Increase In Carrying Capacity Research Articles

Molecular Bridging Induced Anti‐Salting‐Out Effect Enabling High Ionic Conductive ZnSO4‐Based Hydrogel for Quasi‐Solid‐State Zinc Ion Batteries

AbstractHydrogel electrolytes (HEs) hold great promise in tackling severe issues emerging in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries, but the prevalent salting‐out effect of kosmotropic salt causes low ionic conductivity and electrochemical instability. Herein, a subtle molecular bridging strategy is proposed to enhance the compatibility between PVA and ZnSO4 from the perspective of hydrogen‐bonding microenvironment re‐construction. By introducing urea containing both an H‐bond acceptor and donor, the broken H‐bonds between PVA and H2O, initiated by the SO42−‐driven H2O polarization, could be re‐united via intense intermolecular hydrogen bonds, thus leading to greatly increased carrying capacity of ZnSO4. The urea‐modified PVA‐ZnSO4 HEs featuring a high ionic conductivity up to 31.2 mS cm−1 successfully solves the sluggish ionic transport dilemma at the solid‐solid interface. Moreover, an organic solid‐electrolyte‐interphase can be derived from the in situ electro‐polymerization of urea to prohibit H2O‐involved side reactions, thereby prominently improving the reversibility of Zn chemistry. Consequently, Zn anodes witness an impressive lifespan extension from 50 h to 2200 h at 0.1 mA cm−2 while the Zn‐I2 full battery maintains a remarkable Coulombic efficiency (>99.7 %) even after 8000 cycles. The anti‐salting‐out strategy proposed in this work provides an insightful concept for addressing the phase separation issue of functional HEs.

Molecular Bridging Induced Anti-salting-out Effect Enabling High Ionic Conductive ZnSO4-based Hydrogel for Quasi-solid-state Zinc Ion Batteries.

Hydrogel electrolytes (HEs) hold great promise in tackling severe issues emerging in aqueous zinc-ion batteries, but the prevalent salting-out effect of kosmotropic salt causes low ionic conductivity and electrochemical instability. Herein, a subtle molecular bridging strategy is proposed to enhance the compatibility between PVA and ZnSO4 from the perspective of hydrogen-bonding microenvironment re-construction. By introducing urea containing both an H-bond acceptor and donor, the broken H-bonds between PVA and H2O, initiated by the SO42--driven H2O polarization, could be re-united via intense intermolecular hydrogen bonds, thus leading to greatly increased carrying capacity of ZnSO4. The urea-modified PVA-ZnSO4 HEs featuring a high ionic conductivity up to 31.2 mS cm-1 successfully solves the sluggish ionic transport dilemma at the solid-solid interface. Moreover, an organic solid-electrolyte-interphase can be derived from the in-situ electro-polymerization of urea to prohibit H2O-involved side reactions, thereby prominently improving the reversibility of Zn chemistry. Consequently, Zn anodes witness an impressive lifespan extension from 50 h to 2200 h at 0.1 mA cm-2 while the Zn-I2 full battery maintains a remarkable Coulombic efficiency (>99.7%) even after 8000 cycles. The anti-salting-out strategy proposed in this work provides an insightful concept for addressing the phase separation issue of functional HEs.

396 Effects of allocation timing on cattle performance and forage utilization when swath grazing a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid in eastern Nebraska

Abstract Swath, or windrow, grazing is the process of cutting hay, leaving it in windrows, and allowing cattle to graze these windrows in the winter. This grazing system reduces winter feeding costs by mitigating the need to bale and transport hay, while having the potential for increased utilization compared with grazing the forage standing. This study aimed to determine the effect of varying allocation timing on cattle performance and forage utilization. A sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum× drummondii) was planted in June 2023, cut in early November, and grazed from mid-November 2023 to mid-January 2024. A 16-ha field was divided based on seeding rate with one-half seeded at the recommended rate of 39.2 kg/ha (REC) and one-half with a double rate of 78.4 kg/ha (DOU). The field was subdivided into a total of 8 paddocks (4 per seeding rate) with either 10 (n = 4) or 11 (n = 4) windrows. Forage was cut and windrows were gathered from a 4.57 m width in the field. Prior to grazing, a 0.30 m length of three swaths in each paddock was sampled to determine initial forage mass. A total of 60 steers [initial body weight (BW) = 240 ± 8.3 kg] were stratified by BW and assigned to one of 8 paddocks (n = 7 or 8 calves) to result in equal BW per swathed area. Allocations were offered in full once-per week (1X) or, one-half of the total forage was allocated twice weekly (2X). Post-graze samples were collected to estimate utilization and allocation amount was adjusted as needed based on visual appraisal of post grazing biomass. Cattle were pulled from the field due to snow cover after a 64-d grazing period. The area grazed was used to calculate the animal unit months/ha (AUM) achieved for each paddock. Pre-grazing forage mass did not differ between allocation timing (P = 0.89) or among seeding rates (P = 0.10; REC = 6,720 ± 545 kg/ha, DOU = 8,534.0 ± 545 kg/ha). There was an allocation timing by seeding rate interaction (P < 0.01) for forage offered with 1X (10.62 kgּ steer-1ּ d-1) being offered more (P < 0.01) than 2X (8.43 kg/steer/d) within REC, but no difference (P = 0.31) in forage offered due to allocation within DOU (8.31 kgּ steer-1ּ d-1). However, post grazing biomass (P = 0.35) and utilization (59 ± 8%) were not affected by allocation timing (P = 0.48). Average daily gain (ADG) also did not differ (P = 0.93) due to allocation timing (0.20 ± 0.07 kg). Most notably, there was a significant allocation effect (P = 0.05) on AUM/ha with 1X (14.51 ± 1.00) being lesser than 2X (16.82 ± 1.00). However, there was no significant difference (P = 0.30) in forage disappearance (291 ± 61 kg/AUM) due to allocation timing. This indicates that more frequent allocations can lead to increased carrying capacity. Increasing the frequency of allocation is a simple management practice producers can implement when swath grazing sorghum-sudangrass to increase carrying capacity.

Sociality modulates nutritional carrying capacity of an endangered species

Group living has well-known costs and benefits. Large groups may experience greater competition for resources, while simultaneously benefit from reduced risk through predator dilution. When there is a tradeoff between forage acquisition and predation risk, the ability to congregate into large groups may unlock access to previously unavailable habitat with high risk of predation, thereby increasing forage available to the population. We evaluated whether forage availability increased with population size and how it was mediated through changes in group size. There was a tradeoff between forage availability and predation risk. Larger groups used areas with more forage biomass and greater predation risk than smaller groups. Group size also increased with population abundance, meaning bighorn sheep used gentler terrain and areas with more forage biomass at greater population abundance. Group size functionally increased carrying capacity by yielding access to more resources for growing populations of gregarious ungulates.

The Dynamic Genome at Altitude: Mitochondrial DNA Copy Numbers in Acute and Chronic Hypoxia

Mitochondria contain a tiny circular DNA (mtDNA) that encodes components of the electron transport chain, including Complex IV, where over 95% of oxygen is consumed in the process of generating energy. Each mitochondrion contains tens to hundreds of copies of mtDNA, which decrease with aging and disease, but little is known regarding how mtDNA levels change in response to hypoxia. Here we compare samples with different durations and magnitudes of exposure to high-altitude hypoxia: Ethiopian Amhara with >5000 years exposure and the potential for evolved adaptations, Ethiopian Oromo with ~500 years of generations of lifelong acclimatization, and acutely exposed European trekkers with 15 days of abrupt individual acclimatization followed by descent to baseline. Lowland natives of the same ethnicities provide unstressed reference samples. Our previous studies found that Amhara adapted to hypoxia through increased blood flow due to nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, while Oromo have increased carrying capacity through elevated hemoglobin concentration. We measured mtDNA copy numbers relative to nuclear DNA (mtDNA-CN) in 326 healthy adults: 52 low-altitude Amhara at 1200 m, 113 high-altitude Amhara at 3700 m; 47 low-altitude Oromo at 1700 m, and 105 high-altitude Oromo at 4000 m; and 9 European lowlanders at a baseline of 1300 m, after ascent to 5050 m, and upon return to 1300 m. High-altitude Amhara had 21% higher median mtDNA-CN than their low-altitude counterparts (median (IQR): high-altitude, 363.0 (281.0–427.0); low-altitude, 299.0 (246.1–333.2); p<0.0001), while high-altitude Oromo had 17% lower mtDNA-CN than their low-altitude counterparts (high-altitude, 236.7 (165.2–315.6); low-altitude, 283.7 (216.9–335.6); p=0.01). High-altitude Amhara had significantly higher median mtDNA-CN than high-altitude Oromo (p<.0001). European lowlanders had 44% lower mtDNA-CN after an 13-day ascent to 5050 m (1300 m, 322.5 (262.8–356.4); 5050 m 180.9 (145.1–230.5); p=0.002) that returned to baseline (319.5 (247.3–267.6); p=0.5) after a 6-day descent to 1300 m. These findings further confirm variation in acute and chronic responses to hypoxia, within and across populations. These findings require validation and expansion to address the mechanisms connecting expression of mtDNA copy numbers to oxygen-requiring bioenergetics. This work is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute HL060917 and National Science Foundation BCS-0452326. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Effects of including fully wraparound geogrid layers on the load-bearing capacity and settlement of a strip footing resting on sandy soil

In this study, a series of small-scale physical model tests were conducted to investigate the effects of fully wrapped geogrid sheets on the load‒settlement response of medium-dense sandy soil beneath a single-strip foundation. Recent research has provided evidence of how different parameters affect the behavior of dense sandy soil when reinforced with fully wraparound geogrid sheets. Additionally, a parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of various factors on the system. These factors include the presence of a folded geogrid sheet, the depth and length of an embedded wraparound geogrid sheet, the thickness of the fully wrapped geogrid layer, the impact of tensile strains along the geogrid sheet, and the effect of additional confinement pressure. The inclusion of a single sheet of full wraparound geogrid sheets has been found to significantly affect the pressure-bearing capacity of medium-dense sandy soil and settlement beneath the strip footing. The carrying capacity increases by 280%, and the settlement ratios decrease by 50% when using one layer of full wraparound geogrid. Moreover, when using one fully folded geogrid sheet, the strain induced beneath the center of the footing decreases significantly by approximately 45.5% and the applied pressure by approximately 15.5% in comparison with two inclusions of planar geogrid layers. In addition, the stress distributions are spread over a larger region within the soil mass. One significant finding is that the presence of two overlapping parts prevents the rupture of the geogrid sheet, as opposed to the planar geogrid sheet.

Effect of magnetic field and slip velocity on the performance of bearings lubricated by couple stress fluid on long cylinder and infinite plate — A theoretical analysis

In this research, the combined effect of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and slip velocity on squeeze film lubrication of long cylinders and infinite plates with couple stress fluid has been studied. Combining the Stokes couple stress theory and the Lorentz force theory yields analytical solutions for the modified Reynolds equation. Using the Reynolds equation, the mathematical expressions for squeeze film pressure, load-carrying capacity and squeeze film time are obtained. The pressure, load carrying capacity and squeeze film time increase with the combined effect of MHD, couple stress fluids and slip velocity.

An investigation of the structural and electronic origins of enhanced chemical looping air separation performance of B-site substituted SrFe1-xCoxO3-δ perovskites.

Chemical looping air separation (CLAS) is a promising process intensification technology for extracting oxygen from air for oxygen enrichment in process streams. Co-doped strontium ferrites (SrFe1-xCoxO3-δ) have been found to have outstanding activities for CLAS processes. In this study, we explore the underlying factors driving the enhancement in oxygen uptake and release performance of perovskite structured SrFe1-xCoxO3-δ oxygen carriers for CLAS. Phase-pure perovskites, with B site substituted by up to 75 mol% Co, were prepared by a sol-gel method and systematically investigated through a wide range of well controlled experimental and computational approaches. While all SrFe1-xCoxO3-δ oxygen carriers showed excellent cyclic stability and structural reversibility over CLAS cycles, increased B site occupancy by Co resulted in monotonic decrease in onset temperature for oxygen release and increase in oxygen carrying capacity. These experimental trends can be fundamentally explained by an increase in the structural tolerance factor, an elevation in transition metal d-band, as well as an increased degree of hybridization between the metal d-band and the O p band. Therefore, these ab initio structural and electronic descriptors are useful design rationales for the hypothesis-driven synthesis of high-performing oxygen carriers for CLAS.

THE MODEL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED BAMBOO WOVEN FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION SUPPORTING BEARING CAPACITY ON SOFT SOIL

North Jakarta generally has soft soil characteristics. Construction built on soft soil is a big problem due to the low bearing capacity of the soil and the large settlement. Therefore, a reinforcement is needed with the aim of increasing the carrying capacity of the soil. In this study using woven bamboo reinforcement, the use of this reinforcement can be an alternative to increase the bearing capacity of the soil used as the basis for shallow foundations. Variations in depth and number of layers of reinforcement are used to obtain the maximum value of the soil bearing capacity. The depth variation used is 0.25B and 0.5B with a variation of 2 (two) layers of reinforcement. The research method used is on a laboratory scale. The data obtained were then analyzed by comparing the value of the bearing capacity of the soil without reinforcement using reinforcement which was expressed by Bearing Capacity Ratio (BCR). The results showed that the largest bearing capacity value occurred in the modeling distance of 0.25B with 2 layers of reinforcement of 459.064 kN/m2 while the smallest value of bearing capacity occurred in modeling of the distance of 0.5B with 1 layer of reinforcement of 321.227 kN/m2 and increased carrying capacity land with an increase value of 76.31 %.

Time lag effect on malaria transmission dynamics in an Amazonian Colombian municipality and importance for early warning systems

Malaria remains a significant public health problem worldwide, particularly in low-income regions with limited access to healthcare. Despite the use of antimalarial drugs, transmission remains an issue in Colombia, especially among indigenous populations in remote areas. In this study, we used an SIR Ross MacDonald model that considered land use change, temperature, and precipitation to analyze eco epidemiological parameters and the impact of time lags on malaria transmission in La Pedrera—Amazonas municipality. We found changes in land use between 2007 and 2020, with increases in forested areas, urban infrastructure and water edges resulting in a constant increase in mosquito carrying capacity. Temperature and precipitation variables exhibited a fluctuating pattern that corresponded to rainy and dry seasons, respectively and a marked influence of the El Niño climatic phenomenon. Our findings suggest that elevated precipitation and temperature increase malaria infection risk in the following 2 months. The risk is influenced by the secondary vegetation and urban infrastructure near primary forest formation or water body edges. These results may help public health officials and policymakers develop effective malaria control strategies by monitoring precipitation, temperature, and land use variables to flag high-risk areas and critical periods, considering the time lag effect.

Adaptive phase-field modeling of fracture in orthotropic composites

An adaptive phase-field method is developed and applied to model fracture propagation in orthotropic composites. The proposed approach extends the work of Muixí et al. (2020) to orthotropic composites through following modifications: (a) elastic tensor is evaluated in the global coordinate system from a given engineering stiffness matrix in the principal material coordinates, (b) strain energy density is additively decomposed into fiber and matrix-dominated modes, and (c) a penalized second-order structural tensor is introduced in the phase-field equation facilitating preferential damage growth along the fiber orientation. The developed approach is validated through several benchmark examples and available experimental results.Several numerical failure experiments are conducted varying fiber orientation, adhesive layer thickness, shear modulus, and fracture toughness. A large increase in ductility and peak-load carrying capacity is observed for laminate configurations where the fibers are oriented such that the principal material coordinates and the global coordinates are aligned. An increase in the adhesive layer’s fracture toughness increases the macroscopic ductility and prevents catastrophic failure of laminate. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the failure mechanisms in orthotropic composites.

Can low-carbon energy technology lead to energy resource carrying capacity improvement? The case of China

Energy resource carrying capacity serves as a crucial yardstick for assessing the sustainability of energy systems. To explore to what extent and how low-carbon energy technology affects energy resource carrying capacity, this study first calculates the level of low-carbon energy technology and energy resource carrying capacity in China for the period 2000–2019, and then employs the instrumental variable generalized method of moments (IV-GMM) model to investigate the marginal impact of low-carbon energy technology on energy resource carrying capacity. We also explore their asymmetric, direct, as well as indirect nexus. We find that (1) low-carbon energy technology presents benefits to the energy resource carrying capacity improvement, which indicates their positive nexus. (2) Low-carbon energy technology has a diminishing marginal effect on energy resource carrying capacity as the level of energy resource carrying capacity increases, which implies their asymmetric nexus. (3) Low-carbon energy technology has significant promotion effects on socioeconomic development, energy capacity, and environment capacity, which are three dimensions of energy resource carrying capacity. (4) Energy transition and energy efficiency are two positive mediators in the impact of low-carbon energy technology on energy resource carrying capacity. Several targeted policy implications are proposed based on the above findings.

Variation in the Ecological Carrying Capacity and Its Driving Factors of the Five Lake Basins in Central Yunnan Plateau, China

The Five Lakes Basin of Central Yunnan Plateau (FLBOCYP) is located in the core area of Yunnan Province and has a developed economy, but the ecological and environmental problems in the basin are serious and the sustainable economic development is threatened. The analysis of ecological carrying capacity change and the study of influencing factors in the basin is conducive to protecting the ecology of the basin and maintaining the sustainable development of the social economy. Ecological carrying capacity is an important indicator for the quantitative assessment of regional sustainable development, and the assessment of regional ecological carrying capacity based on grid scale can more accurately and vividly reflect the regional sustainable status and provide reference for regional coordinated development. With the support of GIS technology, based on the unique ecosystem characteristics of the river basin itself, the research method of quantifying the ecological carrying capacity from the three perspectives of ecological function elasticity, resource and environmental capacity and socio-economic coordination was carried out, and a relatively complete comprehensive evaluation index system of ecological carrying capacity was constructed. The ecological carrying capacity of the five major lake basins of Qilu Lake and Yangzonghai from 2000 to 2018 was evaluated, and the temporal and spatial changes and driving mechanisms of ecological carrying capacity were analyzed. The results show that: (1) The FLBOCYP has an overall moderate ecological carrying capacity (average of ~0.5). The temporal trend in ecological carrying capacity was an initial rise followed by a fall, but there was an overall increasing trend at a rate of 0.019. (2) Areas with a strong ecological carrying capacity were mainly distributed in the mountainous and semi-mountainous regions outside of the lake area, whereas areas of weaker ecological carrying capacity were mainly distributed in the plain area around the lake. The ecological carrying capacity gradually increased from the area around the lake to the periphery. (3) At a basin scale, the ecological carrying capacities of the Dian, Fuxian, and Yangzong lake basins were relatively high, whereas those of the Xingyun and Qilu lake basins were relatively low. The greatest increase in ecological carrying capacity of Fuxian Lake has occurred since 2000. (4) The spatial pattern of ecological carrying capacity showed clear agglomeration. This agglomeration has been continuously enhanced but remained relatively stable over the past 19 years. The main agglomeration modes were identified as “high-high” (HH), “low-low” (LL), and “not obvious agglomeration”. (5) Among the many driving factors, ecological elasticity, biological abundance index, proportion of forest land, and degree of human disturbance showed the greatest explanatory power for spatial differentiation of ecological carrying capacity, and the interaction of any two factors affected the spatial analysis of ecological carrying capacity even more. In summary, the overall ecological environment of the FLBOCYP has experienced significant improvement since 2000, whereas that of the plain area has deteriorated more seriously in recent years.

Dynamic properties of a reaction–diffusion predator–prey model with nonlinear harvesting: A linear and weakly nonlinear analysis

In this work, we have studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of a predator–prey model with selective nonlinear saturated harvesting of both species. The study of the non-diffusive system includes analytical and numerical analysis of local and global bifurcations. Bifurcation analysis of the non-diffusive system unveils that the system may exhibit transcritical, Hopf, saddle–node and homoclinic bifurcation with increased carrying capacity and harvesting efforts. The simulation results further reveal that the paradox of enrichment may disappear in a harvested system for a higher value of carrying capacity. The spatiotemporal study consists of an analysis of different pattern-forming instabilities. A critical ratio of the diffusivities of predator to prey for the occurrence of Turing instability is established. Further, a weakly nonlinear analysis is provided to derive the amplitude equation and predict the form of the pattern. The key highlight of the work is that prey harvesting facilitates spatiotemporal chaos, and predator diffusion controls it. Furthermore, intensive prey harvesting forces spatial segregation, whereas predator harvesting relaxes it. It is also observed that spatial segregation enriches the overall species biomass. A unique observation of this study is the occurrence and nonoccurrence of spatiotemporal chaos in the Hopf-Turing parametric space.

Effect of Tenderization with Citric Acid on some Physical Traits of Spent Hen Meat

In this study, spent hen meat, at the market was used after slaughter and cleaning, which were tenderized with citric acid. The treatments were as follows: T1 negative control treatment (soaking with distilled water only) for 12 hours. T2: Positive control treatment (tenderizing with vinegar at a rate of 100 ml/L distilled water) for 12 hours. As for T3, T4 and T5 they are tenderized with citric acid at a concentration of 100, 200 and 300 ml of citric acid solution per liter of distilled water for 12 hours, respectively. The results indicate that all tenderizing treatments with citric acid led to a significant increase in water carrying capacity, with a significant decrease in the loss in the exudate compared to the negative control treatment, with a significant decrease in the weight loss during cooking at the high level of the treatment.

Structural behavior of concrete filled double-skin PVC tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets

Abstract The behavior of concrete-filled double-skin poly vinyl chloride (PVC) tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets is studied in this research. The plastic pipes have been used with concrete as columns. PVC has several advantages as it is inexpensive, light weight for construction, and decrease in the time taken for construction. Thus it can be used as an alternative to metal in various applications in which the maintenance cost is increased and the corrosion is reduced. This study is an experimental work on four groups of composite hollow PVC columns, each group containing three different samples. The effects of several parameters are studied, including slenderness ratio, compactness ratio, compressive strength, and confinement ratio. The experimental results show that stiffness, strength, as well as the ductility of composite columns of different loadings were considerably influenced by all these parameters. An increase in loading carrying capacity by about 40.4% was noticed as slenderness ratio decreased from 20 to 12 and about 21.1% as compactness ratio decreased from 50 to 25. Besides, the rate of increase in load capacity was about 96.6% as compressive strength increased from 33 to 54 MPa. For the case of variation of confinement ratio from 25 to 75%, the increase in the axial load capacity was about 56.7%. The main benefit of this type of column is the interaction between PVC tube and concrete. Besides, restriction of concrete by tube results in the delay of local buckling so that the concrete strength is enlarged by the effect of confining provided by the tube.

Review on Design and Analysis in Ultimate State of Bridge for Class 70R IRC Loading

Abstract: Due to its increased carrying capacity, pre-pressurized concrete bridge flooring have recently seen growth in the field of bridge engineering. IRC codal keywords were used for the analysis. One of the largest varieties of cast in situ concrete decks with a concrete slab attached to belts are T-beam bridge decks. The standard structural analysis method FEM (standard feature approach) in STAAD Pro rates the continuum mechanics problem. This study analyses a single-span t-beam bridge by varying the lengths by 25, 30, 35, and 40 metres while keeping the width constant. To ascertain the curve time and shear strength, models of bridges of the IRC AA category and the IRC loading system of section 70Rtracked were used. According to the investigation, there are no discernible differences between the Courbon method and the limited feature method as the span increases.

Review on Design and Analysis in Ultimate State of Bridge for Class 70R IRC Loading

Abstract: Due to its increased carrying capacity, pre-pressurized concrete bridge flooring have recently seen growth in the field of bridge engineering. IRC codal keywords were used for the analysis. One of the largest varieties of cast in situ concrete decks with a concrete slab attached to belts are T-beam bridge decks. The standard structural analysis method FEM (standard feature approach) in STAAD Pro rates the continuum mechanics problem. This study analyses a single-span t-beam bridge by varying the lengths by 25, 30, 35, and 40 metres while keeping the width constant. To ascertain the curve time and shear strength, models of bridges of the IRC AA category and the IRC loading system of section 70Rtracked were used. According to the investigation, there are no discernible differences between the Courbon method and the limited feature method as the span increases.

A study on torsional behaviour of rectangular reinforced concrete beams with U-shaped encased welded wire mesh

Concrete is one type of composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with cementitious paste that is durable in its hardened state over time. It has now become an important and widely used building material. However, it possesses a brittleness material property in tension even though it is strong in compression. Here the study is restricted to the concrete subjected to torsion phenomena. In the past decades, various ways have been explored to improve the ductile material strength property of the concrete matrix in proposed new construction. Reinforced concrete is constructed by using conventional reinforcements; prestressed concrete is an example of that. Also, various types of fibers in the form of discrete nature are applied to improve the tensile strength capacity of concrete in proposed construction, and retrofitting techniques using various materials are exercised to strengthen the existing structures. Hence, remarkable research in the literature on fiber reinforced concrete and on FRP techniques has been carried out. However, welded wire mesh with high yield strength can be encased in concrete members to improve composite material property and avoid abrupt cracking with an increase in torque carrying capacity of plain and reinforced concrete beam specimens used for proposed construction.

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS POTENTIAL THAT AFFECT TOURIST SATISFACTION IN CREATIVE TOURISM COMMUNITIES.

This article aims to examine the relationship between the potential of tourist attractions and their impact on the satisfaction of creative tourism communities. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 400 tourists who had previously visited creative tourism communities in Khon Kaen, Province. Regression analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between variables. The study found that increasing tourist skills leads to increased satisfaction; access to tourist attractions enhances satisfaction with local identity; increased support capacity for tourism results in greater satisfaction with skill and experience products, as well as intangible tourism resources; and increased carrying capacity affects tourist satisfaction and participation in tourism activities.