Increase In Response Time Research Articles

Tell Me More! Examining the Benefits of Adding Structured Probing in Asynchronous Video Interviews

ABSTRACTThe personnel selection field has observed the rising use of asynchronous video interviews (AVI). The current study investigates whether follow‐up questions (probes) can optimize the applicant experience in AVIs. Across two experimental studies with participants recruited from Prolific, we investigated whether AVIs with probing promote applicant reactions (e.g., the opportunity to perform perceptions) toward the AVI and how probing influences interview behaviors, applicant perceptions, and interview performance ratings. In Study 1, 404 participants were randomly assigned to either an AVI with probing or an AVI without probing. Results indicated that probing directly improved the opportunity to perform perceptions and interview performance ratings. In addition, probing positively impacted honest impression management and motivation to perform indirectly through participants' perceived opportunity to perform. However, mediation analyses suggested that the effect of probing on interview performance ratings was driven by response length. In Study 2 (n = 271), we teased apart the effects of the inherently added response time that probing affords applicants with an additional condition that matched the response time of probes. Relative to Study 1, probing only slightly improved the opportunity to perform perceptions, but the effect of probing on the opportunity to perform perceptions was greater when compared to an AVI with an equivalent response time. In addition, probing positively impacted interview performance ratings, above and beyond their increased response time. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

Does affective processing require awareness? On the use of the Perceptual Awareness Scale in response priming research.

Masked priming paradigms are frequently used to shine light on the processes of nonconscious cognition. Introducing a new method to this field, Lähteenmäki et al. (2015) claimed that affective priming requires awareness. Specifically, they administered a subjective rating task after the priming task in each trial to directly assess awareness of the prime. Their main result was a lack of priming for subjectively unaware primes. In four experiments, we compared their method with the traditional paradigm, that is, a single-task priming phase followed by a direct test of prime recognition. We used faces with anger versus sadness expressions as primes and targets; emotion categorization was the task. In contrast to Lähteenmäki et al., primes and targets were drawn from different sets, such that priming effects can be unequivocally attributed to the processing of evaluative features. In Experiments 1a, b, we followed their approach of using different prime durations to produce variance in awareness ratings. With a duration of 40 ms, significant priming effects for subjectively unaware primes were found. This duration was also associated with priming effects in the traditional paradigm with near-zero objective prime categorization, suggesting that priming does not require awareness. In Experiment 2a, employing a constant 40-ms duration, we replicated the traditional effect. However, the parallel Experiment 2b with subjective awareness ratings produced a null result at a sharply increased response time level. We conclude that the claim that affective processing requires awareness is not justified. Subjective trial-by-trial visibility ratings can severely alter processing strategies in response priming paradigms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Impact of microelectrode geometry and surface finish on enzymatic biosensor performance

Food production, environmental protection, biotechnology, and medicine, all depend on biosensors for measuring specific biological molecules. Among biosensors, enzymatic electrochemical biosensors have received particular attention due to their simple operation and enzymes’ inherent specificity. Researchers have extensively explored novel materials and biological designs to improve performance (i.e., sensitivity, linearity, limit of detection, and response time). However, in comparison, physical and geometrical design has not received the same attention. To this end, we compared platinum (Pt) microelectrodes with circular or fractal geometry with the same surface area (2D geometry). We also studied the effect of 3D geometry by nanostructuring both circular and fractal microelectrodes via electroplating Pt black. Fractal Pt black microelectrodes displayed the highest current density, charge storage capacity, and sensitivity towards H2O2. Next, we immobilized glucose oxidase onto various microelectrode geometries by microcontact stamping. Fractal Pt and Pt black glucose biosensors were 91.7 % and 83.3 % more sensitive than circular counterparts. Circular and fractal Pt black glucose biosensors were 63.0 % and 55.9 % more sensitive than Pt counterparts. Fractal geometry also provided better linearity and limit of detection. We modified enzyme layer thickness through multiple layer stamping and found a trade-off whereby increasing thickness increased sensitivity but also increased response time. Lastly, we developed a COMSOL Multiphysics numerical model to interpret the amperometric data and the impact of physical design on critical parameters. The work here will serve as a guideline for improving enzymatic electrochemical and other biosensors via physical design, which is simpler to modify than material or biological design.

Vection and Performance During Attention-Demanding Tasks in Virtual Reality

We investigated how attention-demanding aural and visual discrimination tasks attenuate visually-induced self-motion (vection) and how task accuracy and response time are affected by experiencing various levels of vection-inducing motion in a virtual environment. Seventeen seated observers were presented simulated motion at various virtual camera speeds from stationary to 15 m/s in a straight virtual corridor through a Vive Pro Virtual Reality headset as they performed aural, visual discrimination tasks, or no task at all. Observers generally perceived less vection at all motion levels when they performed visual discrimination tasks compared to when they had no task. Increased vection was associated with reduced accuracy on the visual task and increased response time to the aural task. These results suggest that the amount of vection perceived in virtual reality simulators can be attenuated when users perform attention-demanding tasks related to visual processing, and, conversely, vection-producing motion can affect performance in attention-demanding tasks.

Behavioral and Emotional Responding to Punishment in ADHD: Is Increased Emotionality Related to Altered Behavioral Responding?

Children with ADHD are theorized to experience increased negative emotional responses to punishment, compared to typically developing (TD) children, resulting in altered behavioral responding (Amsel, 1992). However, this has not been empirically tested. The current study evaluated the effects of punishment and reward on the behavioral and emotional responding of children with and without ADHD. Fifty-three children with ADHD (64.15% boys) and 46 TD children (47.83% boys), age 6–12, completed a task in which they chose between playing two simultaneously available games. Reward was arranged symmetrically across the games; responses on one game were punished four times as often as responses on the other game. Children’s negative and positive emotional expressions were assessed during task completion with facial expression coding. Results indicated both groups showed a preference for playing the less punished game. Children with ADHD took longer to respond after punishment and reward compared to TD children. Negative emotional expressions increased with time on task for those with ADHD, the opposite pattern was seen in TD children. Children with ADHD showed more positive emotional expressions overall. The effect of ADHD on increased response times after reward was statistically fully mediated by increased positive facial expressions. Findings indicate children with ADHD do not show an altered response bias under punishment compared to TD children, but their cumulative negative emotional responding may indicate problems with building frustration tolerance as hypothesized by Amsel (1992). Results are theoretically important as they suggest increased emotional responding in ADHD is associated with slower responding.

Adaptive quorum based scheduling and interference-free routing for edge enabled UAV assisted software-define WSN using AI

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) faces numerous problems. The deployment of the sensor nodes in faraway places makes battery replacement a difficult process. As a result, there are energy constraints and security issues. So, the fusion of SDN with WSN is SDWSN, which flexibly brings network management. The main issue here is controller placement, which has an impact on communication dependability, latency, and throughput. The major drawbacks in existing work include high energy consumption, inefficient data collection, increased response time, and poor packet delivery ratio. This paper presents a unique Artificial Intelligence-based method for adaptive quorum-based scheduling and interference-free routing in edge-enabled UAV-assisted Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks (SDWSNs). It combines energy-efficient clustering with E-DBSCAN, multiple attribute-based software node authentication, and interference-free routing with the IDEE algorithm. The NS-3 tool was utilized to conduct simulations using a setup consisting of 4 edge-assisted UAVs, 4 SDN controllers, and 100 wireless sensor nodes. The findings show considerable improvements in different performance measures when compared to previous techniques. In particular, this suggested approach reduces latency by 64.77 % when compared to DGRL and 66.30 % when compared to ESRA. Additionally, it uses less energy than DGRL and ESRA by 45.74 % and 51.89 %, respectively. In comparison to DGRL and SRA, the packet delivery ratio is enhanced by 27.27 % and 32.43 %, respectively. Furthermore, the Node Network Lifetime is increased by 24.29 % in comparison to ESRA and 12.99 % in comparison to DGRL. Additionally, our method increases throughput by 22.08 % compared to DGRL and 30.56 % compared to SRA, while reducing the Controller Response Time by 2.39 % compared to ESRA and 6.46 % compared to DGRL. These findings demonstrate how well our method improves the effectiveness and efficiency of SDWSNs, making it a viable option for practical use.

Retrospective Evaluation of Falls From Height Cases Admitted to the Pre-Hospital Emergency Healthcare System

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the demographic characteristics, timing aspects (time of occurrence, emergency response time, ambulance arrival time), and hospital arrival times in pre-hospital cases of falls in Ankara. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional observational epidemiological study examined data from patients who received pre-hospital emergency care due to fall-related trauma in Ankara between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2023. Patients were identified through calls made to the central 112 Call Center and documented in the Emergency Health Automation System. Demographic details, injury epidemiology (ICD-10 codes, injury mechanism, incident timing), and emergency response times (command response time, time from ambulance dispatch to scene arrival, transport time) were collected. Results: This study includes 16,136 patients, of whom 6,346 are female and 9,790 are male, with an average age of 38.3 ± 24.3 years. The predominant ICD-10 diagnosis codes are W03, W10, W12, W13, W14, W17, Y30, and X80. The year 2019 saw the highest number of incidents (n=4,014), with a decrease observed in 2020 (n=2,790). The highest number of falls occurred in July, while the lowest was in February, with the fewest falls reported in winter and the most in summer throughout the five years. Most incidents occurred between 08:00 and 15:59 (n=8,366), followed by 16:00 to 23:59 (n=6,456); 1,314 incidents occurred between 00:00 and 07:59. Falls occurred most frequently during working hours (61.9%, n=9,983). The average command center response time was 216.4 ± 203.6 seconds, station response time was 39.6 ± 47.8 seconds, and transport time was 371.6 ± 249.9 seconds. Most patients were transported to Training and Research Hospital (n=7,827), followed by State Hospital (n=3,422), University Hospital (n=2,210), and Private Hospital (n=249). Secondary transfers were mostly related to Training and Research Hospital (n=1,387), primarily for specialist needs (n=1,165). There were 32 patients who received on-scene intervention and 231 patients who died. Significantly increased response times were observed from 2019 to 2023 (p

The impact of using time critical intervention-based dispatch thresholds on lowering lights and siren use to EMS 911 incidents.

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)has historically utilized lights and sirens (L&S) to respond to 911 incidents. L&S are used in 86% of scene responses nationally; however, time critical interventions (TCIs) occur in less than 7% of these incidents. Responses with L&S are associated with increased risk of crashes and injuries. Our objective was to determine the impact of TCI-based dispatch thresholds on L&S use, dispatch accuracy, and response times. We performed a before-after retrospective evaluation of TCI-based dispatch methodology at a suburban EMS system. We categorized all EMS interventions as TCI or not, and we determined a TCI threshold above which we would use L&S. We then assigned response priorities to each call nature based on the proportion of TCIs within them. We compared historical results with those from the 6 months following implementation in terms of L&S use, dispatch accuracy, and response times. There were 13,879 responses in the "before" group and 14,117 in the "after" group. The rate of L&S use decreased from 56.2% in the before group to 27.6% in the after group, while TCIs were performed in 6.9% of responses in the before group and 7.6% in the after group. Accuracy increased from 48.8% to 75.1% and median response time increased by 0.1 min from 8.3 to 8.4 min. Using TCI-based dispatch thresholds, we decreased L&S use and increased accuracy with minimal increased response time. Our results support the use of this methodology to determine EMS response modes.

An intelligent task scheduling approach for the enhancement of collaborative learning in cloud computing

Cloud computing is the foremost technology that reliably connects end-to-end users. Task scheduling is a critical process affecting the performance enhancement of cloud computing. The scheduling of the enormous data results in increased response time, makespan time, and makes the system less efficient. Therefore, a unique Squirrel Search-based AlexNet Scheduler (SSbANS) is created for adequate scheduling and performance enhancement in cloud computing suitable for collaborative learning. The system processes the tasks that the cloud users request. Initially, the priority of each task is checked and arranged. Moreover, the optimal resource is selected using the fitness function of the squirrel search, considering the data rate and the job schedule. Further, during the scheduled task-sharing process, the system continuously checks for overloaded resources and balances based on the squirrel distribution function. The efficacy of the model is reviewed in terms of response time, resource usage, makespan time, and throughput. The model achieved a higher throughput and resource usage rate with a lower response and makespan time.

A Correlational Study of the Relationship Between ChatGPT Usage & Cognitive Flexibility

Amidst the growing integration of AI into educational practices, concerns arise regarding how unregulated interaction with AI outside the structured classroom environment may influence university students’ cognitive functions. This research examines the differential effects of ChatGPT usage intensity on university students’ cognitive flexibility. The researchers hypothesize a negative correlation between ChatGPT usage and cognitive flexibility, measurable by increased response times and decreased accuracy between the two tasks of the Arrow Switch Test. We employed this test to contrast the performance of frequent (participants who used ChatGPT ≥ 50% of the time on academic assignments) and infrequent (participants who used ChatGPT ≤ 35% of the time on academic assignments) groups. For the purpose of this study, infrequent users were used as a control group. Both groups displayed a statistically significant decrease in task accuracy—highlighting the Arrow Switch Task’s efficacy in assessing cognitive flexibility—and response time between the first and second task. Notably, infrequent users of ChatGPT demonstrated a larger decline in accuracy and response time following changed task conditions compared to frequent users. This finding calls for further investigation into the longitudinal effects of AI tools on learning processes, necessitating a larger sample size and a more granular analysis of usage patterns to understand the subtleties of AI’s impact on cognitive flexibility.

Exploring the Human Response to Anger: Uncovering Insights through Infrared Thermography and Experimental psychology

This study examines how exposure to angry versus neutral facial expressions affects facial temperature, aiming to validate thermograms as reliable measures of emotional responses. We focus on Saudi youth and explore the impact of different stimuli categories (young vs. old, male vs. female) on subjective feelings recorded by thermal cameras.The research involved a sample of 40 male participants selected from King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Saudi Arabia, with an average age of 21.8 years (SD = 1.3). All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. The study comprised two experiments to examine the impact of exposure to angry versus neutral faces on physiological responses. Thermal data were collected using infrared thermography, focusing on variations in facial temperature as a key indicator of physiological reactions. Participants were exposed to stimuli consisting of angry and neutral faces from various demographic categories, including males, females, young individuals, and elderly adults. This comprehensive methodology combined behavioral analysis and infrared thermography techniqueThe behavioral findings indicated that individuals exhibited increased response times (RTs) when classifying angry stimuli compared to neutral face stimuli. Infrared thermography revealed a notable impact of anger, particularly in Region of Interest 5 (the area around the upper jaw). This effect was especially pronounced in individuals exposed to angry facial expressions, but not in those analyzing angry expressions of younger individuals.These findings provide insight into the unique physiological responses triggered by angry facial expressions, specifically identifying temperature rises in specific facial areas. The results contribute to our understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in the processing of facial expression recognition.

Sensitivity to and Control of Distraction: Distractor-Entrained Oscillation and Frontoparietal EEG Gamma Synchronization.

While recent advancements have been made towards a better understanding of the involvement of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the context of cognitive control, the exact mechanism is still not fully understood. Successful behavior requires the correct detection of goal-relevant cues and resisting irrelevant distractions. Frontal parietal networks have been implicated as important for maintaining cognitive control in the face of distraction. The present study investigated the role of gamma-band power in distraction resistance and frontoparietal networks, as its increase is linked to cholinergic activity. We examined changes in gamma activity and their relationship to frontoparietal top-down modulation for distractor challenges and to bottom-up distractor processing. Healthy young adults were tested using a modified version of the distractor condition sustained attention task (dSAT) while wearing an EEG. The modified distractor was designed so that oscillatory activities could be entrained to it, and the strength of entrainment was used to assess the degree of distraction. Increased top-down control during the distractor challenge increased gamma power in the left parietal regions rather than the right prefrontal regions predicted from rodent studies. Specifically, left parietal gamma power increased in response to distraction where the amount of this increase was negatively correlated with the neural activity reflecting bottom-up distractor processing in the visual area. Variability in gamma power in right prefrontal regions was associated with increased response time variability during distraction. This may suggest that the right prefrontal region may contribute to the signaling needed for top-down control rather than its implementation.

Working memory processes and intrinsic motivation: An EEG study

Processes typically encompassed by working memory (WM) include encoding, retention, and retrieval of information. Previous research has demonstrated that motivation can influence WM performance, although the specific WM processes affected by motivation are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of motivation on different WM processes, examining how task difficulty modulates these effects. We hypothesized that motivation level and personality traits of the participants (N = 48, 32 females; mean age = 21) would modulate the parietal alpha and frontal theta electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of WM encoding, retention, and retrieval phases of the Sternberg task. This effect was expected to be more pronounced under conditions of very high task difficulty. We found that increasing difficulty led to reduced accuracy and increased response time, but no significant relationship was found between motivation and accuracy. However, EEG data revealed that motivation influenced WM processes, as indicated by changes in alpha and theta oscillations. Specifically, higher levels of the Resilience trait—associated with mental toughness, hardiness, self-efficacy, achievement motivation, and low anxiety—were related to increased alpha desynchronization during encoding and retrieval. Increased scores of Subjective Motivation to perform well in the task were related to enhanced frontal midline theta during retention. Additionally, these effects were significantly stronger under conditions of high difficulty. These findings provide insights into the specific WM processes that are influenced by motivation, and underscore the importance of considering both task difficulty and intrinsic motivation in WM research.

Detecting Respondent Burden in Online Surveys: How Different Sources of Question Difficulty Influence Cursor Movements

Online surveys are a widely used mode of data collection. However, as no interviewer is present, respondents face any difficulties they encounter alone, which may lead to measurement error and biased or (at worst) invalid conclusions. Detecting response difficulty is therefore vital. Previous research has predominantly focused on response times to detect general response difficulty. However, response difficulty may stem from different sources, such as overly complex wording or similarity between response options. So far, the question of whether indicators can discriminate between these sources has not been addressed. The goal of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate whether specific characteristics of participants’ cursor movements are related to specific properties of survey questions that increase response difficulty. In a preregistered online experiment, we manipulated the length of the question text, the complexity of the question wording, and the difficulty of the response options orthogonally between questions. We hypothesized that these changes would lead to increased response times, hovers (movement pauses), and y-flips (changes in vertical movement direction), respectively. As expected, each manipulation led to an increase in the corresponding measure, although the other dependent variables were affected as well. However, the strengths of the effects did differ as expected between the mouse-tracking indices: Hovers were more sensitive to complex wording than to question difficulty, while the opposite was true for y-flips. These results indicate that differentiating sources of response difficulty might indeed be feasible using mouse-tracking.

The Reflective Mind of the Anxious in Action: Metacognitive Beliefs and Maladaptive Emotional Regulation Strategies Constrain Working Memory Efficiency.

The Attentional Control Theory (ACT) posits that, while trait anxiety may not directly impact performance, it can influence processing efficiency by prompting the use of compensatory mechanisms. The specific nature of these mechanisms, which might be reflective, is not detailed by the ACT. In a study involving 110 students (M = 20.12; SD = 2.10), surveys were administered to assess the students' metacognitive beliefs, trait anxiety, and emotion regulation strategies (ERSs). The participants engaged in two working memory exercises: the digit span task from the WAIS-IV and an emotional n-back task. The findings indicated that anxiety, metacognitive beliefs, and maladaptive ERSs did not affect task performance but were correlated with increased response times. Several regression analyses demonstrated that a lack of confidence in one's cognitive abilities and maladaptive ERSs predict higher reaction times (RT) in the n-back task. Additionally, maladaptive ERSs also predict an increased use of strategies in the digit span task. Finally, two mediation analyses revealed that anxiety increases processing efficiency, and this relation is mediated by the use of maladaptive ERSs. These results underscore the importance of the reflective level in mediating the effects of trait anxiety on efficiency. They highlight the necessity of incorporating metacognitive beliefs and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies for a thorough comprehension of the Attentional Control Theory. Recognizing these factors offers valuable perspectives for enhancing cognitive capabilities and fostering academic achievement.

A distributed tracing pipeline for improving locality awareness of microservices applications

AbstractThe microservices architectural style aims at improving software maintenance and scalability by decomposing applications into independently deployable components. A common criticism about this style is the risk of increasing response times due to communication, especially with very granular entities. Locality‐aware placement of microservices onto the underlying hardware can contribute to keeping response times low. However, the complex graphs of invocations originating from users' calls largely depend on the specific workload (e.g., the length of an invocation chain could depend on the input parameters). Therefore, many existing approaches are not suitable for modern infrastructures where application components can be dynamically redeployed to take into account user expectations. This paper contributes to overcoming the limitations of static or off‐line techniques by presenting a big data pipeline to dynamically collect tracing data from running applications that are used to identify a given number of microservices groups whose deployment allows keeping low the response times of the most critical operations under a defined workload. The results, obtained in different working conditions and with different infrastructure configurations, are presented and discussed to draw the main considerations about the general problem of defining boundary, granularity, and optimal placement of microservices on the underlying execution environment. In particular, they show that knowing how a specific workload impacts the constituent microservices of an application, helps achieve better performance, by effectively lowering response time (e.g., up to a reduction), through the exploitation of locality‐driven clustering strategies for deploying groups of services.

Power Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Future Wireless Communication Using Hybrid Beamforming Technique in Disaster Management

Several established procedures are required to be followed when responding to disasters. Although most of them have so far been successful, they pose their own set of difficulties. The primary factor is response time, which is crucial for disaster management. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for wireless communication not only increases response time but also is energy efficient. However, UAVs have limited power capacities, which makes their use in wireless communication challenging. In wireless communication, hybrid beamforming is a technique for optimizing the battery consumption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Massive MIMO technology facilitates hybrid beamforming by deploying antenna arrays, efficiently directing transmitted energy to intended receivers, and minimizing power waste. Beamforming relies heavily on accurate Channel State Information (CSI). Advanced channel estimation and tracking techniques optimize power allocation based on real-time channel conditions, thereby minimizing energy consumption and ensuring connection reliability. Hybrid beamforming combines the advantages of digital and analog beamforming to reduce power consumption while maintaining communication performance. This paper proposes a power optimization technique for UAV-based wireless communication using hybrid beamforming to maximize spectral efficiency and increase the battery life of UAVs.

Decisional style, sleepiness, and online responsiveness

As sleep problems can impair quality of work, an online questionnaire was used to examine relationships between sleepiness and decision making while obtaining unobtrusive indices of performance. Participants (N = 344) completed the Insomnia Severity Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire in a Qualtrics survey while reporting mobile phone use. Qualtrics recorded the time and the number of clicks required to complete each page of the survey. Multiple regression indicated that insomnia was associated with daytime sleepiness and Hypervigilance, and mobile phone use before bed. Participants with moderate sleepiness required a greater number of clicks to complete the questionnaire. Greater sleepiness was associated with longer times to complete these self-assessment tasks. Clinically significant sleepiness produces changes in performance that can be detected from online responsivity. As sleepy individuals can be appreciably and quantitatively slower in performing subjective self-assessment tasks, this argues for objective measures of sleepiness and automated interventions and the design of systems that allow better quality sleep. Practitioner summary: Work can require processing of electronic messages, but 24/7 accessibility increases workload, causes fatigue and potentially creates security risks. Although most studies use people’s self-reports, this study monitors time and clicks required to complete self-assessment rating scales. Sleepiness affected online responsivity, decreasing online accuracy and increasing response times and hypervigilance.

Information Access Effort: The Role of Head Movements for Information Presented at Increasing Eccentricity on Flat Panel and Head-Mounted Displays.

This experiment examined performance costs when processing two sources of information positioned at increasing distances using a flat panel display and an augmented reality head-mounted display (AR-HMD). The AR-HMD enables positioning virtual information at various distances in space. However, the proximity compatibility principle suggests that closer separation when two sources of information require mental integration assists performance, whereas increased separation between two sources hurts integration performance more than when a single source requires focused attention. Previous studies have provided inconsistent findings regarding costs associated with increased separation. Few of these experiments have examined separation for both focused and integration tasks, compared vertical and lateral separation, or measured head movements. Three experiments collectively examined these issues using a flat panel display and a virtual display presented with an HMD, where the separation of information varied laterally or vertically during a focused attention (digit reading) task and an information integration (mental subtraction) task. There was no performance cost for either display when information was increasingly separated. However, head movements mitigated performance costs by preserving accuracy at larger separations without increasing response time. Head movements appear to mitigate performance costs associated with presenting information increasingly far apart on flat panel displays and HMDs. Both eye scanning and head movements appear to be less effortful than expected. These findings have important implications for design guidelines regarding the placement of information presented on flat panel displays and, more specifically, HMDs, which can present information 360° around the user.

28 Variability in Remote, Self-Administered Assessment Performance Associated with Self-Reported Memory Perceptions Among Older Adults

Objective:Remote assessment for cognitive screening and monitoring in the elderly has many potential advantages, including improved convenience/access and ease of repeat testing. As remote testing becomes more feasible and common, it is important to examine what factors might influence performance and adherence with these new methods. Personal beliefs about one’s ability to remember effectively have been shown to impact memory performance, especially in older adults (Lineweaver & Hertzog, 1998). The perception of a low level of personal control over memory may impact a person’s use of memory strategies which might otherwise enhance performance, as well as their beliefs about the efficacy of those strategies (Lineweaver et al., 2021). The present study examined the relationship between perceived memory self-efficacy and performance and adherence on self-administered, smartphonebased remote cognitive assessments.Participants and Methods:Participants were 123 cognitively unimpaired adults (ages 55-80, 68.3% female, 87% White, M= 16.5 years of education) recruited from the Butler Hospital Alzheimer’s Prevention Registry as part of an ongoing study evaluating novel cognitive assessment methods. A cutoff of score of ≥34 on the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICSm) was required for enrollment. Perceived memory self-efficacy was assessed using two subscales of the Personal Beliefs about Memory Instrument (PBMI; Lineweaver et al., 1998): “prospective control”, the perception of control one currently has to influence future memory functioning, and “future control”, the perception of the amount of control over memory function one will have in the future. Participants completed three brief self-administered cognitive testing sessions per day for 8 consecutive days using a mobile app-based platform developed as part of the National Institute of Aging’s Mobile Toolbox initiative. Cognitive tasks assessed visual working memory (WM), processing speed (PS), and episodic memory (EM)(see Thompson et al., 2022).Results:Statistical analyses were conducted using univariate ANOVA tests to look for main effects of each PBMI subscale score on remote assessment adherence and average performance on each task over 8 days. After adjusting for aging, we found a higher rate of false alarms (proportion of misidentified stimuli) on the WM task was associated with higher levels of both self-reported prospective control (F(2, 86) = 4.188, p = .018) and future control (F(2, 96) = 5.003, p = .009). Increased response time on the PS task was also associated with higher levels of future control when adjusted for aging (F(2, 96) = 6.075, p = .003). There was no main effect of memory self-efficacy ratings on EM. We found no main effects of memory self-efficacy ratings on assessment adherence.Conclusions:These findings suggest perceptions of high prospective and future control are associated with positive response bias on a forced-choice WM task, and high perceptions of future control are also associated with slower response times on PS tasks. Future research should examine whether this is due to increased deliberation, cautiousness, or other factors. Limitations include the potentially limited generalizability of this largely White, highly educated, and motivated sample self-selected for AD research. Next steps for this research include comparing these results with the effects of perceived self-efficacy on in-person cognitive assessments.