Increase In Incidence Of Cancer Research Articles

A Population-Based Analysis of the Cancer Incidence in Individuals under 50 in a Northern Italian Province: Focusing on Regional Disparities and Public Health Implications

International studies have shown an increase in cancer incidence among young adults, raising public concern. This study aims examines trends in the cancer incidence among individuals aged 15–49 years in a province of Northern Italy, covering diagnoses from 1996 to 2021, and compares the annual percentage change (APC) with national and international data. In males, the overall cancer incidence showed a modest increase between 1996 and 2013 (APC 1.6), followed by a decline in the subsequent years (APC −2.5). In females, there was a modest increase over the entire period (APC 1.0). The lung cancer incidence decreased in both sexes (APC −3.9 in males and APC −3.3 in females), while a decrease was observed for colorectal cancers in women (APC −2.4). Since 2015, the thyroid cancer incidence declined significantly in females (APC −10.2), while an increase was noted in males (APC 2.5). The testicular cancer incidence rose in males (APC 1.5), and the melanoma incidence increased in both sexes (APC 3.4 in males and APC 3.9 in females). The breast cancer incidence remained stable (APC 0.3). These results underline the importance of promoting healthy lifestyles even among younger generations to address emerging cancer trends and support cancer prevention efforts.

9221 Reproductive Cancer Risk in Patients Treated with Denosumab Compared with Alendronate: A Population-based Cohort Study

Abstract Disclosure: S.K. Yahyavi: Research Investigator; Self; Principal investigator (PI) on an RCT with denosumab. C. Selmer: None. C. Torp-Pedersen: None. A. Juul: None. M. Blomberg Jensen: Other; Self; Holds two patents on the use of RANKL inhibitors to treat male infertility. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Antiresorptive treatment is used in millions of patients with osteoporosis and cancer but during the early studies of denosumab there was a slight increase in ovarian cancer incidence. The aim of this study is to determine the association between use of denosumab and risk of reproductive cancers compared with the use of alendronate in both men and women. Methods: Using a retrospective study design, we combined the Danish registries and identified a population of subjects > 50 years of age. We compared users of Denosumab that had been on alendronate treatment for at least 6 months with a matched population of patients that had been treated for at least 6 months with alendronate alone. Using the L-TMLE method we estimate the risk of reproductive cancers and the risk difference between the groups. Secondary analysis included comparisons with a healthy background population. Results: In the main analysis, a total of 18,162 subjects were included, with 6,054 denosumab users matched 1:2 with 12,108 alendronate users and followed for 3 years. 727 women and 183 men were diagnosed with a reproductive cancer during follow-up. Use of denosumab was not associated with higher risk of reproductive cancer. Compared to alendronate, women who received treatment with denosumab had a 0.06% (95% CI -0.12%; 0.26%) higher risk of a cancer diagnosis after 3 years of treatment. In a model fully adjusted for socioeconomic factors and comorbidities the risk was 0.01% (95% CI -0.35%; 0.37%) higher. The same results were found in men, and when comparing with a healthy background population and sensitivity analysis only using CKD measurements the results were confirmed. Conclusion: When comparing treatments of denosumab and alendronate, this study finds no increased risk of either cancers overall or specific reproductive cancers in men or women. Presentation: 6/3/2024

8384 Reproductive Cancer Risk in Patients Treated with Denosumab Compared with Alendronate: A Population-based Cohort Study

Abstract Disclosure: S.K. Yahyavi: Research Investigator; Self; Principal investigator (PI) on an RCT with denosumab. C. Selmer: None. C. Torp-Pedersen: None. A. Juul: None. M. Blomberg Jensen: Other; Self; Holds two patents on the use of RANKL inhibitors to treat male infertility. Background and Objective: Antiresorptive treatment is used in millions of patients with osteoporosis and cancer but during the early studies of denosumab there was a slight increase in ovarian cancer incidence. The aim of this study is to determine the association between use of denosumab and risk of reproductive cancers compared with the use of alendronate in both men and women. Methods: Using a retrospective study design, we combined the Danish registries and identified a population of subjects > 50 years of age. We compared users of Denosumab that had been on alendronate treatment for at least 6 months with a matched population of patients that had been treated for at least 6 months with alendronate alone. Using the L-TMLE method we estimate the risk of reproductive cancers and the risk difference between the groups. Secondary analysis included comparisons with a healthy background population. Results: In the main analysis, a total of 18,162 subjects were included, with 6,054 denosumab users matched 1:2 with 12,108 alendronate users and followed for 3 years. 727 women and 183 men were diagnosed with a reproductive cancer during follow-up. Use of denosumab was not associated with higher risk of reproductive cancer. Compared to alendronate, women who received treatment with denosumab had a 0.06% (95% CI -0.12%; 0.26%) higher risk of a cancer diagnosis after 3 years of treatment. In a model fully adjusted for socioeconomic factors and comorbidities the risk was 0.01% (95% CI -0.35%; 0.37%) higher. The same results were found in men, and when comparing with a healthy background population and sensitivity analysis only using CKD measurements the results were confirmed. Conclusion: When comparing treatments of denosumab and alendronate, this study finds no increased risk of either cancers overall or specific reproductive cancers in men or women. Presentation: 6/3/2024

9221 Reproductive Cancer Risk in Patients Treated with Denosumab Compared with Alendronate: A Population-based Cohort Study

Abstract Disclosure: S.K. Yahyavi: Research Investigator; Self; Principal investigator (PI) on an RCT with denosumab. C. Selmer: None. C. Torp-Pedersen: None. A. Juul: None. M. Blomberg Jensen: Other; Self; Holds two patents on the use of RANKL inhibitors to treat male infertility. Background and Objective: Antiresorptive treatment is used in millions of patients with osteoporosis and cancer but during the early studies of denosumab there was a slight increase in ovarian cancer incidence. The aim of this study is to determine the association between use of denosumab and risk of reproductive cancers compared with the use of alendronate in both men and women. Methods: Using a retrospective study design, we combined the Danish registries and identified a population of subjects > 50 years of age. We compared users of Denosumab that had been on alendronate treatment for at least 6 months with a matched population of patients that had been treated for at least 6 months with alendronate alone. Using the L-TMLE method we estimate the risk of reproductive cancers and the risk difference between the groups. Secondary analysis included comparisons with a healthy background population. Results: In the main analysis, a total of 18,162 subjects were included, with 6,054 denosumab users matched 1:2 with 12,108 alendronate users and followed for 3 years. 727 women and 183 men were diagnosed with a reproductive cancer during follow-up. Use of denosumab was not associated with higher risk of reproductive cancer. Compared to alendronate, women who received treatment with denosumab had a 0.06% (95% CI -0.12%; 0.26%) higher risk of a cancer diagnosis after 3 years of treatment. In a model fully adjusted for socioeconomic factors and comorbidities the risk was 0.01% (95% CI -0.35%; 0.37%) higher. The same results were found in men, and when comparing with a healthy background population and sensitivity analysis only using CKD measurements the results were confirmed. Conclusion: When comparing treatments of denosumab and alendronate, this study finds no increased risk of either cancers overall or specific reproductive cancers in men or women. Presentation: 6/3/2024

8384 Reproductive Cancer Risk in Patients Treated with Denosumab Compared with Alendronate: A Population-based Cohort Study

Abstract Disclosure: S.K. Yahyavi: Research Investigator; Self; Principal investigator (PI) on an RCT with denosumab. C. Selmer: None. C. Torp-Pedersen: None. A. Juul: None. M. Blomberg Jensen: Other; Self; Holds two patents on the use of RANKL inhibitors to treat male infertility. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Antiresorptive treatment is used in millions of patients with osteoporosis and cancer but during the early studies of denosumab there was a slight increase in ovarian cancer incidence. The aim of this study is to determine the association between use of denosumab and risk of reproductive cancers compared with the use of alendronate in both men and women. Methods: Using a retrospective study design, we combined the Danish registries and identified a population of subjects > 50 years of age. We compared users of Denosumab that had been on alendronate treatment for at least 6 months with a matched population of patients that had been treated for at least 6 months with alendronate alone. Using the L-TMLE method we estimate the risk of reproductive cancers and the risk difference between the groups. Secondary analysis included comparisons with a healthy background population. Results: In the main analysis, a total of 18,162 subjects were included, with 6,054 denosumab users matched 1:2 with 12,108 alendronate users and followed for 3 years. 727 women and 183 men were diagnosed with a reproductive cancer during follow-up. Use of denosumab was not associated with higher risk of reproductive cancer. Compared to alendronate, women who received treatment with denosumab had a 0.06% (95% CI -0.12%; 0.26%) higher risk of a cancer diagnosis after 3 years of treatment. In a model fully adjusted for socioeconomic factors and comorbidities the risk was 0.01% (95% CI -0.35%; 0.37%) higher. The same results were found in men, and when comparing with a healthy background population and sensitivity analysis only using CKD measurements the results were confirmed. Conclusion: When comparing treatments of denosumab and alendronate, this study finds no increased risk of either cancers overall or specific reproductive cancers in men or women. Presentation: 6/3/2024

The Landscape of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (CTCL) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and the Establishment of the MENA CTCL Working Group

The high cancer burden in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region) is coupled with an increasing cancer incidence. While the MENA region constitutes 6% of the world’s population, it remains underrepresented in clinical trials. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of rare extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas with variable clinical presentation. In the MENA region, where darker skin colors are more common than in the West, CTCL generally presents at a younger age and with distinct clinical features that necessitate special expertise and management across disciplines: rare forms of CTCL are more common (hypo- and hyperpigmented MF) and a higher prevalence of pediatric MF is noticed. The multidisciplinary approach to cancer management is growing worldwide and is necessary for the comprehensive management of CTCL. The MENA CTCL group was established with the aim of creating a collaborative environment for the diagnosis and treatment of CTCL in the region. Its first meeting was held in May 2023. The group plans to increase the global representation of the MENA region and establish CTCL registries and patient advocacy groups in the region.

Associations between polychlorinated biphenyls and cancer risk among type 2 diabetes: The modifying effects of lifestyle

A growing percentage of diabetes-related deaths has been attributed to cancer, with environmental factors playing important contributions. Thus, we studied the potential relationship between endocrine disruptors polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cancer risk in diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum seven indicator-PCB (PCB-28/52/101/118/138/153/180) levels and incident cancer, and further explore the possible modifying role of lifestyle. A total of 2806 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases were included from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort at the baseline in 2008 and tracked until December 2018, and 320 incident cancers were identified during about 10-year follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models and competing risk regression models were used to reveal associations of baseline concentrations of PCBs with total cancer and specific cancer, respectively. Lifestyle score was determined by body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and diet. Each interquartile range (IQR) increment of non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs) generated an 8%–30% increase in cancer incidence. Individuals in the highest quartile for PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, and lowly chlorinated PCBs had 1.44- to 1.68-fold higher cancer risk compared to those in the lowest quartile. Restricted cubic spline analyses and the quantile g-computation model showed similar results. Significant interactions were found between PCBs and fasting blood glucose or simplified insulin resistance assessment indicators. NDL-PCBs were positively and significantly associated with gastrointestinal cancer and respiratory cancer, especially with liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Higher PCBs showed a significant increase in total cancer risk among participants with an unhealthy lifestyle, however, no associations were observed in those with a relatively healthy lifestyle (Pinteraction < 0.05). Our findings indicated an increased cancer risk associated with NDL-PCBs, highlighted the role of a healthy lifestyle in potentially reducing adverse impact, and provided preliminary data for environmental and public health interventions to alleviate the risk of cancer among diabetes.

Adaptation du plan thérapeutique en fonction de l’âge

Lung cancer is a very common disease of the elderly. Its incidence is expected to increase in Western countries because of the ageing of the population and the increase of cancer incidence with age. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the published data available to manage elderly patients with lung cancer at various stages: early-stage, locally advanced inoperable and metastatic. We will describe the indications of surgery and radiotherapy. We will also discuss, for each of the stage of the disease, the respective contributions of systemic therapies as chemotherapy, targeted therapies and immunotherapy and their use as sole therapy or in combination with local treatments. International recommendations have been published but they are difficult to apply because of the lack of consensual definition of frailties relevant to make treatment decision and to adapt it. We will also discuss data about the usefulness of geriatric assessment.1877-1203/© 2024 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Progress and Challenges in Canada’s Path Toward the Elimination of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is almost entirely preventable and treatable when detected early, making its elimination within reach for Canada and the world. However, cervical cancer is now the fastest-increasing cancer (+3.7% per year since 2015) in Canada as of 2023, marking the first significant increase in cervical cancer incidence since 1984. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and cervical screening are key preventive measures, with targets set by the WHO and the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer (CPAC) to eliminate cervical cancer in Canada by 2030 and 2040, respectively. These targets include increasing HPV vaccination rates, implementing primary HPV screening, and improving follow-up for abnormal HPV+ results. However, Canada’s progress has been impeded by significant challenges. As of the most recent data, HPV vaccine coverage rates in Canada range from 47% to 81%, with an estimated national HPV vaccination completion rate of 64% in Canada, far below the target of 90% by 2025 set by the CPAC. With the exception of British Columbia and Prince Edward Island, the adoption of HPV DNA testing as the primary screening method has been slow across the Canadian provinces and territories despite its superior sensitivity compared with traditional cytology. This article reviews the current state of HPV vaccination and screening in Canada, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts, transparency, and resource sharing to overcome barriers. Key recommendations include the dissemination of accessible educational materials, partnerships, and collaboration, including nationwide task forces and roundtables, and the implementation of standardized guidelines for HPV screening. Achieving cervical cancer elimination requires a united approach involving federal, provincial, and territorial health authorities, researchers, clinicians, NGOs, community groups, and patients’ voices working together to ensure consistent, effective, timely, and meaningful cervical cancer prevention strategies are used across the country.

Patient Enrollment to Industry-Sponsored Versus Federally Sponsored Cancer Clinical Trials.

PURPOSEThe conduct of cancer clinical research in the United States is supported by both private and public sponsors. Industry aims to obtain new drug approvals. Federally sponsored trials examine a broad set of research questions that are not typically addressed by industry; these trials, which are also more commonly conducted in diverse populations, were recently shown to have contributed to gains of 14 million life-years for patients with cancer. Despite the different mandates, the proportion of patients who might participate in industry-sponsored versus federally sponsored cancer studies is unknown.METHODSWe evaluated trial enrollment patterns from 2008 to 2022 using ClinicalTrials.gov data. The ratio of enrollments attributable to industry versus federal sponsors was estimated. A large set of estimates on the basis of different combinations of study characteristics were generated. Point estimates were determined as the mean of combinations and confidence limits by the IQR. Five-year intervals were examined to smooth annual variation.RESULTSIn total, N = 26,080 studies were examined. The estimated enrollment ratio from 2018 to 2022 for all industry-sponsored versus federally sponsored trials was 8.1 (IQR, 6.2-9.9). For adult trials, the ratio increased from 4.8 (IQR, 4.4-5.3) during 2008-2012 to 9.6 (IQR, 7.4-11.8) during 2018-2022; for trials in children, the ratio increased from 0.7 (IQR, 0.6-0.7) to 2.3 (IQR, 1.8-2.7). Despite increasing cancer incidence, enrollment counts for federally sponsored trials were flat over the study period.CONCLUSIONIn the United States, there is a growing reliance on industry to conduct cancer clinical research. Underinvestment in federally sponsored research comes at a cost for both patients and researchers, with lost opportunities for scientific, clinical, and population advances.

The formation and propagation of human Robertsonian chromosomes.

Robertsonian chromosomes are a type of variant chromosome found commonly in nature. Present in one in 800 humans, these chromosomes can underlie infertility, trisomies, and increased cancer incidence. Recognized cytogenetically for more than a century, their origins have remained mysterious. Recent advances in genomics allowed us to assemble three human Robertsonian chromosomes completely. We identify a common breakpoint and epigenetic changes in centromeres that provide insight into the formation and propagation of common Robertsonian translocations. Further investigation of the assembled genomes of chimpanzee and bonobo highlights the structural features of the human genome that uniquely enable the specific crossover event that creates these chromosomes. Resolving the structure and epigenetic features of human Robertsonian chromosomes at a molecular level paves the way to understanding how chromosomal structural variation occurs more generally, and how chromosomes evolve.

Abstract B032: Advancing the science of cancer in Latinos conference

Abstract Cancer is the leading cause of mortality within the Latino population. Projections suggest a 142% increase in cancer incidence among Latinos over the next two decades. This trend is concerning given that Latinos, the largest minority group in the United States, are expected to constitute at least 28% of the nation's populace by 2060. To address the need for enhanced comprehension of these trends and to identify equitable interventions targeting Latino health disparities, the Institute of Health Promotion Research and the Mays Cancer Center jointly established the biennial Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos (ASCL) Conference. The fourth ASCL Conference convened in San Antonio, TX from February 21-23, 2024. The conference objectives were twofold: 1) Examine the intersection of health equity and biological underpinnings in cancer control, prevention, and treatment; and 2) Foster collaborative initiatives among attendees aimed at addressing cancer-related health disparities within the Latino community. The 2024 conference attracted 286 participants compared to 251 attendees in 2022, encompassing guest speakers, researchers, physicians, healthcare professionals, patient advocates, researchers, and students. It comprised 23 sessions (3 keynotes, 6 plenaries, 6 breakouts, 3 general sessions, 1 special session, 1 lunch panel session) featuring insights from 51 speakers, alongside a poster session highlighting 80 research abstracts and a rapid-fire session tailored for early-career investigators. Sessions encompassed multiple topics relevant to Latino cancer research, spanning health disparities, clinical trials, survivorship, patient advocacy, climate change impacts on cancer, precision medicine, health policy and social determinants of health. A post-conference survey from a cohort of 48 respondents underscored high levels of satisfaction, with 90% expressing pronounced contentment regarding the conference experience, compared to 85% in 2022. Moreover, nearly all respondents (98%) rated the relevance of conference content to Latino cancer science as excellent, with 93% regarding the conference as an exceptional platform for information exchange, compared to 79% in 2022. Impressions regarding session quality were overwhelmingly positive, with 90% of respondents indicating a high level of satisfaction, and all survey respondents acknowledging the objectivity, balance, and absence of commercial bias in the session content. Our results showed that the resounding positivity in attendee feedback reflects the conference's success in fostering meaningful engagement among researchers committed to alleviating Latino cancer health disparities. The ASCL conference facilitated an understanding of cultural nuances and barriers specific to the Latino community, stimulating collaborative efforts aimed at enhancing Latino health outcomes. Overall, this retrospective analysis affirms the conference's success in achieving its stipulated objectives and underscores the need of having consistently coordinated research endeavors to reduce Latino health disparities. Citation Format: Amelie G. Ramirez, Rebecca T. Jones, Matthew P. Banegas, Maria C Camargo, Gerardo Colon-Otero, Cliff Despres, Laura Fejerman, Filipa Lynce, Martin Mendoza, Patricia I. Moreno, Alejandro Recio-Boiles, Barbara Segarra-Vazquez, Sandi Stanford, Mariana Stern, Katherine Y. Tossas, Edward J. Trapido, Nicolette M Orozco. Advancing the science of cancer in Latinos conference [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B032.

Analysis of Dental Prosthetic Treatment in Patients with Cancer Aged 65 Years and Older after Expanded Health Insurance Coverage: A Retrospective Clinical Study.

Background and Objectives: With increases in cancer incidence and the number of cancer survivors, the demand for cancer management is growing. However, studies on dental prosthetic treatment for patients with cancer are rare. We aim to investigate the dental prosthetic treatment in patients with cancer aged ≥65 years after expanded health insurance coverage. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients who were treated with implants and removable dentures at Ulsan University Hospital in South Korea between June 2015 and June 2023. Data on age, sex, cancer location, comorbid systemic diseases, number of remaining teeth, dental prosthetic treatment history, type of dental prosthetic treatment, and insurance coverage status were extracted from patient medical records and panoramic radiographs. The influence of multiple variables on dental prosthetic treatment was analyzed using the Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: The study included 61 patients with cancer (32 men, 29 women; average age: 70.9 years). Among them, 56 (91.8%) had insurance coverage benefits, and 34 (55.7%) received treatments such as implants, removable partial dentures, or complete dentures for the first time. Treatment types included 37 (60.7%) cases of implant prostheses and 24 (39.3%) conventional removable dentures. No statistical differences were observed in the type of dental prosthetic treatment according to sex, age, cancer location, number of systemic diseases, and dental prosthetic treatment history (p > 0.05). Patients with <10 remaining teeth received treatment with conventional removable dentures, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Of the 61 patients, 56 (91.8%) received insurance benefits, and 34 (55.7%) underwent dental prosthetic treatment for the first time. Within the limitations of this retrospective study, the expanded health insurance coverage alleviated the unmet demand for dental prosthetic treatment. As cancer prevalence continues to increase, expanding customized health insurance coverage is crucial to meet this demand.

Increased cancer incidence and mortality among people with opioid use-related disorders: A nation-wide cohort study.

Studies on cancer incidence and mortality among people with opioid use-related disorders are lacking. We aimed to measure cancer-specific incidence, mortality and survival among people diagnosed with opioid use-related disorders in Norway during 2010-18. This was a cohort study conducted in Norway during 2010-18. Individuals (n = 20710) diagnosed with opioid use-related disorders. We conducted a cohort study utilizing a data-linkage of national health and population registers. Information on opioid use-related disorders was extracted from specialized healthcare, malignancies from the Cancer Registry of Norway and deaths from Cause of Death Registry. Cancer incidence and mortality were compared with the general population by calculating sex-specific age-standardized incidence (SIR) and mortality (SMR) ratios. One-year survival rates were computed. Compared with the general population, people with opioid use-related disorders were at an increased risk of developing cancer overall [SIR = 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-1.3] with a higher than twofold cancer mortality rate (SMR = 2.3, 95% CI = 2.0-2.7). Excess risk was observed for liver (12.6, 95% CI = 9.1-17.0), larynx (4.7, 95% CI = 1.7-10.2), lung (3.5, 95% CI = 2.8-4.3) and pancreas cancer (2.6, 95% CI = 1.6-4.0), whereas reduced risk was found for melanoma (0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.9), breast (0.6, 95% CI = 0.4-0.9) and prostate cancers (0.3, 95% CI = 0.1-0.4). Site-specific SMRs were significantly elevated for liver (12.3, 95% CI = 8.5-17.2), lung (3.9, 95% CI = 3.0-5.0), pancreas (3.0, 95% CI = 1.7-4.8) and colon cancers (1.9, 95% CI = 1.1-3.1). The average 1-year survival rate after a cancer diagnosis was low in liver, pancreas and colon cancer, ranging from 10 to 15% less than that of the general population. In Norway, cancer incidence and cancer-related mortality appear to be elevated among individuals with opioid use-related disorders.

Long-Term Effect of Temperature Increase on Liver Cancer in Australia: A Bayesian Spatial Analysis.

While some evidence has potentially linked climate change to carcinogenic factors, the long-term effect of climate change on liver cancer risk largely remains unclear. Our objective is to evaluate the long-term relationship between temperature increase and liver cancer incidence in Australia. We mapped the spatial distribution of liver cancer incidence from 2001 to 2019 in Australia. A Bayesian spatial conditional autoregressive (CAR) model was used to estimate the relationships between the increase in temperature at different lags and liver cancer incidence in Australia, after controlling for chronic hepatitis B prevalence, chronic hepatitis C prevalence, and the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage. Spatial random effects obtained from the Bayesian CAR model were also mapped. The research showed that the distribution of liver cancer in Australia is spatially clustered, most areas in Northern Territory and Northern Queensland have higher incidence and relative risk. The increase in temperature at the lag of 30 years was found to correlate with the increase in liver cancer incidence in Australia, with a posterior mean of 30.57 [95% Bayesian credible interval (CrI): 0.17, 58.88] for the univariate model and 29.50 (95% CrI: 1.27, 58.95) after controlling for confounders, respectively. The results were not highly credible for other lags. Our Bayesian spatial analysis suggested a potential relationship between temperature increase and liver cancer. To our knowledge, this research marks the first attempt to assess the long-term effect of global warming on liver cancer. If the relationship is confirmed by other studies, these findings may inform the development of prevention and mitigation strategies based on climate change projections. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14574.

Innovative Progress: Artificial Intelligence in the Realm of Oral Cancer

In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the global incidence of oral cancer, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, especially when diagnosed at advanced stages. The integration: In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the global incidence of oral cancer, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, especially when diagnosed at advanced stages. The integration of technology holds great promise for early detection and diagnosis, facilitating improved patient management for clinicians. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) presents a potential breakthrough in oral cancer screening, as it can meticulously analyze vast datasets from various imaging modalities, offering valuable support in the field of oncology. This review focuses on a spectrum of AI techniques utilized for early detection and diagnosis of oral cancer. Additionally, AI techniques may be employed for the effective treatment of oral cancer. Using the abundance of information acquired, this article provides an in-depth overview and discussion of AI's value and benefits in oral cancer screening, early detection, disease prediction, and therapy, among other areas. Furthermore, it identifies present limits and forecasts the hopeful future of AI in oral cancer research.

Age-associated contraction of tumor-specific T cells impairs antitumor immunity.

Progressive decline of the adaptive immune system with increasing age coincides with a sharp increase in cancer incidence. In this study, we set out to understand whether deficits in antitumor immunity with advanced age promote tumor progression and/or drive resistance to immunotherapy. We found that multiple syngeneic cancers grew more rapidly in aged versus young adult mice, driven by dysfunctional CD8+ T-cell responses. By systematically mapping immune cell profiles within tumors, we identified loss of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells as a primary feature accelerating the growth of tumors in aged mice and driving resistance to immunotherapy. When antigen-specific T cells from young adult mice were administered to aged mice, tumor outgrowth was delayed and the aged animals became sensitive to PD-1 blockade. These studies reveal how age-associated CD8+ T-cell dysfunction may license tumorigenesis in elderly patients and have important implications for the use of aged mice as pre-clinical models of aging and cancer.

Recent insights into trends of thyroid cancer incidence in Lithuanian population exposed to Chernobyl fallout early in life

In the last three decades, an increase in thyroid cancer incidence has been observed worldwide, as well as in Lithuania. Although the rise was linked to overdiagnosis, the role of lifestyle and environmental factors, including exposure to ionizing radiation, cannot be excluded. In our retrospective study, we aimed to assess the association between the average age-specific thyroid dose due to the radioactive iodine uptake during childhood and adolescence from the Chernobyl fallout in Lithuania, and the trends of incidence of thyroid cancer from 1991 to 2015 in different regions. Averaged age-dependent thyroid doses were estimated for every municipality based on radioiodine activity in milk, reconstructed from available 131I activity measurements in the grass. Thyroid cancer incidence rates were calculated for the entire population and for two age at the time of exposure groups: 0–19 years and 0–9 years. Thyroid cancer relative risk (RR) was estimated for three municipality-specific thyroid dose (for 0-year-old babies) categories: less than 100 mGy (reference group), 100–199 mGy, and ≥200 mGy. Over the study period (1991–2015), a total of 5664 cases of thyroid cancer were registered in the entire Lithuanian population; 817 cases in the age group from 0 to 19 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident, and 266 cases in the age group from 0 to 9 years. Age-standardized thyroid cancer incidence rates have notably increased since 2000, peaked in 2009 (especially in females), and then slightly decreased and stabilized. The estimated average municipality-specific age-dependent thyroid doses ranged from 270 mGy in western Lithuania to 1.5 mGy in central and northern Lithuania. For the age group of 0–19 years at the time of the accident, in the period 1991–1995, the thyroid cancer relative risk was significantly increased (RR 3.91; 95 % CI: 1.27–10.29, p=0.01) in the highest dose category, compared to the lowest (although based on a small number of cases). For the age group 0–9 years at the time of the accident, a tendency of increased RR in the highest dose category appeared in the most recent period, 2011–2015. Our observations need to be confirmed by further following trends of thyroid cancer incidence in the cohort of 0–19-year-old Lithuanians at the time of the Chernobyl accident.

A potential association between recent increased incidence of breast and uterine body cancers in Japanese women and changes in dietary saturated fat and folate intake: A meta-analysis

Recent increases in breast and uterine body cancers among Japanese women suggest the involvement of some modifiable factors in cancer development, including drinking and smoking habits, which are generally associated with Westernized lifestyles. Using national data on annual cancer incidence, this study examines the associations between recent changes in cancer incident rates and dietary habits. Data on age-specific incidence and mortality rates of breast, uterine body, colon, and lung cancers from 2004 to 2019, as well as annual changes in the intake of animal protein, plant protein, saturated fatty acids, and folate from 2001 to 2019 among Japanese women, were obtained from e-Stat, a portal site of Japanese Government Statistics. The analysis indicates that the incidence rates of breast and uterine body cancers among Japanese women increased from 2004 to 2019, displaying distinct distribution patterns with two peaks for breast cancer and one peak for uterine body cancer. The rising incidence rates of both cancers were positively correlated with annual changes in animal protein and saturated fat intake and inversely correlated with changes in plant protein and folate intake. Health-care professionals should be aware of the notable and characteristic increase in breast and uterine body cancer incidence among Japanese women and emphasize the importance of lifestyle modifications to counteract Westernized dietary habits.

Continued Increase in Incidence of Kidney Cancer in Iran and its 31 Provinces

Background: Kidney cancer in adults includes malignant tumors originating from the parenchyma and pelvis and is the most lethal urogenital cancer. Available data in Iran indicate that the incidence and pattern of this cancer are changing. Objectives: Our study aimed to present an updated incidence rate of kidney cancer in Iran and its 31 provinces and their trends, and climate zones distribution of the disease. Methods: In this study, the age standard incidence rate (ASIR) of kidney cancer based on provinces, age groups, and gender has been calculated using the available data in the national cancer registration system of the Ministry of Health from 2003 to 2016. Results: Overall ASIR of kidney cancer was 1.28 per 100,000 from 2003 to 2016. ASIR of this cancer in men has increased from 0.96 in 2003 to 3.66 in 2016 and similarly, reached from 0.61 in 2003 to 2.24 in 2016 in Iran. Fars, Yazd, Tehran and Isfahan provinces had the highest ASIR in Iran. Hot climate zones are associated with a higher incidence of kidney cancer while moderate climate is linked to lower incidence rates in Iran. Conclusions: Although the incidence rate of kidney cancer in Iran and its provinces is low, the increasing trend is concerning particularly among men. Therefore, it is crucial to develop cost-effective screening tests and implement control and prevention programs in the high-incidence provinces.