Increase In Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Research Articles

Ursodeoxycholic Acid for Trans Intestinal Cholesterol Excretion Stimulation: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Crossover Study.

The trans intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) pathway is a potential therapeutic target to reduce plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. TICE encompasses the direct excretion of cholesterol by enterocytes into feces. In mice, TICE has been shown to be stimulated by a hydrophilic bile acid pool, resulting in increased fecal neutral sterol loss and reduced plasma cholesterol levels. We investigated whether treatment with a hydrophilic bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), would increase fecal neutral sterols in humans as a proxy for TICE. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in 20 male participants aged >18 years, with plasma LDL cholesterol levels ≥2.6 mmol/L. After a run-in period of ezetimibe 20 mg once daily for 3 weeks, patients were randomized to UDCA 600 mg or placebo orally once daily for 2 weeks. After a 3 week washout, patients underwent the alternate treatment. At baseline, mean (SD) age, body mass index, and plasma LDL cholesterol were 59±11.3 years, 26.4±3.1 kg/m2, and 3.9±0.8 mmol/L, respectively. After UDCA treatment, the plasma bile acid hydrophobicity index was reduced compared with placebo (-118.7% versus +2.3%, P<0.001). The fecal neutral sterols did not change (-5.8% versus +18.8%, P=0.51) and treatment with UDCA increased LDL cholesterol with 0.39 mmol/L (+8.1% versus -3.64%, P=0.002) when compared with placebo. UDCA in combination with ezetimibe increased plasma bile acid hydrophilicity in healthy subjects with LDL cholesterol levels >2.6 mmol/L but did not result in increased fecal neutral sterols or decreased LDL cholesterol. This suggests that TICE is not stimulated by an increase in the hydrophilicity of the bile acid pool in humans.

Is lipoprotein(a) measurement important for cardiovascular risk stratification in children and adolescents?

BackgroundElevated lipoprotein (Lp(a)) levels are associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic processes and cardiovascular events in adults. The amount of Lp(a) is mainly genetically determined. Therefore, it is important to identify individuals with elevated Lp(a) as early as possible, particularly if other cardiovascular risk factors are present. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether, in a population of children and adolescents already followed for the presence of one or more cardiovascular risk factors (elevated blood pressure (BP), and/or excess body weight, and/or dyslipidemia), the measurement of Lp(a) can be useful for better stratifying their risk profile.MethodsIn a sample of 195 children and adolescents, height, body weight, waist circumference and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI) and SBP and DBP z-scores were calculated. Plasma Lp(a), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, glucose, insulin, uric acid and creatinine were assessed. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated with the Friedewald formula. High Lp(a) was defined as ≥ 75 nmol/L and high LDL cholesterol as ≥ 3.37 mmol/L.ResultsOur sample of children and adolescents (54.4% males, mean age 11.5 years) had median LDL cholesterol and Lp(a) values equal to 2.54 (interquartile range, IQR: 2.07–3.06) mmol/L and 22 (IQR: 7.8–68.6) nmol/L respectively. 13.8% of children had LDL cholesterol ≥ 3.37 mmol/L and 22.6 Lp(a) values ≥ 75 nmol/L. Lp(a) values were higher in children of normal weight than in those with excess weight (p = 0.007), but the difference disappeared if normal weight children referred for dyslipidemia only were excluded from the analysis (p = 0.210). 69.4% of children had normal Lp(a) and LDL cholesterol values and only 6.2% showed both elevated Lp(a) and LDL cholesterol levels. However, 16.6% of the sample, despite having normal LDL cholesterol, had elevated Lp(a) values. Multivariable analyses showed a significant association of LDL cholesterol both with Lp(a) values, and with the presence of elevated Lp(a) levels. For each mmol/L increase in LDL cholesterol the risk of having an elevated Lp(a) value increased by 73%. There was an inverse correlation between BMI z-score and Lp(a). Neither BP z-scores, nor other biochemical parameters were associated with Lp(a).ConclusionsIn our population more than one out of five children had elevated Lp(a) values, and in about 17% of children elevated Lp(a) values were present in the absence of increased LDL cholesterol. Our results suggest that Lp(a) measurement can be useful to better define the cardiovascular risk profile in children and adolescents already followed for the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors such as elevated BP, excess body weight and high LDL cholesterol.

Influence of Dapagliflozin Dosing on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of dapagliflozin on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data on changes in LDL cholesterol, adverse cardiac events (ACEs), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were pooled in a meta-analysis. Data from dose comparison trials were separately pooled, and meta-analysis was conducted by using RevMan (5.4.1) and R (4.1.2). Dapagliflozin increased LDL cholesterol by 2.33 mg/dL (95% CI, 1.46 to 3.19; I2 = 0%; P <.00001), increased risk of ACEs by 1.56 (95% CI, 1.02 to 2.39; I2 = 0%; P <.04), decreased HbA1c by -0.41% (95% CI, -0.44 to -0.39; I2 = 85%; P <.00001), and decreased FBG by -13.51 mg/dL (95% CI, -14.43 to -12.59; I2 = 92%; P <.00001) versus any placebo or active comparator. Dapagliflozin 10 mg monotherapy increased LDL cholesterol by 1.71 mg/dL (95% CI, -1.20 to 4.62; I2 = 53%; P =.25) versus a 5 mg dose and by 1.04 mg/dL (95% CI, -1.17 to 3.26; I2 = 62%; P =.36) versus a 2.5 mg dose. Dapagliflozin 10 mg monotherapy increased LDL cholesterol by 3.13 mg/dL (95% CI, 1.31 to 4.95; I2 = 0%; P =.0008), increased the risk of ACEs by 1.26 (95% CI, 0.56 to 2.87; I2 = 0%; P =.58), decreased HbA1c by -0.4% (95% CI, -0.45 to -0.35; I2 = 89%; P <.00001), and decreased FBG by -8.39 mg/dL (95% CI, -10 to -6.77; I2 = 96%; P <.00001) versus a placebo or active comparator. Dapagliflozin monotherapy resulted in a minimal but statistically significantly (P =.0002) increase in LDL cholesterol. However, this minor change does not increase the risk of ACEs (P =.17) when compared with placebo or active comparator.

Prevalence of risk factors for development of cardiovascular diseases in urban and rural areas of Eastern Croatia: a cross-sectional study.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading global cause of death. Due to the disparities in cardiovascular risk factors between rural and urban populations, this study aims to assess the differences in the prevalence of risk factors in urban and rural areas of eastern Croatia. The cross-sectional study included 280 participants (140 from urban and 140 from rural areas) registered at studied general practice offices. Methods included e-health records, questionnaire, physical examination methods, and blood sampling for laboratory tests. The most common risk factors among participants were elevated total cholesterol (83.6%), elevated LDL cholesterol (81.8%), increased body mass index (75.0%), increased waist-hip ratio (82.9%), increased waist circumference (63.2%), and arterial hypertension (70.1%). The rural participants had a significantly higher prevalence of arterial hypertension (p = 0.023), increased body mass index (p = 0.004), increased waist circumference (p = 0.004), increased waist-hip ratio (p < 0.001), and increased LDL cholesterol (p = 0.029), while the urban participants had a significantly higher prevalence of insufficient physical activity (p < 0.001). In the examined sample, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is generally high. Participants from rural areas are significantly more susceptible to cardiovascular risk factors than participants from urban areas.

Curcumin nicotinate increases LDL cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes through IDOL/LDL-R pathway regulation

BackgroundCurcumin nicotinate (Curtn), derived from curcumin and niacin, reduces serum LDL-C levels, partly due to its influence on PCSK9. This study investigates IDOL's role in Curtn's lipid-lowering effects. ObjectiveTo elucidate Curtn's regulation of the IDOL/LDLR pathway and potential molecular mechanisms in hepatocytes. MethodsDifferential metabolites in Curtn-treated HepG2 cells were identified via LC-MS. Molecular docking assessed Curtn's affinity with IDOL. Cholesterol content and LDLR expression effects were studied in high-fat diet Wistar rats. In vitro evaluations determined Curtn's influence on IDOL overexpression's LDL-C uptake and LDLR expression in hepatocytes. ResultsLipids were the main differential metabolites in Curtn-treated HepG2 cells. Docking showed Curtn's higher affinity to IDOL's FERM domain compared to curcumin, suggesting potential competitive inhibition of IDOL's binding to LDLR. Curtn decreased liver cholesterol in Wistar rats and elevated LDLR expression. During in vitro experiments, Curtn significantly enhanced the effects of IDOL overexpression in HepG2 cells, leading to increased LDL-C uptake and elevated expression of LDL receptors. ConclusionCurtn modulates the IDOL/LDLR pathway, enhancing LDL cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes. Combined with its PCSK9 influence, Curtn emerges as a potential hyperlipidemia therapy.

THE EFFECT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA ON THE INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the non-communicable diseases that causes the highest mortality in the world. Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for CHD. This study aims to determine the relationship of dyslipidemia in detail including increased cholesterol, increased triglycerides, increased LDL cholesterol and decreased HDL cholesterol on the incidence of CHD in women at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta. This study used a case-control design involving 58 women as research subjects. The case group consisted of 29 women diagnosed with CHD and the control group consisted of 29 women diagnosed as non-CHD patients, including chronic lung disease, pneumonia, heart failure, dyspepsia and malignancy. Data tracing through medical records was carried out in March-September 2019. The results of this study the age range in the case group was 45-84 years and in the control group was 42-90 years. Based on the Chi-Square test, there was a significant relationship between dyslipidemia (RO = 7.04 (1.73-28.6), p = 0.003), high total cholesterol levels (RO = 5.14 (1.54-17.2), p = 0.012), high LDL cholesterol levels (RO = 9.286 (2.29-37.6), p = 0.001) and the incidence of CHD in women. From the Chi-Square test there was no significant relationship between high triglyceride levels (OR=2.16 (CI:0.62-7.49), p=0.358), low HDL cholesterol levels (RO=2,554 (0.83-7.84), p=0.167) and CHD incidence in women. The conclusion of this study is the effect of dyslipidemia including increased cholesterol and LDL cholesterol on the incidence of CHD in women at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta.

Efektivitas Daun Kelor Terhadap Kadar Kadmium Dan LDL Kolesterol Dalam Darah Sebagai Indikator Penyempitan Pembuluh Darah (Aterosklerosis) Pada Tikus Putih Yang Terpapar Asap Rokok

Tobacco consumption in Indonesia is a health epidemic that has direct or indirect toxicity due to exposure of cigarette smoke which contains harmful substances, especially cadmium metal. Cadmium’s exposure can increase the risk of coronary heart disease due to increased LDL cholesterol. One of the cadmium toxicity treatment by utilizing Moringa oleifera leaves as a natural antioxidant considering the flavonoids, saponins, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolics, interquinones as cadmium chelating agents and β-sitosterol content. Therefore, it was necessary to determine the effectiveness of Moringa leaves extract in lowering blood cadmium and LDL cholesterol levels as indicators of atherosclerosis in white rats exposed to cigarettes smoke. The type of research was an experiment with quantitative analysis, conducted at the nutrition laboratory of the Faculty of Public Health Airlangga University and the clinical chemistry laboratory of Surabaya Health Polytechnic in March-July 2023. The independent variable was the doses of Moringa leaf extracts, while the dependent variables were blood cadmium and LDL cholesterol levels of white rats. The analysis of blood cadmium levels used an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and used precipitation methods by a photometer for LDL cholesterol levels. Based on statistical analysis using one way anova showed that blood cadmium levels had a significant value of &lt; 0.05, followed by post hoc tests it was found that treatment group 2 had significant differences from normal groups. Moringa leaves extract dose of 1500 mg/kgbw has been effective in lowering cadmium and LDL cholesterol levels against the risk of atherosclerosis for 14 days. Keywords : Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Cadmium, LDL Cholesterol, Moringa oleifera, photometer, Rattus norvegicus

Does cardiovascular risk matter in IBD patients?

Cardiovascular and thromboembolic risks are increasing in the population as a whole and therefore also in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Obesity is a worldwide challenge also affecting the IBD population, and a causal association with Crohn's disease may exist. IBD itself, particularly when active, is also associated with a significant risk of thromboembolic and cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Cardiovascular risk is also a significant consideration when using Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators to treat IBD. JAK inhibitors - such as tofacitinib - are associated with several cardiovascular and venous thromboembolic risks, including hypertension and alterations in lipid profiles - specifically, increased LDL cholesterol and triglycerides - which may contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. S1P receptor modulators pose a slightly different set of cardiovascular risks. Initially, these drugs can cause transient bradycardia and atrioventricular (AV) block, leading to bradycardia. Moreover, they may induce QT interval prolongation, which increases the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias such as torsades de pointes. Some patients may also experience hypertension as a side effect. In this context, IBD healthcare providers need to be alert to the assessment of cardiovascular risk - particularly as cardiovascular events appear to be confined to specific patient groups with pre-existing risk factors. In addition, the potential for S1P modulator drug interactions requires a higher level of vigilance in patients with polypharmacy compared to biologics. Cardiovascular risk is not static, and updated assessment will need to become part of the routine in many IBD units.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) Dalam Mencegah Kenaikan Kadar Kolesterol LDL Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Diinduksi Kuning Telur Puyuh

Quail egg yolk contains high cholesterol which can trigger dyslipidemia. If Cholesterol is consumed in excess, will increase lipid profile, which can increase LDL cholesterol levels. Bay leaf extract contains several active compounds, like quercetin, a class of flavonoids with antioxidants that can prevent LDL oxidation. The aim of this study is to ensure the effectiveness of bay leaf extract on LDL cholesterol levels in white rats induced by quail egg yolk. The animal tested in this study were male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with the Sprague Dawley strain. Samples were randomly selected and divided into five groups: three groups given quail egg yolk and bay leaf extract in various doses of 0.18 g/day, 0.36 g/day and 0.72 g/day, positive control given quail egg yolk, and negative control without treatment. The ANOVA test showed that there were significant results between the treatment groups, positive control and negative control (p&lt;0.05). Next, the BNJ test showed that giving bay leaf extract (0.18 g/day, 0.36 g/day) had a significant effect on LDL cholesterol levels (p&lt;0.05), while a dose of 0.72 g/day showed that not significant (p&gt;0.05), so we can conclude that the dose of 0.72 g/day was the most effective in preventing an increase in LDL cholesterol levels.

OA01 No difference in risk of myocardial infarction among patients receiving either IL6 or TNF inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Background/Aims Interleukin 6 inhibitors (IL-6i) can increase LDL cholesterol levels, which raises concerns about the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving this therapy. This study aims to compare the risk of MI between people with RA in the UK clinical setting receiving IL-6i or tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) overall or by line of therapy (LoT). Methods Patients with RA registered between 01/10/2001 and 27/05/2022 with BSRBR-RA starting IL-6i or TNFi treatments were included. Occurrence of MI was identified from clinical follow-up forms and through cause of death reported by the national UK death register. Only those MIs occurring whilst the patient was actively receiving drug were included. The risk of MI in patients receiving IL6i compared to TNFi was compared using Cox regression, adjusted for baseline co-variates using propensity scores (PS, see Table 1). Follow-up commenced at the start of the drug of interest and patients were censored at occurrence of MI, death, discontinuation of therapy or last follow-up visit, whichever came first. Multiple imputation was used for missing data. To account for known differences in LoT use of TNFi and IL6i (with IL6i more likely as a later line bDMARD), overall analyses adjusted for LoT in PS and secondary analyses by LoT were conducted. Direct switches between originator to biosimilars were considered the same treatment. Results A total of 29,596 IL6i or TNFi treatments in 20,725 patients were included (3,098 IL-6i; 26,498 TNFi), representing 153,913 person-years of exposure. Compared to patients receiving TNFi, patients starting IL-6i treatment were older, had longer disease duration, less likely to use methotrexate and steroids, and had more comorbidities. During follow-up, 372 MIs occurred, 27 on IL-6i and 345 on TNFi, with an overall lower crude rate of MI in patients receiving IL6i compared to TNFi. After PS adjustment, the risk of MI was not significantly different between the two treatment overall (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.48-1.24) or when stratified by LoT (Table 1). Conclusion This study could not identify any difference in risk of MI between IL-6i and TNFi treatment after patient characteristics and LoT were considered. Disclosure Z. Tian: None. L. Kearsley-Fleet: None. K. Lauper: Honoraria; Celltrion, Pfizer, Viatris, Galapagos. S. Haughton: None. K. Watson: None. M. Lunt: None. J. Mclaughlin: None. A. Verma: None. K.L. Hyrich: Honoraria; Abbvie. Grants/research support; Pfizer, BMS.

Effect of a regular consumption of traditional and roasted oat and barley flakes on blood lipids and glucose metabolism-A randomized crossover trial.

Regular consumption of the soluble dietary fiber β-glucan is associated with decreased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and blood glucose. Barley and oat flakes as natural sources of β-glucan were roasted to improve sensory quality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether roasting of barley and oat flakes changes the physiological impact of the β-glucan-rich flakes on glucose and lipid metabolism. A five-armed randomized crossover trial design was used. The intervention study was conducted from May 2018 to May 2019 and included 32 healthy subjects with moderately increased LDL cholesterol (≥2.5 mmol/L). During the 3-week intervention periods, 80 g of roasted or traditional barley or oat flakes, or four slices of white toast bread per day were consumed for breakfast. At the start and the end of each intervention, fasting and postprandial blood was taken. The intervention periods were separated by 3-week wash-out periods. During the interventions with the cereal flakes, TC and LDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced compared to baseline values by mean differences of 0.27-0.33 mmol/L and 0.21-0.30 mmol/L, respectively (p < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was only reduced after the intervention with barley flakes (p < 0.05). After the intervention period with toast, TC and HDL cholesterol increased (p < 0.05). The fasting levels of triglycerides, fasting blood glucose and insulin did not change in any group. The effects of traditional and roasted varieties on blood lipids did not differ between the groups. The regular consumption of traditional or roasted barley and oat flakes contributes to the management of cardiovascular diseases by improving TC and LDL cholesterol. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03648112, identifier NCT03648112.

Blood lipids after COVID-19 infection

Blood lipids after COVID-19 infection

Gender features of metabolic syndrome components in young age

The article analyzes the clinical and laboratory features of young men and women with abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. The study was carried out on 173 patients of both sexes aged 18-45 years. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 – isolated abdominal obesity (AO); group 2 – combination of abdominal obesity with 1 of the metabolic syndrome components (AO+1); group 3 – metabolic syndrome (MetS). It was found that in young men, the values of carbohydrate (glucose, insulin) and lipid metabolism (HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides), insulin resistance indices (HOMA-IR, TyG) in the AO and AO+1 groups were homogeneous. However, the ratio of TG/HDL in the AO+1 group exceeded the value of the AO group. Women in the AO+1 group showed changes relative to the group of women with isolated AO that are hyperglycemia, increased LDL cholesterol, insulin resistance (increased TG/HDL) and dysfunction of visceral adipose tissue (increased VAI). Young men with MetS are characterized by excess body weight, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia (increased LDL cholesterol and triglycerides), insulin resistance (as measured by TyG and TG/HDL), and dysfunction of visceral adipose tissue. The gender feature of women is the development of MetS on the background of obesity, dysfunction of visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance in combination with deeper changes in lipid metabolism (increased LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as a decrease in HDL cholesterol).

The Association between Blood Lipids and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Research.

We evaluated the causal effects of blood lipid levels on systemic lupus erythematosus with a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. Independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to blood lipids levels (p &lt; 5 × 10-8) were selected as instrumental variables (IVs) from a published genome-wide association study (GWAS). SLE GWAS analysis that included 4036 cases and 6959 controls of European ancestry provided the related roles between instrumental variables and result (SLE). The causal effects were evaluated with two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. According to the inverse-variance weighted approaches, genes predictive of increased LDL cholesterol (OR: 1.131; 95% CI: 0.838, 1.528; p = 0.420), HDL cholesterol (OR: 1.093; 95% CI: 0.884, 1.352; p = 0.412), triglycerides (OR: 0.903; 95% CI: 0.716, 1.137; p = 0.384), Apolipoprotein A-I (OR: 0.854; 95% CI: 0.680, 1.074; p = 0.177), and Apolipoprotein B (OR: 0.933; 95% CI: 0.719, 1.211; p = 0.605) were not causally related to the risk of SLE, consistent with multivariate Mendelian randomization analysis. The reverse-MR analyses showed no massive causal roles between SLE and LDL cholesterol (OR: 0.998; 95% CI: 0.994, 1.001; p = 0.166) as well as Apolipoprotein B (OR: 0.998; 95% CI: 0.994, 1.001; p = 0.229). Nevertheless, a causal role of SLE in decreasing HDL cholesterol (OR: 0.993; 95% CI: 0.988, 0.997; p = 0.002), triglycerides (OR: 0.996; 95% CI: 0.993, 0.999; p = 0.010), and Apolipoprotein A-I (OR: 0.995; 95% CI: 0.990, 0.999; p = 0.026) was validated to some extent. Our study found no causal association between abnormal blood lipids and SLE nor a causal effect between SLE and LDL cholesterol as well as Apolipoprotein B. Nevertheless, some evidence showed that SLE exerted a causal effect on lowering HDL cholesterol, Apolipoprotein A-I, and triglyceride levels.

IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, LIPID PEROXIDATION INHIBITION AND LIPID PROFILE MODULATORY ACTIVITIES OF HB CLEANSER®BITTERS IN WISTAR RATS

Background: HB cleanser® bitters is a polyherbal formulation with six medicinal plants as phytoconstituents which is being sold to the public for the treatment of various diseases. Hence, it becomes pertinent to evaluate the likelihood of health issues that may be associated with its consumption to provide information to the public on the biological activity and safety. Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the in vitro antioxidant, lipid peroxidation inhibition and lipid profile effects of HB cleanser® bitters in Wistar rats. Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity was carried using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation was also measured. Phytochemical evaluation was done. Twenty-eight male rats were allotted into four groups of seven animals each. Group A received 5 ml/kg normal saline while groups B, C and D were administered with 1 ml/kg, 1.03 ml/kg and 1.29 ml/kg of the bitters based on the manufacturer’s recommendation through the oral route for 28days consecutively. Lipid parameters assayed were total cholesterol, total triglyceride, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Results: Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids and saponins. The antioxidant activity of HB cleanser® bitters was dose dependent as it significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased with increase in concentration when compared with ascorbic acid. HB bitters®at 1000 µg/ml significantly (p&lt;0.05) inhibited lipid peroxidation (78.21±0.53 %) compared to ascorbic acid (94.43±0.53 %) in-vitro. The bitters at 1.29 ml/kg exhibited a non-statistically significant (P&gt;0.05) decrease of total cholesterol and total triglyceride (2.32±0.15 mmol/L, 0.92±0.13 mmol /L) with a marked increase in low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (1.32±0.20 mmol/L) compared to control. Conclusion: The findings of this study have revealed that HB cleanser®bitters possesses good antioxidant activity and may increase low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol, therefore it should be used with caution. Peer Review History: Received: 2 September 2022; Revised: 11 October; Accepted: 7 November, Available online: 15 November 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria. benattouiryma@gmail.com Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com Similar Articles: NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION, CONSTITUENTS, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF POWDER FRACTIONS OF FICUS DICRANOSTYLA MILDBREAD LEAVES STORAGE EFFECT ON THE GC-MS PROFILING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM LEAVES OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA L. ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTI-OXIDANT POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF VITEX THYRSIFLORA LEAVES ON DIABETIC RATS

The Effect of Patin Fish Oil Extract on LDL Cholesterol Levels Rattus norvegicus was Induced by Alloxan

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic hyperglycemic syndrome that can be accompanied by lipid metabolism disorders. Alloxan is a diabetogenic agent that is associated with an increase in LDL cholesterol levels. Patin fish contain omega-3 and oleic acid, which can potentially reduce or control LDL cholesterol levels. This study aims to determine the effect of Patin fish (Pangasius hypothalmus) oil extract on LDL cholesterol levels of alloxan-induced Rattus norvegicus. The method of this study is the post-test-only control group design. Twenty-seven experimental animals were divided into 3 groups; (1) the 1st group was without treatment, (2) 2nd group was induced with 150 mg/kg BW alloxan on the 7th day; (3) 3rd group was induced with 150 mg/kg BW alloxan on the 7th day and given the Patin fish oil extract at a dose of 73 mg/kg BW on the 10th day for 14 days. Blood samples were taken on the 24th day to determine LDL cholesterol levels. The results of the One-Way ANOVA test showed a significant mean difference, p=0,001 (p&lt;a). The results of the Post-Hoc LSD test showed a meant difference between the 1st group and the 2nd control group p=0,001 (p&lt;a); 2nd group and 3rd group p=0,026 (p&lt;a); between the 1st group and the 3rd group p=0,015 (p&lt;a). Giving alloxan 150 mg/kg BW can significantly increase LDL cholesterol levels of Rattus norvegicus and administration of Patin fish oil extract 73 mg/kg BW can significantly reduce LDL cholesterol levels of Rattus norvegicus.

Elevated Lipoprotein(a) prevalence and association with family history of premature cardiovascular disease in general population with moderate cardiovascular risk and increased LDL cholesterol.

BackgroundElevated Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is independently associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. There are discrepancies regarding its epidemiology due to great variability in different populations. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in people with moderate CVD risk and increased LDL-c and to determine the association between family history of premature CVD and elevated Lp(a).MethodsRandom subjects from the CESCAS population-based study of people with moderate CVD risk (Framingham score 10–20 %) and LDL-c ≥ 130 mg/dL, were selected to evaluate Lp(a) by immunoturbidimetry independent of the Isoforms variability. The association between family history of premature CVD and elevated Lp(a) was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models. Elevated Lp(a) was defined as Lp(a) ​​≥ 125 nmol/L.ResultsLp(a) was evaluated in 484 samples; men = 39.5 %, median age = 57 years (Q1-Q3: 50–63), mean CVD risk = 14.4 % (SE: 0.2), family history of premature CVD = 11.2 %, Lp(a) median of 21 nmol/L (Q1-Q3: 9–42 nmol/L), high Lp(a) = 6.1 % (95 % CI = 3.8–9.6). Association between family history of premature CVD and elevated Lp(a) in total population: OR 1.31 (95 % CI = 0.4, 4.2) p = 0.642; in subgroup of people with LDL-c ≥ 160 mg%, OR 4.24 (95 % CI = 1.2, 15.1) p = 0.026.ConclusionsIn general population with moderate CVD risk and elevated LDL-c from the Southern Cone of Latin America, less than one over ten people had elevated Lp(a). Family history of premature CVD was significantly associated with the presence of elevated Lp(a) in people with LDL-c ≥ 160 mg/dL.

Marginal Zinc Deficiency Alters Essential Fatty Acid Metabolism in Healthy Men

BackgroundRice biofortification with Zinc (Zn) can improve the Zn status of rice-consuming populations. However, the metabolic impact in humans consuming Zn-biofortified rice is unknown. ObjectivesTo determine the effects of Zn-biofortified rice on lipid metabolism in normolipidemic men. MethodsThe men consumed a rice-based diet containing 6 mg Zn/d and 1.5 g phytate (phytate/Zn ratio = 44) for 2 wk followed by a 10-mg Zn/d diet without phytate for 4 wk. An ad libitum diet supplemented with 25 mg Zn/d was then fed for 3 wk. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of each metabolic period for measuring plasma zinc, glucose, insulin, triglyceride (TG), LDL and HDL cholesterol, fatty acids, oxylipins, and fatty acid desaturase activities. Statistical differences were assessed by linear mixed model. ResultsFatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1 activity decreased by 29.1% (P = 0.007) when the 6-mg Zn/d diet was consumed for 2 wk. This change was associated with significant decreases in HDL and LDL cholesterol. The alterations in FADS1, HDL cholesterol, and TG remained unchanged when Zn intakes were increased to 10 mg/d for 4 wk. Supplementation with 25 mg Zn/d for 3 wk normalized these metabolic changes and significantly increased LDL cholesterol at the end of this metabolic period compared with baseline. FADS1 activity was inversely correlated with FADS2 (rmcorr = –0.52; P = 0.001) and TG (rmcorr = –0.55; P = 0.001) at all time points. ConclusionsA low-zinc, high-phytate rice-based diet reduced plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations and altered fatty acid profiles in healthy men within 2 wk. Consuming 10 mg Zn/d without phytate for 4 wk did not improve the lipid profiles, but a 25-mg Zn/d supplement corrects these alterations in lipid metabolism within 3 wk.

Effects of different doses of canagliflozin on blood pressure and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.

Canagliflozin is a sodium glucose-cotransporter-2 receptor inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is less prescribed due to increased LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), high incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), high cost. Data on the effect of canagliflozin on blood pressure (BP) are also limited. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to review dosedependent effects of canagliflozin on BP and lipids in patients with T2DM. A meta-analysis of RCTs in patients with T2DM was conducted. MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library of Trials and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched for relevant studies from January 2008 to May 2021. Compared with placebo, canagliflozin 100 mg reduced SBP by 3.43 mmHg and DBP by 1.05 mmHg. Canagliflozin 100 mg increased LDL-C by 0.10mmol/l and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) by 0.05 mmol/l. Compared with placebo, canagliflozin 300 mg reduced SBP by 4.75 mmHg and DBP by 1.69 mmHg. Canagliflozin 300 mg increased LDL-C by 0.16 mmol/l and HDL-C by 0.06 mmol/l. Compared with canagliflozin 100 mg, canagliflozin 300 mg further reduced SBP by 1.21 mmHg and DBP by 0.64 mmHg, and further increased LDL-C by 0.06 mmol/l and HDL-C by 0.02 mmol/l. Compared with placebo and canagliflozin 100 mg, canagliflozin 300 mg increased the risk of UTI. The current meta-analysis provides new evidence on different doses of canagliflozin as an antihypertensive agent in T2DM complicated by hypertension; however, LDL-C and the risk of UTI should be monitored.

Age and sex differences in factors associated with hypertension among an urban poor population in Bangladesh.

ABSTRACTThis study explores the differences in factors associated with hypertension between younger and older subjects in an urban slum community in Bangladesh. We analyzed the data of 1,008 men and 1,001 women obtained from a cross-sectional survey conducted between October 2015 and April 2016. Multivariable logistic regression models were stratified by age (18 to 44 and 45 to 64 years) in men and women separately. The multivariable model included age (continuous) and the following categorical variables simultaneously: education duration, marital status, tobacco smoking, smokeless tobacco use, total physical activity, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and the blood levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) cholesterol. Hypertension was defined as the presence of either blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive medication. The prevalence of hypertension was 13.0% (younger men), 14.6% (younger women), 35.6% (older men), and 38.7% (older women). In younger men, higher waist circumference and increased LDL cholesterol levels were significantly associated with hypertension. In older men, physical activity was the only significant factor that was inversely associated with hypertension. In younger women, higher BMI, increased HbA1c, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels were associated with hypertension. In older women, a higher HbA1c was the only factor significantly associated with hypertension. These findings suggest that public health interventions to prevent hypertension may require different approaches according to sex and age groups within the poor urban population in Bangladesh.