Increase Application Efficiency Research Articles

Improving Cloud Database Performance Using Storage Technologies

Cloud databases have become indispensable for modern applications due to their scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, optimizing performance in cloud environments can be challenging due to factors such as network latency, data distribution, and resource contention. This paper explores various storage technologies and techniques that can significantly enhance cloud database performance. We delve into the characteristics of different storage types, including solid-state drives (SSDs), hard disk drives (HDDs), and object storage, and discuss their suitability for various workloads. Additionally, we examine caching mechanisms, data compression, and deduplication strategies that can optimize data access and reduce storage costs. Furthermore, we explore the impact of database architecture choices, such as distributed databases and inmemory databases, on performance. We also discuss the importance of effective query optimization and indexing techniques. By understanding and implementing these storage technologies and techniques, organizations can achieve substantial improvements in cloud database performance, leading to better user experiences and increased application efficiency

Increasing Application Efficiency of Supplemental Irrigation by Adding the Water in the Root Distribution Zoon

Increasing Application Efficiency of Supplemental Irrigation by Adding the Water in the Root Distribution Zoon

The effect of organic fertilizers on the productivity of winter rapeseed in the conditions of the Kaliningrad region

Winter rapeseed is a valuable oilseed and fodder crop. In the conditions of the Kaliningrad region, the cultivation of winter rapeseed is economically profitable, it is one of the leading crops; it occupies from 15 to 30% in the crop rotation. Conducted research in the Pravdinsky municipal district, on the fields of Pravdinskoye pig breeding JSC in 2018-2020. Winter rapeseed is demanding of nutrients throughout the growing season. Livestock farming is actively developing in the Kaliningrad region; therefore, the study into the application of organic fertilizers to increase crop productivity is of current relevance. Swine manure, which is primarily a nitrogen-potassium fertilizer, is a valuable quick-acting fertilizer. Liquid organic fertilizers are applied during the main fertilizing procedure minimizing odor and increasing application efficiency. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pig manure fraction on the productivity of winter rapeseed. All research results confirmed statistical data. Based on the results, conclusions were drawn.

IMPROVING IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE OF RAISED BED WHEAT USING THE WinSRFR MODEL UNDER EGYPTIAN CONDITIONS

Abstract: Field experiments were carried out at the Sakha Agricultural Research Station in the governorate of Kafr el Sheikh, Egypt to evaluate and optimize the irrigation performance of raised beds wheat using the WinSRFR model during 2019/2020. Raised beds (RB130 cm, and RB100 cm) were prepared using Raised bed planter. The model calibration was based on a close match between the observed and simulated curves of advance and recession time. Simulation Analysis World was used to evaluate the current irrigation performance of the raised bed furrows (RB) and the flat basin (FB) methods. The simulation analysis shows that for RB130 cm, RB100 cm, and FB irrigation systems, the application efficiencies were 80, 64, 43%, and distribution uniformities were 86, 88, 90%, and deep percolation losses were 20, 36, 56%, and adequacy were 1.07, 1.37, 2.08%, respectively. Physical Design World was used to optimize and develop different design strategies. The results showed that irrigation performance decreased with the increasing length of furrow and basin, so extremely long lengths should be avoided because they result in decreased efficiency and uniformity, as well as big deep percolation loss. Managing the inflow rate and irrigation cut-off through Operation Analysis World can increase application efficiency and reduce deep percolation losses by more than 15%, 60%, and 17%, 33%, and 23%, 17.5% respectively, for RB130 cm, RB100 cm, and FB.

Does stimulating ground arthropods enhance nutrient cycling in conventionally managed corn fields?

Exploring ways to reduce high-nutrient agricultural runoff is imperative, considering how such runoff reduces water quality and has the potential to cause harmful algal blooms. Ground arthropod communities, particularly detritivores (i.e. consume dead plant or animal tissue matter), are largely ignored as a possible avenue for reducing nutrient runoff. However, stimulating these organisms may help maintain nutrient availability with decreased fertilizer application rates, thereby increasing application efficiency while reducing nutrient runoff potential. With the aim of stimulating the detrital community and soil microbes to ultimately enhance nutrient availability, we added a labile substrate and nutrient source (carcasses of Hexagenia spp. (mayflies), as well as a recalcitrant substrate and nutrient source (Zea mays corn stover), both separately and in combination, to plots on four conventionally managed corn fields in northwest Ohio, U.S.A. Over the seven-week study period, we found that detritivores increased with mayfly additions with or without stover, but arthropods that prey on detritivores only increased with mayfly and corn additions in combination. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities did not respond to any treatments, but when mayflies were added microbial respiration increased. Respiration was positively correlated with arthropod abundance. Mayfly additions initially boosted water-soluble ammonium, and, in plots without stover, increased phosphate throughout the experiment. Overall, our results are consistent with other findings of generally low levels of biotic activity on conventional corn fields, making it difficult to stimulate further activity over short time-scales, like the seven-week one in this study. However, our results also indicate that additions of labile detritus enhance detritivores and nutrient availability. Adding labile detritus in combination with recalcitrant detritus, which promotes detritivore predators, may further enhance nutrient cycling rates. Thus, the potential for these amendments to stimulate soil biota to help maintain nutrient availability with decreased fertilizer application rates compels further study on conventional corn fields over longer periods of time or in organic fields with higher baseline activity.

Precision Vascular Delivery of Agrochemicals with Micromilled Microneedles (\xb5MMNs)

We demonstrate use of makerspace techniques involving subtractive microtechnologies to fabricate micromilled microneedles (µMMNs) of stainless steel (SS) for precise delivery of agrochemicals into vascular bundles of plant tissue. Precision delivery is of immense importance for systemic pathogen control in specific areas of plant tissue. Optimization of the micromilling allows for selective removal of SS at the microscale and the microfabrication of a 5 × 5 array of µMMNs having both base width and height of 500 µm to enable precise puncture into the stem of citrus saplings. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy reveals up to 7.5× increase in the uptake of a therapeutic cargo while Scanning Electron Microscopy reveals that specific sites of the vascular bundle; either xylem or the phloem can be uniquely targeted with customized µMMNs. Such rapid and cost-effective customization with intricate designs along with scalability is enabled by makerspace microfabrication. Additionally, a 19 × 20 array of micromilled mesoneedles has been fabricated and affixed to a paint roller as an applicator system for real-world field testing outside the laboratory. Initial results indicate reliable behavior of the applicator system and the technique can be applied to the systemic delivery of agrochemicals while conserving the loss of the agrochemical with increased application efficiency.

Effects of irrigation and fertilization management on reducing nitrogen losses and increasing corn yield under furrow irrigation

Furrow irrigation is the most widely used method of irrigation in the world. The main objective of this study was to investigate the simultaneous management of water and fertilizer in furrow irrigation on corn yield and nitrogen losses. Large scale field experiments were performed in 16 treatments included 80 furrows with a length of 190 m and longitudinal slope of 0.004. The main factor included planting a row on a ridge of 37.5 cm (So) and two rows on a ridge of 75 cm (SR2), and the sub-factor included two irrigation management and 4 fertilization strategies included 3 fertilizer placement on the furrow and ridge (P1, P2 and P3) and fertigation (F). The results showed in all fertilization nitrate losses in So treatment was more than SR2 treatment. The highest nitrate losses occurred in P1 (fertilizer placement on the furrow bottom) and the lowest in P3 (fertilizer placement on the ridge) fertilization. Optimal irrigation applied increased application efficiency, root water and nitrate uptake and reduced nitrate losses up to 50% in So (P1 fertilization) and 22% in SR2 treatment (P2 fertilization) compared to conventional irrigation. Due to the higher percentage of root water and nitrate uptake in So treatment than SR2 in similar fertilizer treatments, plant height, stem diameter, ear weight and number of seeds on the cob of ear in So treatment were higher than SR2, but the grain yield was more in SR2 treatment due to plant densities. The highest grain yield and water productivity in SR2-OI-P3 treatment (wide ridge- optimal irrigation- ridge fertilization), increased by 44.2% and 67.4%, respectively. This study showed that the simultaneous management of water and fertilizer had a significant effect on the increase of water productivity and yield.

Цифровое фазирование для повышения эффективности применения антенной системы Б-529

Цифровое фазирование для повышения эффективности применения антенной системы Б-529

A GIS-based approach for up-scaling capillary rise from field to system level under soil–crop–groundwater mix

Capillary rise represents an often neglected fraction of the water budget that contributes to crop water demand in situations of shallow groundwater levels. Such a situation is typical in irrigated areas of Central Asia where water from capillary rise is exploited by farmers to meet production targets in Uzbekistan under uncertain water supply. This leads to higher water inputs than needed and creates a vicious cycle of salinization that ultimately degrades the agricultural land. In this study, capillary rise is quantified at different spatial scales in the Shomakhulum Water Users Association (WUA), situated in the southwest of Khorezm, Uzbekistan. The mathematical model HYDRUS-1D was used to compute the capillary rise at field level for three major crops (cotton, wheat and vegetables) on six different hydrological response units (HRUs). These six HRUs having homogenous groundwater levels (1–2 m beneath the soil surface) and soil texture were created using GIS and remote-sensing techniques. Capillary rise from these HRU was then up-scaled to WUA level using a simple aggregation approach. The groundwater levels simulated by FEFLOW-3D model for these HRUs in a parallel study under four improved irrigation efficiency scenarios (S-A: current irrigation efficiency or business-as-usual, S-B: improved conveyance efficiency, S-C: increased application efficiency and S-D: improved conveyance and application efficiency) were then introduced into HYDRUS-1D to quantify the impact of improved efficiencies on the capillary rise contribution. Results show that the HRUs with shallow groundwater-silt loam (S-SL), medium groundwater-silt loam (M-SL) and deep groundwater-silty clay loam (D-SCL) have capillary rise contribution of 28, 23 and 16 % of the cotton water requirements, 12, 5 and 0 % of the vegetable water requirements and 9, 6 and 0 % for the wheat water requirements, respectively. Results of the scenarios for the whole WUA show that the maximum capillary rise contribution (19 %) to the average of all crops in the WUA was for the S-A scenario, which reduced to 17, 11 and 9 % for S-B, S-C and S-D, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that before any surface water intervention or drainage re-design, water managers should be informed about the impacts on groundwater hydrology and hence should adopt appropriate strategies.

Characterization of the effect of tillage on furrow irrigation hydraulics for the Dire Dawa Area, Ethiopia

Soil water infiltration is one of the most important processes affecting the volume, transport route and water quality of agricultural drainage. Tillage method and depth have also effects on the ability of soil to store water and the furrow irrigation hydraulics of irrigated fields. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage method and depth on furrow irrigation hydraulics and soil water storage during the dry season at Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Treatments in the study included were chisel, moldboard and disk ploughing to 150 mm and 250 mm depths; and “Maresha” (local plough). Data obtained through field measurement and/or observations and laboratory analysis included soil data, irrigation water, advance and recession times, inflow–outflow volumes, available soil moisture, and infiltration rate at each irrigation event. Extending tillage depth from 150 mm to 250 mm significantly increased irrigation infiltration (mm) from 34 to 38%, increased irrigation water advance time from 55 to 75%, increased application efficiency from 33 to 55%, and increased saturated hydraulic conductivity from 23 to 48%; and significantly decreased tail water ratio and distribution uniformity (p < 0.05) in the first two irrigations, but had little effect during the successive irrigations.

Design Principales And Consideration For Pressurized Irrigation System ---- A Case Study

India has one of the largest and most ambitious irrigation programmes in the world with net irrigated area exceeding 47 million hectares. However, the overall project efficiency from the headwork to the farmer’s field has been quite low which leads to not only poor utilization of irrigation potential created at huge cost, but also aggravates the degradation of soil and water resources and thereby endangers the sustainability of agricultural production system. As the cost of creating additional irrigation potential in terms of financial, human and environmental aspects has increased tremendously, need of the hour is to increase the irrigation efficiency of existing projects and use saved water for irrigating new areas or meeting the demand of non-agricultural sector. The contribution of application efficiency to poor irrigation efficiency is quite high and therefore increasing application efficiency by a shift in application method from surface to pressurized system has potential of vastly improving irrigation efficiency. To evaluate feasibility of this concept, a study was initiated at one outlet of a minor irrigation canal command area. The system has been designed in such a way that it provides pressurized irrigation network system up to farmers field and micro-irrigation system in each field of farmers. To take care of sediment in the canal water, there are three stages of filtration: first by hydro cyclone filter which filters heavy suspended materials viz. sand, silt, etc., then by the sand filter and finally by the screen filter.

Feasibility Evaluation of Pressurized Irrigation in Canal Commands

India has one of the largest and most ambitious irrigation programme in the world with net irrigated area exceeding 47 million hectares. However, the overall project efficiency from the headwork to the farmer’s field has been quite low which leads to not only poor utilization of irrigation potential created at huge cost, but also aggravates the degradation of soil and water resources and thereby endangers the sustainability of agricultural production system. As the cost of creating additional irrigation potential in terms of financial, human and environmental aspects has increased tremendously, need of the hour is to increase the irrigation efficiency of existing projects and use saved water for irrigating new areas or meeting the demand of non-agricultural sector. The contribution of application efficiency to poor irrigation efficiency is quite high and therefore increasing application efficiency by a shift in application method from surface to pressurized system has potential of vastly improving irrigation efficiency. To evaluate feasibility of this concept, a pilot study was initiated at Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar, on one outlet of a minor irrigation command. The system has been designed in such a way that it provides pipe conveyance and surface irrigation for rice cultivation during monsoon season and pressurized irrigation during post monsoon period through a hybrid system of sprinkler and drip with four outlets for sprinkler irrigating 2.8 ha area and two outlets for drip irrigating 1.9 ha area. The system is also capable of providing irrigation through drip to part of a command during summer for third crop using water stored in service reservoir after the canal is closed in first week of April. To take care of sediment in the canal water, there are three stages of filtration: first by hydrocyclone filter which filters heavy suspended materials viz. sand, silt, etc., then by the sand filter and finally by the screen filter. The filtration at three stages reduces the turbidity to the desired level. It has been found that three-stage filtration reduced the turbidity to two NTU which is within permissible limit. Considering the cost of water saved, a benefit-cost ratio of the system was found out to be 1.126. This B: C ratio can be further increased by increasing the productivity of the fish and papaya in service reservoir area and better crop management during summer season.

COMPUTER SIMULATION AIDED IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY

Under Egyptian old land circumstances, the simulation models technique may be more appreciable and less cost manner, to improve surface irrigation effectiveness and increase application efficiency. Forecasting using computer model for simulation of On-farm water management is important to design and evaluate the system application efficiency especially under many dependent factors that affect the system design. The objective of the herein research is to improve surface border and furrow irrigation systems performance through simulation models. Field evaluation was carried out to generate data required for the model. The surface irrigation improvement computer aided design model was developed to simulate the performance of the border and furrow irrigation systems under various conditions. Models' predictions matched actual data with minimum acceptable errors.

Subsurface drip irrigation of corn in the United States Mid-South

Although rainfall in the United States Mid-South is sufficient to produce corn ( Zea mays L.) without irrigation in most years, timely irrigation has been shown to increase yields. The recent interest in ethanol fuels is expected to lead to increases in US corn production, and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is one possible way to increase application efficiency and thereby reduce water use. The objective of this study was to determine the response of SDI-irrigated corn produced in the US Mid-South. Field studies were conducted at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center at Keiser during the 2002–2004 growing seasons. The soil was mixed, with areas of fine sandy loam, loamy sand, and silty clay. SDI tubing was placed under every row at a depth of approximately 30 cm. Three irrigation levels were compared, with irrigation replacing 100% and 60% of estimated daily water use and no irrigations. The split plot treatment was hybrid, with three hybrids of different relative maturities. Although the 3-year means indicated significantly lower yields for a nonirrigated treatment, no significant differences were observed among the treatments in 2003 or 2004. A large difference was observed in 2002, the year with the least rainfall during the study period, but no difference was detected between the two irrigated treatments in any year. The treatment with the lower water application had the higher irrigation water use efficiency. Although the results of this study suggested that replacing 60% of the estimated daily evapotranspiration with SDI is sufficient for maximum corn yields, additional observations will be needed to determine whether corn production with SDI is feasible in the region and to develop recommendations for farmers choosing to adopt the method. Improved weather forecasting and crop coefficient functions developed specifically for the region should also contribute to more efficient irrigation management.

Agricultural Chemical Application Technology: A Remarkable Past and an Amazing Future

Significant changes in the techniques and practice of agricultural chemical application have occurred during the past 100 years, especially since the 1960s. This article documents some of the major developments, discusses state-of-the-art technology, and looks at future needs for new and improved ground application technology. New technology has continually entered the market during the past 50 years and has increased application efficiency while protecting the environment. Technological advances include direct injection, on-board application systems, handling and control systems, air-assisted sprayers, electrostatic spraying, and nozzle development. This technology has allowed precise application of a wide array of fertilizers and pesticides with minimal impact on the environment.

INTERMITTENT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION INCREASES IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY

Experiments were conducted to determine if applying a container-grown plant's daily water allotment in multiple applications (intermittently) increased application efficiency relative to the allotment applied in a single application (continuous). Water was applied (simulated overhead sprinkler system) to marigold plants in a pine bark substrate. Time interval between intermittent applications and water movement in the substrate were investigated. Application efficiency was greater when the water allotment was applied intermittently compared to a single application. Efficiency was also greater when the interval between applications was increased from one to two h. Sectioning substrate into top, middle, and bottom thirds showed that the bottom layer of the intermittent treatment contained more water than the bottom layer for the continuous treatment. There were no differences in water content in the top and middle layers between the two treatments.