other than those covering science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Second, we explored where the instruction of Latin was a significant predictor in models of academic achievement, explaining incremental variance over 21 other cognitive, attitudinal, and demographic variables. Latin instruction was included as a variable in the prediction models in 42% of the programs (mainly in the non‐STEM ones), but the incremental predictive validity was substantial only in the linguistic programs. Our results highlight how the study of Latin can be a valuable predictor of academic achievement in other study fields.

Covid 19’s Social Quarantine-Moderated Self-Reported Mental Health and Substance Use Among US Adults

In 2019 the novel coronavirus spread quickly throughout the world. It was easily transmitted, resulting in a sudden increase in infection and death rates that overwhelmed hospitals. This sudden pandemic resulted in government and health officials mandating physical and social quarantines to decrease the spread of COVID-19. All these unexpected factors induced traumatic stress across the world. The impact of this trauma is seen to date, as many studies reported adverse mental health effects in an array of populations and researchers speculate these effects will continue long after COVID-19. The role of social quarantine as a moderating factor to these adverse mental health symptoms was assessed in a Qualtrics sample of 596 US adults. Participants completed a demographic survey, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire, COVID-19 Pandemic Mental Health Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7, International Trauma Questionnaire, Brief Resiliency Scale, and the Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription Medication and Other Substances Tool. Hierarchical regressions with demographic and risk factors as predictors assessed the role of social quarantine as a moderator in predicting mental health symptoms. ACEs and risk factors were stronger predictors of mental health symptoms, but social quarantine added significant incremental variance in self-reported anxiety, depression, PTSD, complex PTSD, and substance use; β&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;ranged for 0.24 to 0.30. Quarantine had a significant adverse impact on mental health symptoms among these adults. Fostering resilience and distress tolerance is a proposed clinical intervention.

The association of early response with the outcome of psychosomatic rehabilitation in patients with mental disorders and its link to treatment and illness beliefs—A prospective longitudinal cohort study

Objective: Early response is considered to be an important predictor for therapy outcomes; yet little is known about its relevance in psychosomatic rehabilitation. This paper aims to describe the association of early response in psychosomatic rehabilitation, as well as the associations of early response with pre-rehabilitative factors such as illness and treatment beliefs. Methods: A longitudinal study with three measurement points was applied. Early response was defined using the percent improvement method after two weeks of treatment. Its association with therapy outcome and with illness and treatment beliefs was analyzed using multiple regression analyses. Results: A total of 264 participants took part. Early response was a significant predictor of psychosomatic rehabilitation outcome, explaining an incremental variance of 1–30% after controlling for initial symptom burden. Illness and treatment beliefs predicted 6–20% variance in early response. Important illness beliefs referred to perceived symptoms, consequences and comprehensibility of the illness. Important treatment beliefs referred to expectations about rehabilitation structure, processes and concerns. Conclusion: Early response is associated with the therapy outcome of psychosomatic rehabilitation, with illness and treatment beliefs found to be associated with early response. Further research on the predictors of early response in psychosomatic rehabilitation is needed.

When commitment isn’t enough: The cross-cultural interactive effects of commitment-inducement and compliance-enforcement on performance

The current study contributes to the ongoing discourse in the extant literature concerning the performance effects of the commitment-inducement and the compliance-enforcement approaches to the management of people and work. We expand on two research studies conducted in China to assess if the finding that commitment-inducement and compliance-enforcement result in higher organization financial and operational performance generalizes to corporate social responsibility performance and to countries and cultures across the globe. Using the current study’s large global multi-source sample, our findings illuminate that compliance-enforcement explained significant incremental variance in both organization financial and operational performance and organization corporate social responsibility performance beyond that of the commitment-inducement approach alone. Moreover, the highest levels of both performance outcomes were obtained by organizations that simultaneously used both commitment-inducement and compliance-enforcement; that is, hybrid governance. Compliance-enforcement was also found to have a more substantive relative effect on organization financial and operational performance while commitment-inducement was found to have a more substantive relative effect on organization corporate social responsibility performance. Furthermore, as hypothesized, at the between country-level, the relationship between the commitment-inducement approach of managing people and work and corporate social responsibility performance was found to be more negative both for a high individualism than a low individualism culture and for a high uncertainty avoidance than a low uncertainty avoidance culture, respectively. Whereas, the relationship between the compliance-enforcement approach and corporate social responsibility performance was found to be more positive for a high uncertainty avoidance than a low uncertainty avoidance culture. Finally, as hypothesized, at the between country-level, commitment-inducement and compliance-enforcement were found to be substitutes and have a negative synergistic effect on corporate social responsibility performance. Implications, limitations, and avenues for future research are discussed.

A model of hope as a protective measure to lower burnout and secondary traumatic stress among employees working in developmental and intellectual disabilities services.

Burnout and secondary traumatic stress (STS) are problems for the workforce supporting people with developmental disabilities. This study investigated hope as a potential protective resource for burnout and STS among the developmental disability services workforce. One hundred and fifty-two non-supervisor caseworkers from a state agency, developmental disabilities division were recruited to participate in an anonymous web-based survey. The analyses showed that hope was negatively associated with the three dimensions of STS (intrusion, avoidance, and arousal) and burnout. Controlling for tenure in the workforce and STS, the results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that hope accounted for a significant incremental variance to burnout. These findings provide support for emerging literature showing hope as a protective resource to workforce burnout.